{"elementGlobalId":103901,"circumscripConfidence":{"id":1,"circumscripConfidenceDescEn":"1 - Strong","circumscripConfidenceDescEs":"1 - Fuerte","circumscripConfidenceDescFr":"1 – Forte"},"classificationLevel":{"id":7,"classificationLevelNameEn":"Species","classificationLevelNameEs":"Especies","classificationLevelNameFr":"Espèce"},"classificationStatus":{"id":1,"classificationStatusDescEn":"Standard","classificationStatusDescEs":"Estándar","classificationStatusDescFr":"Standard"},"iucn":{"id":11,"iucnDescEn":"Least concern","iucnDescEs":"Menos preocupante","iucnDescFr":"Moins préoccupante","iucnCode":"LC"},"nameCategory":{"id":1,"nameCategoryDescEn":"Vertebrate Animal","nameCategoryDescEs":"Animal vertebrado","nameCategoryDescFr":"Animal vertébré","nameTypeCd":"A","nameTypeDesc":"Zoological"},"rankMethodUsed":null,"formattedScientificName":"<i>Dendrobates auratus</i>","scientificName":"Dendrobates auratus","scientificNameAuthor":"(Girard, 1855)","primaryCommonName":"Green-And-Black Poison Dart Frog","relatedItisNames":"<i>Dendrobates auratus</i> (Girard, 1855) (TSN 173543)","uniqueId":"ELEMENT_GLOBAL.2.103901","elcode":"AAABK01010","conceptRefFullCitation":"Frost, D. R. 1985. Amphibian species of the world. A taxonomic and geographical reference. Allen Press, Inc., and The Association of  Systematics Collections, Lawrence, Kansas. v + 732 pp.","conceptName":"<i>Dendrobates auratus</i>","taxonomicComments":"See Grant et al. (2006) for a review of this genus.","roundedGRank":"G5","conservationStatusFactorsEditionDate":null,"conservationStatusFactorsEditionAuthors":null,"primaryCommonNameLanguage":"EN","recordType":"SPECIES","elementNationals":[{"elementNationalId":167564,"classifConfidence":null,"nation":{"id":225,"nameEn":"United States","nameEs":"Estados Unidos","nameFr":"États-Unis","isoCode":"US","region":"United States"},"roundedNRank":"NNA","elementSubnationals":[{"elementSubnationalId":328605,"subnation":{"id":16,"nameEn":"Hawaii","nameEs":"Hawai","nameFr":"Hawaï","subnationCode":"HI","dnationId":225},"roundedSRank":"SNA","dataSensitive":{"id":2,"dataSensitiveDescEn":"No","dataSensitiveDescEs":null,"dataSensitiveDescFr":null,"dataSensitiveCode":"N"},"dataSensitiveCategory":null,"srank":"SNA","speciesSubnational":{"elementSubnationalId":328605,"hybrid":false,"exotic":true,"native":false}}],"nrankReviewYear":1996,"nrank":"NNA","speciesNational":{"elementNationalId":167564,"exotic":true,"native":false}}],"lastModified":"2026-10-02T21:42:25.556121Z","lastPublished":"2026-10-02T21:32:08.892226Z","promotionalDescription":null,"conceptLineageSummary":null,"nsxUrl":"/Taxon/ELEMENT_GLOBAL.2.103901/Dendrobates_auratus","grankAdjustmentReasons":null,"grankChangeDate":"1996-10-18","grankReviewDate":"1996-10-18","grankReasons":null,"grank":"G5","rankInfo":{"elementGlobalId":103901,"aooPercentGood":null,"enviromentalSpecificity":null,"intrinsicVulnerability":null,"longTermTrend":null,"numberEos":null,"numberGoodEos":null,"numberProtEos":null,"popSize":null,"rangeExtent":null,"shortTermTrend":null,"threatImpactAssigned":null,"rangeExtentComments":"Humid lowlands from southeastern Nicaragua on the Atlantic slope and southeastern Costa Rica on the Pacific versant to northwestern Colombia (sea level to 1,000 m asl).  In 1932, 206 specimens of D. auratus from Taboga or Taboguilla Islands, Panama were released in the upper Manoa Valley, Oahu, Hawaii in an attempt to control non-native insects (Silverstone, 1975; McKeown, 1996). A few feral populations of D. auratus descended from these animals still persist in the mountains and valleys of Oahu.","areaOfOccupancy":null,"areaOfOccupancyComments":null,"numberEosComments":null,"popSizeComments":"This is an abundant species that is often seen and regularly recorded throughout its range. There is great geographic variation in the appearance of this species; over 15 distinct colour morphs of wild D. auratus  have been recorded. (Heselhaus, 1992). The blue morph of D. auratus present on the Pacific side of Panama is believed to be threatened with extinction (Heselhaus, 1992).","viabilityComments":null,"threatImpactComments":"General loss of suitably wooded areas and collection for the international pet trade. Owing to the apparently low fecundity of this species, the possibility exists that overharvesting, especially of the rarer morphs, may contribute to localised population declines.  Approximately 18,500 specimens of D. auratus were reported in trade over the period 1991 to 1996. The great majority of specimens were live animals, exported from Nicaragua, and presumably destined for the herpetological pet market. The USA was by far the largest single importer of D. auratus (~15,000 animals in total) during this period. It is believed that the trade in Nicaragua was decreasing in 2002 because of overcollection (GAA workshop). McKeown (1996) states that populations on Oahu are highly sensitive to destruction of their habitat and overcollection. Museum specimens of this species have been found to have chytrid fungi, the current impact of this pathogen on D. auratus is not known.","shortTermTrendComments":null,"longTermTrendComments":null,"inventoryNeeds":null,"numberProtEosComments":"This species is listed on Appendix II of CITES, and the species occurs within many protected areas. Within Colombia, Decree INDERENA No. 39 of 9 July, 1985, forbids the collection of Dendrobates spp. from the wild for breeding (or other) purposes. Nicaragua has established CITES export quotas for this species.","protectionNeeds":null,"otherConsiderations":null,"intrinsicVulnerabilityComments":null,"enviromentalSpecificityComments":null},"animalCharacteristics":{"elementGlobalId":103901,"majorHabitat":null,"nonMigrant":true,"localMigrant":false,"longDistanceMigrant":false,"mobilityMigrationComments":null,"foodHabitsComments":"Adults eat insects obtained on ground. Females may eat eggs from clutches of other females. Large larvae may eat their smaller siblings.","animalPhenologyComments":"In Hawaii, most active in open during cooler months (November-April); most active during and just after rainstorms (McKeown 1978).","colonialBreeder":false,"length":4,"width":null,"weight":null,"animalPhenologies":[{"animalCagPhenologyId":102726,"animalPhenology":{"id":3,"animalPhenologyDescEn":"Diurnal","animalPhenologyDescEs":"Diurno","animalPhenologyDescFr":"Diurne","displayOrder":3},"adult":true,"immature":true}],"animalFoodHabits":[{"animalCagFoodHabitsId":105026,"foodHabits":{"id":1,"foodHabitsDescEn":"Carnivore","foodHabitsDescEs":"Carnívoro","foodHabitsDescFr":"Carnivore","displayOrder":1},"adult":true,"immature":false},{"animalCagFoodHabitsId":105027,"foodHabits":{"id":3,"foodHabitsDescEn":"Invertivore","foodHabitsDescEs":"Invertívoro","foodHabitsDescFr":"Invertivore","displayOrder":3},"adult":true,"immature":false}]},"occurrenceDelineations":[{"eoSpecsDetailId":1416,"locationUseClass":{"id":1,"locationUseClassDescEn":"Not applicable","locationUseClassDescEs":"No se aplica","locationUseClassDescFr":"Sans objet","displayOrder":1},"eoSpecGroupName":null,"subtypes":null,"inferredExtentDistance":null,"inferredExtentNotes":null,"minimumEoCriteria":"Occurrences are based on evidence of historical presence, or current and likely recurring presence, at a given location. Such evidence minimally includes collection or reliable observation and documentation of one or more individuals (including larvae or eggs) in or near appropriate habitat where the species is presumed to be established and  breeding.","mappingGuidance":null,"separationBarriers":"Busy major highway, especially at night, such that frogs rarely if ever cross successfully; urban development dominated by buildings and pavement; large river.","separationDistanceUnsuitableHabitatat":1.0,"separationDistanceSuitableHabitatat":3.0,"altSeparationProcedure":null,"separationJustification":"No information on movements or dispersal is available. This small frog is assumed to be sedentary, so it is probably appropriate to adopt the nominal minimum separation distance of 1 km for unsuitable habitat. Even if these frogs are sedentary, it seems unlikely that locations separated by a gap of less than a few kilometers of suitable habitat would represent independent occurrences over the long term.<br>","versionDate":"2004-09-10","versionAuthor":"Hammerson, G.","versionNotes":null,"lastModified":"2020-02-25T18:21:14.890224Z"}],"plantCharacteristics":null,"elementManagement":{"elementGlobalId":103901,"eoManagementGroupName":null,"stewardshipOverview":null,"impacts":null,"restorationPotential":null,"siteConservationPlansConsidered":null,"managementMethods":null,"monitoringMethods":null,"managementProgramContacts":null,"monitoringProgramContacts":null,"managementResearchPrograms":null,"managementResearchNeeds":null,"biologicalResearchNeeds":null,"additionalTopics":null},"occurrenceViabilities":[{"eoRankSpecsDetailId":105363,"eoRankSpecsGroupName":null,"locationUseClass":{"id":1,"locationUseClassDescEn":"Not applicable","locationUseClassDescEs":"No se aplica","locationUseClassDescFr":"Sans objet","displayOrder":1},"excellentViability":null,"goodViability":null,"fairViability":null,"poorViability":null,"viabilityJustification":"Use the Generic Guidelines for the Application of Occurrence Ranks (2008).<br>The Key for Ranking Species Occurrences Using the Generic Approach provides a step-wise process for implementing this method.","versionDate":null,"versionAuthor":null,"versionNotes":null,"lastModified":"2020-05-14T02:25:14.618057Z"}],"references":[{"id":943912,"citation":"Crother, B. I. (editor). 2017. Scientific and standard English names of amphibians and reptiles of North America north of Mexico, with comments regarding confidence in our understanding. 8th edition. SSAR Herpetological Circular 43:1-104. [Updates in SSAR North American Species Names Database at: https://ssarherps.org/cndb]","shortCitationAuthor":"Crother","shortCitationYear":2017,"referenceCode":"B17CRO01EHUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T18:11:53.413199Z"},{"id":159267,"citation":"Davies, R.W. and Davies, V.C. 1986. The rearing and breeding of Dendrobates auratus in captivity. British Herpetological Society Bulletin 18:24.","shortCitationAuthor":"Davies and Davies","shortCitationYear":1986,"referenceCode":"A86DAV0200LA","lastModified":"2020-02-25T18:21:14.905834Z"},{"id":144457,"citation":"Duellman, W. E., and L. Trueb. 1986. Biology of amphibians. McGraw-Hill Book Co., New York. 670 pp.","shortCitationAuthor":"Duellman and Trueb","shortCitationYear":1986,"referenceCode":"B86DUE01NAUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T18:15:04.994005Z"},{"id":159268,"citation":"Eaton, T. 1941. Notes on the life history of Dendrobates auratus. Copeia 1941:88-93.","shortCitationAuthor":"Eaton","shortCitationYear":1941,"referenceCode":"A41EAT0100LA","lastModified":"2020-02-25T18:21:14.890224Z"},{"id":119796,"citation":"Frost, D. R. 1985. Amphibian species of the world. A taxonomic and geographical reference. Allen Press, Inc., and The Association of  Systematics Collections, Lawrence, Kansas. v + 732 pp.","shortCitationAuthor":"Frost","shortCitationYear":1985,"referenceCode":"B85FRO01HQUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T14:38:24.173666Z"},{"id":1054360,"citation":"Frost, D.R. 2020. Amphibian Species of the World: an Online Reference. Version 6.0. American Museum of Natural History, New York, USA. Online: http://research.amnh.org/herpetology/amphibia/index.html","shortCitationAuthor":"Frost","shortCitationYear":2020,"referenceCode":"W20FRO02NAUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T19:41:47.447453Z"},{"id":1101121,"citation":"Grant, T., D. R. Frost, J. P. Caldwell, R. Gagliardo, C. F. B. Haddad, P. J. R. Kok, D. B. Means, B. P. Noonan, W. E. Schargel, and W. Wheeler. 2006. Phylogenetic systematics of dart-poison frogs and their relatives (Amphibia, Athesphatanura, Dendrobatidae). Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 299:1-262.","shortCitationAuthor":"Grant et al.","shortCitationYear":2006,"referenceCode":"A06GRA02NAUS","lastModified":"2021-06-05T03:00:14.942886Z"},{"id":159365,"citation":"Heselhaus, R. 1992. Poison-arrow frogs: their natural history and care in captivity. Blandford London. 112pp","shortCitationAuthor":"Heselhaus","shortCitationYear":1992,"referenceCode":"B92HES0100LA","lastModified":"2020-02-25T18:21:14.890224Z"},{"id":159413,"citation":"Ibañez, R., Rand, A.S. and Jaramillo, C.A. 1999. Los anfibios del Monumento Natural Barro Colorado, Parque Nacional Soberanía y areas adyacentes. Mizrachi, E. and Pujol, S.A. Santa Fe de Bogota. 187pp","shortCitationAuthor":"Ibañez et al.","shortCitationYear":1999,"referenceCode":"A99IBA0200LA","lastModified":"2020-02-25T18:11:53.084907Z"},{"id":159415,"citation":"Ibáñez, R., Solís, F., Jaramillo, C. and Rand, S. 2000. An overwiew of the herpetology of Panama. Pages 159-170 in J.D. Johnson, R.G. Webb, and  O.A. Flores-Villela (eds.) Mesoamerican Herpetology: Systematics, Zoogeography and Conservation. The University of Texas at El Paso, Texas.","shortCitationAuthor":"Ibáñez et al.","shortCitationYear":2000,"referenceCode":"A00IBA0100LA","lastModified":"2020-02-25T18:11:53.100752Z"},{"id":159360,"citation":"Kitasako, J.T. 1967. Observations on the biology of Dendrobates pumilio Schmidt and Dendrobates auratus Girard. M.S. Thesis, University of Southern California. 87 pp.","shortCitationAuthor":"Kitasako","shortCitationYear":1967,"referenceCode":"N67KIT0100LA","lastModified":"2020-02-25T18:21:14.890224Z"},{"id":134553,"citation":"McKeown, S. 1978. Hawaiian reptiles and amphibians. Oriental Pub. Co., Honolulu. 80 pp.","shortCitationAuthor":"McKeown","shortCitationYear":1978,"referenceCode":"B78MCK01NAUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T18:12:21.616638Z"},{"id":119020,"citation":"McKeown, S. 1996. A field guide to reptiles and amphibians in the Hawaiian Islands. Diamond Head Publishing. Los Osos, California.","shortCitationAuthor":"McKeown","shortCitationYear":1996,"referenceCode":"B96MCK01NAUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T18:11:57.819328Z"},{"id":127757,"citation":"Oliver, J. A., and C. E. Shaw. 1953. The amphibians and reptiles of the Hawaiian Islands. Zoologica 38:65-95.","shortCitationAuthor":"Oliver and Shaw","shortCitationYear":1953,"referenceCode":"A53OLI01NAUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T18:12:21.616638Z"},{"id":462572,"citation":"Ruiz-Carranza, P.M., Ardila-Robayo, M.C. and Lynch, J.D. 1996. Lista actualizada de la fauna de Amphibia de Colombia. Revista de la Academia Colombiana de Ciencias Exactas, Físicas y Naturales. 20(77):365-415.","shortCitationAuthor":"Ruiz-Carranza et al.","shortCitationYear":1996,"referenceCode":"A96RUI0200LA","lastModified":"2020-02-25T18:21:14.905834Z"},{"id":103679,"citation":"Savage, J. M. 2002. The amphibians and reptiles of Costa Rica. University of Chicago Press, Chicago, Illinois.","shortCitationAuthor":"Savage","shortCitationYear":2002,"referenceCode":"B02SAV01EHUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T18:11:53.084907Z"},{"id":135934,"citation":"Silverstone, P.A. 1975. A revision of the poison-arrow frogs of the genus Dendrobates Wagler. Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County Science Bulletin. 21:1-55.","shortCitationAuthor":"Silverstone","shortCitationYear":1975,"referenceCode":"A75SIL0100LA","lastModified":"2020-02-25T18:21:14.890224Z"},{"id":159269,"citation":"Summers, K. 1990. Paternal care and the cost of polygyny in the green dart-poison frog. Behavioural Ecology and Sociobiology 27:307-313.","shortCitationAuthor":"Summers","shortCitationYear":1990,"referenceCode":"A90SUM0100LA","lastModified":"2020-02-25T18:21:14.890224Z"},{"id":155520,"citation":"van Wijngaarden, R. 1984. \"Behavior and Reproduction of Phyllobates vittatus in a Terrarium\". Lacerta 42(8).","shortCitationAuthor":"van Wijngaarden","shortCitationYear":1984,"referenceCode":"A84VAN0300LA","lastModified":"2020-02-25T18:21:14.890224Z"},{"id":460948,"citation":"van Wijngaarden, R. 1990. Enkele klimaatgegevens en waarnemingen in de biotoop van de gifkikkers Phyllobates vittatus en Dendrobates auratus. Lacerta. 48(5):147-154.","shortCitationAuthor":"van Wijngaarden","shortCitationYear":1990,"referenceCode":"A90VAN0100LA","lastModified":"2020-02-25T18:21:14.890224Z"},{"id":159270,"citation":"Wells, K.D. 1978. Courtship and parental behaviour in a Panamanian poison-arrow frog (Dendrobates auratus). Herpetologica. 34(2):148-155.","shortCitationAuthor":"Wells","shortCitationYear":1978,"referenceCode":"A78WEL0100LA","lastModified":"2020-02-25T18:21:14.890224Z"},{"id":159414,"citation":"Young, B., Sedaghatkish, G., Roca, E. and Fuenmayor, Q. 1999. El Estatus de la Conservación de la Herpetofauna de Panamá: Resumen del Primer Taller Internacional sobre la Herpetofauna de Panamá. The Nature Conservancy Arlington, Virginia. 40 pp.","shortCitationAuthor":"Young et al.","shortCitationYear":1999,"referenceCode":"N99YOU0100LA","lastModified":"2020-02-25T18:11:53.100752Z"},{"id":159366,"citation":"Zimmermann, E. and Zimmermann, H. 1994. Reproductive strategies, breeding, and conservation of tropical frogs:dart-poison frogs and Malagasy poison frogs. Pages 255-266 in J.B. Murphy, K. Adler, and J.T. Collins (eds.). Captive Management and Conservation of Amphibians and Reptiles. Society for the Study of Amphibians and Reptiles, Ithaca (New York). Contributions to Herpetology volume 11.","shortCitationAuthor":"Zimmermann and Zimmermann","shortCitationYear":1994,"referenceCode":"A94ZIM0200LA","lastModified":"2020-02-25T18:21:14.890224Z"}],"otherCommonNames":[{"id":109220,"name":"Green and Black Poison Frog","language":"EN"},{"id":109221,"name":"Green Poison Frog","language":"EN"},{"id":205770,"name":"Poison Dart Frog","language":"EN"}],"speciesGlobal":{"elementGlobalId":103901,"cites":{"id":2,"citesDescEn":"Appendix II","citesDescEs":"Apéndice II","citesDescFr":"Annexe II"},"cosewic":null,"fwsRegion":null,"genusSize":{"id":4,"genusSizeDescEn":"Medium to large genus","genusSizeDescEs":"Género de mediano a grande","genusSizeDescFr":"Moyen à grand genre"},"jurisEndem":{"id":5,"jurisEndemDescEn":"occurs (regularly, as a native taxon) in multiple nations","jurisEndemDescEs":"Se encuentra en varias naciones (de manera regular, como un taxón nativo)","jurisEndemDescFr":"Se trouve dans plusieurs nations (de façon régulière, tel un taxon indigène)"},"nomenclaturallyEst":null,"usesa":null,"informalTaxonomy":{"informalTaxonomyId":3,"level1":"Animals","level2":"Vertebrates","level3":"Amphibians","level":3,"hasChildren":false,"parentId":2,"distributionStatus":"complete","displayOrder":1060},"parentSpecies":null,"infraspecies":false,"kingdom":"Animalia","phylum":"Craniata","taxclass":"Amphibia","taxorder":"Anura","family":"Dendrobatidae","genus":"Dendrobates","americanFisheriesStatus":null,"americanFisheriesStatusDate":null,"saraStatus":null,"saraStatusDate":null,"cosewicDate":null,"interpretedCosewic":null,"cosewicComments":null,"usesaDate":null,"interpretedUsesa":null,"usesaComments":null,"completeDistribution":true,"synonyms":[{"id":108572,"synonym":"Dendrobates latimaculatus","synonymAuthor":null,"formattedSynonym":"<i>Dendrobates latimaculatus</i>"},{"id":108574,"synonym":"Dendrobates tinctorius auratus","synonymAuthor":null,"formattedSynonym":"<i>Dendrobates tinctorius auratus</i>"},{"id":108575,"synonym":"Dendrobates trivittatus auratus","synonymAuthor":null,"formattedSynonym":"<i>Dendrobates trivittatus auratus</i>"},{"id":108573,"synonym":"Hylaplesia aurata","synonymAuthor":null,"formattedSynonym":"<i>Hylaplesia aurata</i>"}],"infraspeciesList":[],"ebarId":null,"ebarCanadianScope":false,"ebarGlobalScope":false,"ebarKbaGroup":"Amphibians and Reptiles","caGeneralStatusId":null},"speciesCharacteristics":{"elementGlobalId":103901,"reproductionComments":"Female courts male. Male tends eggs about 10-13 days (until after hatching), occas. moistens them with fluid from bladder, transports larvae on dorsum to standing water. Female produces several clutches annually.","ecologyComments":null,"habitatComments":"An arboreal and terrestrial diurnal species of humid lowland and montane forest; also found in dense secondary growth and cocoa plantations (Kitasako, 1967. Adults are often associated large buttressed trees. Males are essentially non-territorial, but occasionally engage in aggressive competition (Wells, 1978). D. auratus is polygynous; females actively compete for males and attempt to guard their mate from others. The species shows a high degree of paternal care. After oviposition upon leaf litter the male guards and cares for the clutch of three to 13 eggs (Silverstone, 1975; Schafer, 1981; Heselhaus, 1992). On hatching (13 to 16 days in captivity) the tadpoles are carried by the male to a stagnant waterbody in a tree-hole, the leaf axil of a bromeliad (up to 30 m from the forest floor), or a small ground pool (Eaton, 1941; van Wijngaarden, 1990) Wild tadpoles feed on protozoans and rotifers, and metamorphose after 39 to 89 days; in captivity, sexual maturity is attained at between six and 15 months (Eaton, 1941; Silverstone, 1975; Summers, 1990; Zimmermann and Zimmermann, 1994). A reduction in the number of egg clutches and tadpoles maintained by the male results in a more rapid development of the eggs and higher growth rate of tadpoles (Wells, 1978; Summers, 1990). Longevity of at least six years reported in captivity (Zimmermann and Zimmermann, 1994). In Hawaii: well-foliated moist valleys; usually in moist places; on ground and in bushes. Usually under shelter late spring - early fall. Sometimes observed in standing water (rain-filled debris, depression in rock). Eggs are deposited in moist places on land, transported on dorsum of male to standing water (usually a small water-filled cavity) where development is completed.","generalDescription":null,"diagnosticCharacteristics":null,"speciesMarineHabitats":[],"speciesTerrestrialHabitats":[{"cagTerrHabId":-110240,"terrestrialHabitat":{"id":1,"terrestrialHabitatDescEn":"Forest - Hardwood","terrestrialHabitatDescEs":"Bosque - Madera dura","terrestrialHabitatDescFr":"Forêt — Feuillu","displayOrder":2}}],"speciesRiverineHabitats":[],"speciesPalustrineHabitats":[{"cagPalusHabId":-102950,"palustrineHabitat":{"id":1,"palustrineHabitatDescEn":"TEMPORARY POOL","palustrineHabitatDescEs":"PISCINA TEMPORAL","palustrineHabitatDescFr":"BASSIN TEMPORAIRE","displayOrder":1}}],"speciesLacustrineHabitats":[],"speciesSubterraneanHabitats":[],"speciesEstuarineHabitats":[]},"primaryReference":{"id":1054360,"citation":"Frost, D.R. 2020. Amphibian Species of the World: an Online Reference. Version 6.0. American Museum of Natural History, New York, USA. Online: http://research.amnh.org/herpetology/amphibia/index.html","shortCitationAuthor":"Frost","shortCitationYear":2020,"referenceCode":"W20FRO02NAUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T19:41:47.447453Z"},"predecessors":[],"elementGlobalThreatAssessments":[]}