{"elementGlobalId":103877,"circumscripConfidence":{"id":1,"circumscripConfidenceDescEn":"1 - Strong","circumscripConfidenceDescEs":"1 - Fuerte","circumscripConfidenceDescFr":"1 – Forte"},"classificationLevel":{"id":7,"classificationLevelNameEn":"Species","classificationLevelNameEs":"Especies","classificationLevelNameFr":"Espèce"},"classificationStatus":{"id":1,"classificationStatusDescEn":"Standard","classificationStatusDescEs":"Estándar","classificationStatusDescFr":"Standard"},"iucn":{"id":3,"iucnDescEn":"Critically endangered","iucnDescEs":"En peligro crítico","iucnDescFr":"Gravement menacée d’extinction","iucnCode":"CR"},"nameCategory":{"id":1,"nameCategoryDescEn":"Vertebrate Animal","nameCategoryDescEs":"Animal vertebrado","nameCategoryDescFr":"Animal vertébré","nameTypeCd":"A","nameTypeDesc":"Zoological"},"rankMethodUsed":{"id":6,"rankMethodUsedDescEn":"Legacy Rank calculation - Biotics v1","rankMethodUsedDescEs":null,"rankMethodUsedDescFr":null,"rankMethodUsedExternalDescEn":"Ranked by calculator","rankMethodUsedExternalDescEs":null,"rankMethodUsedExternalDescFr":null},"formattedScientificName":"<i>Eurycea rathbuni</i>","scientificName":"Eurycea rathbuni","scientificNameAuthor":"(Stejneger, 1896)","primaryCommonName":"Texas Blind Salamander","relatedItisNames":"<i>Eurycea rathbuni</i> (Stejneger, 1896) (TSN 586343)","uniqueId":"ELEMENT_GLOBAL.2.103877","elcode":"AAAAD05250","conceptRefFullCitation":"Chippindale, P. T., D. M. Hillis, and A. H. Price. 1994. Relationships, status, and distribution of central Texas hemidactyliine plethodontid salamanders (<i>Eurycea </i>and <i>Typhlomolge</i>). Final Section 6 Report, July 1994. 21 pp. + 1 fig.","conceptName":"<i>Eurycea rathbuni</i>","taxonomicComments":"Formerly included in the genus <i>Typhlomolge </i>(see Mitchell and Reddell 1965; Chippindale et al. 1994, 2000). Bonett et al. (2014 \"2013\") suggested on the basis of a molecular tree that this species is most closely related to <i>Eurycea waterlooensis</i> (<i>Eurycea robusta</i> not included in the analysis).","roundedGRank":"G1","conservationStatusFactorsEditionDate":"2019-06-17","conservationStatusFactorsEditionAuthors":"Paul Crump - TPWD Herpetologist","primaryCommonNameLanguage":"EN","recordType":"SPECIES","elementNationals":[{"elementNationalId":165107,"classifConfidence":null,"nation":{"id":225,"nameEn":"United States","nameEs":"Estados Unidos","nameFr":"États-Unis","isoCode":"US","region":"United States"},"roundedNRank":"N1","elementSubnationals":[{"elementSubnationalId":337218,"subnation":{"id":51,"nameEn":"Texas","nameEs":"Texas","nameFr":"Texas","subnationCode":"TX","dnationId":225},"roundedSRank":"S1","dataSensitive":{"id":2,"dataSensitiveDescEn":"No","dataSensitiveDescEs":null,"dataSensitiveDescFr":null,"dataSensitiveCode":"N"},"dataSensitiveCategory":null,"srank":"S1","speciesSubnational":{"elementSubnationalId":337218,"hybrid":false,"exotic":false,"native":true}}],"nrankReviewYear":1996,"nrank":"N1","speciesNational":{"elementNationalId":165107,"exotic":false,"native":true}}],"lastModified":"2026-10-02T21:42:12.224105Z","lastPublished":"2026-10-02T21:32:08.892226Z","promotionalDescription":null,"conceptLineageSummary":null,"nsxUrl":"/Taxon/ELEMENT_GLOBAL.2.103877/Eurycea_rathbuni","grankAdjustmentReasons":null,"grankChangeDate":"2001-10-18","grankReviewDate":"2019-06-17","grankReasons":"This species has a small range, with few occurrences, and its habitat is at risk from development and over use of the ground water it depends on.","grank":"G1","rankInfo":{"elementGlobalId":103877,"aooPercentGood":null,"enviromentalSpecificity":null,"intrinsicVulnerability":null,"longTermTrend":{"id":36,"longTermTrendDescEn":"Decline of 10-30%","longTermTrendDescEs":"Disminución del 10 al 30%.","longTermTrendDescFr":"Diminution de 10 à 30 %"},"numberEos":{"id":1,"numberEosDescEn":"1 - 5","numberEosDescEs":"De 1 a 5","numberEosDescFr":"De 1 à 5"},"numberGoodEos":{"id":7,"numberGoodEosDescEn":"Very few (1-3)","numberGoodEosDescEs":"Muy pocos (de 1 a 3)","numberGoodEosDescFr":"Très peu (de 1 à 3)"},"numberProtEos":null,"popSize":{"id":37,"popSizeDescEn":"Unknown","popSizeDescEs":"Desconocido","popSizeDescFr":"Inconnu"},"rangeExtent":{"id":1,"rangeExtentDescEn":"<100 square km (less than about 40 square miles)","rangeExtentDescEs":"<100 kilómetros cuadrados (menos de 40 millas cuadradas aproximadamente)","rangeExtentDescFr":"<100 km carrés (moins de 40 miles carrés approximativement)"},"shortTermTrend":{"id":40,"shortTermTrendDescEn":"Relatively Stable (<=10% change)","shortTermTrendDescEs":"Relativamente estable (variación = <10%)","shortTermTrendDescFr":"Relativement stable (variation = <10 %)"},"threatImpactAssigned":{"id":1,"threatImpactAssignedDescEn":"Very high","threatImpactAssignedDescEs":"Muy alto","threatImpactAssignedDescFr":"Très élevé"},"rangeExtentComments":"This species is known from sites in a single Texas county. 0.810 km 2, calculated in GeoCat using Texas Natural Diversity Database data. San Marcos Pool of the Edwards Aquifer, Hays County, south-central Texas (Chippindale et al. 2000).","areaOfOccupancy":{"id":72,"areaOfOccupancyType":{"id":4,"areaOfOccupancyTypeDescEn":"4-km2 grid cells","areaOfOccupancyTypeDescEs":"Células de la cuadrícula de 4 km2","areaOfOccupancyTypeDescFr":"Cellules de grille de 4 km2"},"areaOfOccupancyDescEn":"3-5","areaOfOccupancyDescEs":"De 3 a 5","areaOfOccupancyDescFr":"De 3 à 5","bioticsKey":19},"areaOfOccupancyComments":"This species occupies 3x 4 km2 grids, caluclated in GeoCat using Texas Natural Diversity Database data.","numberEosComments":"Based on the best available genetics data (Chippendale 2009) it is likely that a large, single panmictic population occurs in the aquifer and the surface occurrences are simply exits from that aquifer population.","popSizeComments":"Unknown specifically, but likely large. DNA based estimates, although imperfect suggest a population size in the millions (Andy Gluesenkamp, personal communication).","viabilityComments":"USFWS has designated 3 meta-populations (Rattlesnake, Spring Lake, and Primers-Johnsons-Ezells) and all populations consistently produce low numbers of salamanders.","threatImpactComments":"As with most spring salamanders in this genus in Texas, a small geographic distribution, rapidly expanding urban development, and long-term ground water depletion are the principle threats to this species.","shortTermTrendComments":"Very little data exists to suggest what the aquifer population size is and the surface encounters seem fairly random.","longTermTrendComments":"At least 2 of the sites which previously produced salamanders no longer do, other sites appear to produce fewer salamanders (Diversion Spring) but nothing quantitative has been done to compare time intervals (Kreja et al, 2007).","inventoryNeeds":null,"numberProtEosComments":null,"protectionNeeds":null,"otherConsiderations":null,"intrinsicVulnerabilityComments":null,"enviromentalSpecificityComments":null},"animalCharacteristics":{"elementGlobalId":103877,"majorHabitat":{"id":2,"majorHabitatDescEn":"Freshwater","majorHabitatDescEs":"Agua dulce","majorHabitatDescFr":"Eau douce"},"nonMigrant":true,"localMigrant":false,"longDistanceMigrant":false,"mobilityMigrationComments":null,"foodHabitsComments":"Eats various small invertebrates (snails, copepods, amphipods, shrimp).","animalPhenologyComments":"Apparently no distinct annual or daily activity patterns.","colonialBreeder":false,"length":14,"width":null,"weight":null,"animalPhenologies":[],"animalFoodHabits":[{"animalCagFoodHabitsId":104991,"foodHabits":{"id":3,"foodHabitsDescEn":"Invertivore","foodHabitsDescEs":"Invertívoro","foodHabitsDescFr":"Invertivore","displayOrder":3},"adult":true,"immature":true}]},"occurrenceDelineations":[{"eoSpecsDetailId":1005,"locationUseClass":{"id":1,"locationUseClassDescEn":"Not applicable","locationUseClassDescEs":"No se aplica","locationUseClassDescFr":"Sans objet","displayOrder":1},"eoSpecGroupName":"Aquatic/Wetland Plethodontid Salamanders","subtypes":null,"inferredExtentDistance":0.1,"inferredExtentNotes":null,"minimumEoCriteria":"Occurrences are based on evidence of historical presence, or current and likely recurring presence, at a given location. Such evidence minimally includes collection or reliable observation and documentation of one or more individuals (including larvae or eggs) in or near appropriate habitat where the species is presumed to be established and  breeding.","mappingGuidance":null,"separationBarriers":"Busy highway, especially with high traffic volume at night; other totally inappropriate habitat that the salamanders cannot traverse.","separationDistanceUnsuitableHabitatat":null,"separationDistanceSuitableHabitatat":null,"altSeparationProcedure":"Separation distance for stream-dwelling species along riverine corridors: 10 stream km. Separation distance for other freshwater aquatic and wetland habitats: 3 km. Separation distance for upland habitat: 1 km.","separationJustification":"These salamanders rarely successfully cross roadways that have heavy traffic volume at night, when most movements occur. Salamanders in this Specs Group, except strictly subterranean species, tend to be able to traverse upland habitat when conditions are wet, and generally they can pass through atypical wetland and aquatic habitats to reach another patch of suitable habitat. However, Grover and Wilbur (2002) created replicated seeps at distances of 3, 15, and more than 30 m from streams or natural seeps and found that Desmognathus fuscus and Gyrinophilus porphyriticus colonized the new seeps at 3 m and 15 m but were rare or absent at new seeps more than 30 m from the nearest stream or natural seep.<br><br>Although these specifications do not include rivers as barriers, Adams and Beachy (2001) documented morphological variation among populations of Gyrinophilus porphyriticus in the southern Appalachian Mountains and found patterns \"consistent with the hypothesis that large rivers restrict sizable gene flow.\" Large rivers probably function at least as unsuitable habitat for many species in this Specs Group.  <br><br>Compared to larger ambystomatid salamanders, the movements of plethodontids are poorly documented, but home ranges likely tend to be very small, on the order of a few meters to a few dozen meters in length or diameter. Yet, on occasion, dispersing individuals likely travel at least several hundred meters, and stream-dwelling species likely disperse much farther along riverine corridors. Over a number of years, it is likely that these salamanders can spread multiple kilometers through suitable habitat.","versionDate":"2004-10-28","versionAuthor":"Hammerson, G.","versionNotes":null,"lastModified":"2020-04-30T02:04:08.394103Z"}],"plantCharacteristics":null,"elementManagement":{"elementGlobalId":103877,"eoManagementGroupName":null,"stewardshipOverview":null,"impacts":null,"restorationPotential":null,"siteConservationPlansConsidered":null,"managementMethods":"Maintenance of water level and quality is the most important management consideration. 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Courtship behavior and spermatophore deposition by the subterranean salamander, <i>Typhlomolge rathbuni</i> (Caudata, Plethodontidae). Southwestern Naturalist 33:124-126.","shortCitationAuthor":"Bechler","shortCitationYear":1988,"referenceCode":"A88BEC01NAUS","lastModified":"2026-06-06T01:57:14.927639Z"},{"id":112779,"citation":"Blackburn, L., P. Nanjappa, and M. J. Lannoo. 2001. An Atlas of the Distribution of U.S. Amphibians. Copyright, Ball State University, Muncie, Indiana, USA.","shortCitationAuthor":"Blackburn et al.","shortCitationYear":2001,"referenceCode":"B01BLA01EHUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T14:38:24.173666Z"},{"id":1101143,"citation":"Bonett, R. M., M. A. Steffen, S. M. Lambert, J. J. Wiens, and P. T. Chippindale. 2014. Evolution of paedomorphosis in plethodontid salamanders: ecological correlated and re-evolution of metamorphosis. Evolution 68: 466-482.","shortCitationAuthor":"Bonett et al.","shortCitationYear":2014,"referenceCode":"A14BON02NAUS","lastModified":"2025-09-05T21:45:27.275301Z"},{"id":100939,"citation":"Bury, R. B., C. K. Dodd, Jr., and G. M. Fellers. 1980. Conservation of the Amphibia of the United States: a review. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Washington, D.C., Resource Publication 134. 34 pp.","shortCitationAuthor":"Bury et al.","shortCitationYear":1980,"referenceCode":"B80BUR01NAUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T18:11:56.631788Z"},{"id":140241,"citation":"Campbell, L. 1995. Endangered and Threatened Animals of Texas: Their Life History and Management. Texas Parks and Wildlife Department, Endangered Resources Branch, Austin, Texas. ix + 129 pp.","shortCitationAuthor":"Campbell","shortCitationYear":1995,"referenceCode":"B95CAM01NAUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T18:11:58.350566Z"},{"id":461897,"citation":"Chippindale, P.T. 2000. Species boundaries and species diversity in the central Texas hemidactyliine plethodontid salamanders, genus Eurycea. The Biology of Plethodontid Salamanders. Bruce, R., Houck, L. and Jaeger, R.,editor. 149-160. Kluwer Academic/Plenum Publishing. New York.","shortCitationAuthor":"Chippindale","shortCitationYear":2000,"referenceCode":"A00CHI0300LA","lastModified":"2020-02-25T18:18:03.449846Z"},{"id":155735,"citation":"Chippindale, P. T., A. H. Price, J. J. Wiens, and D. M. Hillis. 2000. Phylogenetic relationships and systematic revision of central Texas hemidactyliine plethodontid salamanders. Herpetological Monographs 14:1-80.","shortCitationAuthor":"Chippindale et al.","shortCitationYear":2000,"referenceCode":"A00CHI01NAUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T18:17:17.167893Z"},{"id":760647,"citation":"Chippindale, P. T., D. M. Hillis, and A. H. Price. 1994. 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