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species is common in most parts of its range but populations may be vulnerable in other parts. Increased legal and illegal harvest of this species and the on-going loss of wetlands within this species range suggest declines may be occurring in some parts of its range.","grank":"G4G5","rankInfo":{"elementGlobalId":103761,"aooPercentGood":null,"enviromentalSpecificity":{"id":9,"enviromentalSpecificityDescEn":"Moderate to broad.","enviromentalSpecificityDescEs":"Moderado a amplio.","enviromentalSpecificityDescFr":"De modéré à vaste."},"intrinsicVulnerability":{"id":7,"intrinsicVulnerabilityDescEn":"Unknown","intrinsicVulnerabilityDescEs":"Desconocido","intrinsicVulnerabilityDescFr":"Inconnu"},"longTermTrend":{"id":36,"longTermTrendDescEn":"Decline of 10-30%","longTermTrendDescEs":"Disminución del 10 al 30%.","longTermTrendDescFr":"Diminution de 10 à 30 %"},"numberEos":{"id":15,"numberEosDescEn":"> 300","numberEosDescEs":"> 300","numberEosDescFr":"> 300"},"numberGoodEos":{"id":22,"numberGoodEosDescEn":"Unknown","numberGoodEosDescEs":"Desconocido","numberGoodEosDescFr":"Inconnu"},"numberProtEos":{"id":16,"numberProtEosDescEn":"Unknown whether any occurrences are appropriately protected and managed","numberProtEosDescEs":"Se desconoce si se protege y controla adecuadamente algúna ocurrencia","numberProtEosDescFr":"Nombre inconnu d’occurrences protégées et contrôlées convenablement"},"popSize":{"id":37,"popSizeDescEn":"Unknown","popSizeDescEs":"Desconocido","popSizeDescFr":"Inconnu"},"rangeExtent":{"id":35,"rangeExtentDescEn":">2,500,000 square km (greater than 1,000,000 square miles)","rangeExtentDescEs":">2.500.000 kilómetros cuadrados (más ","rangeExtentDescFr":">2 500 000 km carrés (plus de 1 000 000 miles carrés)"},"shortTermTrend":{"id":40,"shortTermTrendDescEn":"Relatively Stable (<=10% change)","shortTermTrendDescEs":"Relativamente estable (variación = <10%)","shortTermTrendDescFr":"Relativement stable (variation = <10 %)"},"threatImpactAssigned":{"id":6,"threatImpactAssignedDescEn":"High - medium","threatImpactAssignedDescEs":"Alto - medio","threatImpactAssignedDescFr":"Élevé — Moyen"},"rangeExtentComments":"In the U.S., this species range includes the eastern continent east of the Rocky Mountains from the Canadian border south and east to the Gulf of Mexico and Atlantic seaboard respectively. In Canada, this species range includes mainland Nova Scotia, southern New Brunswick, southern and central Quebec, southern and central Ontario, southern Manitoba, and southeastern Saskatchewan (COSEWIC 2008). This species has been introduced in many areas including western North America (western U.S. states and Canadian provinces) and parts of Europe and Asia. Based on a concave hull analysis of recent observation records (GBIF 2024) from within its described range, the range extent of this species is about 5,830,000 km2.","areaOfOccupancy":null,"areaOfOccupancyComments":"The area of occupancy of this species is unknown.","numberEosComments":"The number of occurrences of this species is unknown but exceeds 300.","popSizeComments":"The population size of this species is unknown.","viabilityComments":null,"threatImpactComments":"In Canada, the most prevalent threats are legal and illegal harvesting, direct persecution, and road mortality all of which effect adult survivorship; a vital rate significantly effecting population status (COSEWIC 2008). Harvest in Ontario and Nova Scotia is permitted with a license. In the U.S., these threats as well as loss of wetland and riverine habitat (Dyke et al. 2015) are threat factors in the U.S. Virginia, USA, identified this species as warranting Greatest Conservation Need until research results inform the sustainability of harvest for domestic and foreign consumption. Similarly, South Carolina designated this species as Greatest Conservation Need based on the uncertain sustainability of harvest for the pet trade (South Carolina Department of Natural Resources 2015).","shortTermTrendComments":"The short-term trend of this species is unknown but likely reflects decline in some areas based on a 50% loss of wetlands, most of which are freshwater wetlands in the past 15 years (Lang et al. 2024) and the potential for local declines from legal and illegal persecution and road mortality in some areas. However there is evidence this species readily adapts to anthropogenic water facilities.","longTermTrendComments":"The long-term trend of this species is unknown but presumed to reflect decline based on the nature and extent of described threats and the significant loss of wetlands throughout the U.S. (Lang et al. 2024) and Canada.","inventoryNeeds":null,"numberProtEosComments":null,"protectionNeeds":null,"otherConsiderations":null,"intrinsicVulnerabilityComments":null,"enviromentalSpecificityComments":null},"animalCharacteristics":{"elementGlobalId":103761,"majorHabitat":{"id":2,"majorHabitatDescEn":"Freshwater","majorHabitatDescEs":"Agua dulce","majorHabitatDescFr":"Eau douce"},"nonMigrant":false,"localMigrant":true,"longDistanceMigrant":false,"mobilityMigrationComments":"Reproductive females may migrate up to several kilometers between permanent water of their usual residence and a nesting area. In Ontario, the maximum distance traveled from the nesting site was 370-2,020 meters (mean 1053 meters); movement were greatest from spring to mid-July (Pettit et al. 1995). Some adults may travel up to a few kilometers between summer range and winter hibernation sites; others hibernate within summer range (Brown and Brooks 1994).","foodHabitsComments":"Forages in water; eats many kinds of vertebrates, invertebrates, and plants.","animalPhenologyComments":"In the north, snapping turtles decrease activity in late summer and are relatively inactive in winter, though under-ice movements have been observed. They resume activity usually in April.","colonialBreeder":false,"length":47,"width":null,"weight":null,"animalPhenologies":[{"animalCagPhenologyId":102644,"animalPhenology":{"id":1,"animalPhenologyDescEn":"Hibernates/aestivates","animalPhenologyDescEs":"Hibernación/Estivación","animalPhenologyDescFr":"Hiberne/estive","displayOrder":1},"adult":true,"immature":true},{"animalCagPhenologyId":102645,"animalPhenology":{"id":2,"animalPhenologyDescEn":"Circadian","animalPhenologyDescEs":"Circadiano","animalPhenologyDescFr":"Circadien","displayOrder":2},"adult":true,"immature":true}],"animalFoodHabits":[{"animalCagFoodHabitsId":104877,"foodHabits":{"id":1,"foodHabitsDescEn":"Carnivore","foodHabitsDescEs":"Carnívoro","foodHabitsDescFr":"Carnivore","displayOrder":1},"adult":true,"immature":true},{"animalCagFoodHabitsId":104878,"foodHabits":{"id":2,"foodHabitsDescEn":"Piscivore","foodHabitsDescEs":"Piscivore","foodHabitsDescFr":"Piscivore","displayOrder":2},"adult":true,"immature":true},{"animalCagFoodHabitsId":104879,"foodHabits":{"id":3,"foodHabitsDescEn":"Invertivore","foodHabitsDescEs":"Invertívoro","foodHabitsDescFr":"Invertivore","displayOrder":3},"adult":true,"immature":true},{"animalCagFoodHabitsId":104880,"foodHabits":{"id":4,"foodHabitsDescEn":"Herbivore","foodHabitsDescEs":"Herbívoro","foodHabitsDescFr":"Herbivore","displayOrder":4},"adult":true,"immature":true}]},"occurrenceDelineations":[{"eoSpecsDetailId":1341,"locationUseClass":{"id":1,"locationUseClassDescEn":"Not applicable","locationUseClassDescEs":"No se aplica","locationUseClassDescFr":"Sans objet","displayOrder":1},"eoSpecGroupName":null,"subtypes":"Nesting area.","inferredExtentDistance":1.0,"inferredExtentNotes":null,"minimumEoCriteria":"Occurrences are based on evidence of historical presence, or current and likely recurring presence, at a given location. Such evidence minimally includes collection or reliable observation and documentation of one or more individuals (including eggs) in or near appropriate habitat where the species is presumed to be established and  breeding.","mappingGuidance":"Occurrences should include known nesting areas and documented upland travel corridors, if any.","separationBarriers":"Busy major highway; untraversable topography (e.g., cliff); urbanized area dominated by buildings and pavement.","separationDistanceUnsuitableHabitatat":4.0,"separationDistanceSuitableHabitatat":10.0,"altSeparationProcedure":null,"separationJustification":"Chelydra serpentina may migrate up to several kilometers between permanent water of usual residence and nesting areas, and some may travel up to a few kilometers between summer range and winter hibernation sites (others hibernate within summer range; Brown and Brooks 1994), but most individuals remain within an area not more than 2 km in maximum length (average around 1 km). For example, in Ontario, the maximum distance traveled from the nesting site was 370-2020 m (mean 1053 m); movements were greatest from spring to mid-July (Pettit et al. 1995). In Ontario, males occupied relatively stable, overlapping home ranges; summer range was 0.4-2.3 ha (Galbraith et al. 1987). Also in Ontario, July-August foraging home ranges in three sites during one year were 2.3-18.1 ha (means fell between 5 and 9 ha); home range length was about 550-1990 m; home range size did not vary with habitat productivity (Brown et al. 1994). In another Ontario study, home range size over a year was 1.0-28.4 ha, averaging about 9 ha for females and about 2-3 ha for males (Pettit et al. 1995). In South Dakota, the mean distance traveled within one year averaged 0.9 km (Hammer 1969). These data suggest that observations of snapping turtles separated by a minimum of 4-5 km of habitat not known to be occupied could represent distinct occurrences whereas observations separated by less than 4 km easily could be part of the same population or at least the same patch of occupied habitat (e.g., if nesting females from two aquatic sites 4 km apart each moved 2 km to a common nesting area midway between the aquatic habitats). However, snapping turtles may inhabit large bodies of water much more than 4-5 km long, and it is likely that such waters harbor only a single population of these vagile turtles; hence the separation distance for suitable habitat should be quite large.<br>During nesting migrations, snapping turtles often traverse long distances through various kinds of upland habitat to reach suitable nesting areas; this justifies use of a relatively large separation distance for unsuitable habitat.","versionDate":"2004-07-21","versionAuthor":"Hammerson, G.","versionNotes":null,"lastModified":"2020-02-25T18:20:52.561752Z"}],"plantCharacteristics":null,"elementManagement":{"elementGlobalId":103761,"eoManagementGroupName":null,"stewardshipOverview":null,"impacts":null,"restorationPotential":"Population recovery potential is low, due to a lack of an effective density-dependent response in reproduction and recruitment (Brooks et al. 1991).","siteConservationPlansConsidered":null,"managementMethods":"Without protection of adults and older juveniles, programs that protect nests and headstart hatchlings have a low probability of success (Congdon et al. 1994). Carefully managed sport harvests of some populations may be sustainable, but \"commercial harvests will certainly cause substantial population declines\" (Congdon et al. 1994).","monitoringMethods":"See Tucker (1994, Herpetol. Rev. 25:13) for an easy method for removing turtles from Legler hoop traps.","managementProgramContacts":null,"monitoringProgramContacts":null,"managementResearchPrograms":null,"managementResearchNeeds":null,"biologicalResearchNeeds":null,"additionalTopics":null},"occurrenceViabilities":[{"eoRankSpecsDetailId":105229,"eoRankSpecsGroupName":null,"locationUseClass":{"id":1,"locationUseClassDescEn":"Not applicable","locationUseClassDescEs":"No se aplica","locationUseClassDescFr":"Sans objet","displayOrder":1},"excellentViability":null,"goodViability":null,"fairViability":null,"poorViability":null,"viabilityJustification":"Use the Generic Guidelines for the Application of Occurrence Ranks (2008).<br>The Key for Ranking Species Occurrences Using the Generic Approach provides a step-wise process for implementing this method.","versionDate":null,"versionAuthor":null,"versionNotes":null,"lastModified":"2020-05-14T02:24:54.430644Z"}],"references":[{"id":144355,"citation":"Brooks, R.J., D.A. Galbraith, E.G. Nancekivell, and C.A. Bishop. 1988. Developing management guidelines for snapping turtles. General technical report RM-Rocky Mountain Forest and Range Experiment Station, US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service (USA).","shortCitationAuthor":"Brooks et al.","shortCitationYear":1988,"referenceCode":"A88BRO01NAUS","lastModified":"2022-01-11T02:32:44.681838Z"},{"id":763172,"citation":"Brooks, R. J., G. P. Brown, and D. A. Galbraith. 1991. Effects of a sudden increase in natural mortality of adults on a population of the common snapping turtle (<i>Chelydra serpentina</i>). Can. J. Zool. 1314-1320.","shortCitationAuthor":"Brooks et al.","shortCitationYear":1991,"referenceCode":"A91BRO63HQUS","lastModified":"2022-01-11T02:32:44.681838Z"},{"id":120519,"citation":"Brown, G. P., and R. J. Brooks. 1994. Characteristics of and fidelity to hibernacula in a northern population of snapping turtles, <i>Chelydra serpentina</i>. Copeia 1994:222-226.","shortCitationAuthor":"Brown and Brooks","shortCitationYear":1994,"referenceCode":"A94BRO01NAUS","lastModified":"2022-01-11T02:32:44.681838Z"},{"id":125571,"citation":"Brown, G. P., C. A. Bishop, and R. J. Brooks. 1994. Growth rate, reproductive output, and temperature selection of snapping turtles in habitats of different productivities. J. Herpetol. 28:405-410.","shortCitationAuthor":"Brown et al.","shortCitationYear":1994,"referenceCode":"A94BRO02NAUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T18:20:52.561752Z"},{"id":104608,"citation":"Conant, R. and J. T. Collins. 1991. A field guide to reptiles and amphibians: eastern and central North America. Third edition. Houghton Mifflin Co., Boston, Massachusetts. 450 pp.","shortCitationAuthor":"Conant and Collins","shortCitationYear":1991,"referenceCode":"B91CON01NAUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T18:11:51.303794Z"},{"id":763334,"citation":"Congdon, J. D., A. E. Dunham, and R. C. van Loben Sels. 1994. Demographics of common snapping turtles (<i>Chelydra serpentina</i>): implications for conservation and management of long-lived organisms. American Zoologist 34:397-408.","shortCitationAuthor":"Congdon et al.","shortCitationYear":1994,"referenceCode":"A94CON63HQUS","lastModified":"2022-01-11T02:32:44.681838Z"},{"id":119231,"citation":"Congdon, J. D., et al. 1987. Reproduction and nesting ecology of snapping turtles (<i>Chelydra serpentina</i>) in southeastern Michigan. Herpetologica 43:39-54.","shortCitationAuthor":"Congdon et al.","shortCitationYear":1987,"referenceCode":"A87CON01NAUS","lastModified":"2022-01-11T02:32:44.681838Z"},{"id":1147665,"citation":"COSEWIC. 2008. COSEWIC Assessment and Status Report on the Snapping Turtle (<i>Chelydra serpentina</i>) in Canada. Committee on the Status of Endangered Wildlife in Canada. Ottawa, 47pp. Online. 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Road mortality of snapping turtles, <i>Chelydra serpentina</i>, in central Ontario during their nesting period. Canadian Field-Naturalist 114:106-110.","shortCitationAuthor":"Haxton","shortCitationYear":2000,"referenceCode":"A00HAX01NAUS","lastModified":"2022-01-11T02:32:44.681838Z"},{"id":123076,"citation":"Iverson, J. B. 1991c. Patterns of survivorship in turtles (order Testudines). Canadian J. Zoology 69:385-391.","shortCitationAuthor":"Iverson","shortCitationYear":1991,"referenceCode":"A91IVE04NAUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T18:12:03.209999Z"},{"id":118569,"citation":"King, F. W., and R. L. Burke, editors. 1989. Crocodilian, tuatara, and turtle species of the world: a taxonomic and geographic reference. Association of Systematics Collections, Washington, D.C. 216 pp.","shortCitationAuthor":"King and Burke","shortCitationYear":1989,"referenceCode":"B89KIN01NAUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T14:38:20.126743Z"},{"id":152130,"citation":"Lagler, K. F. 1943. 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Semiaquatic turtles of Tallgrass Prairie National Preserve, Chase County, Kansas. Transactions of the Kansas Academy of Science 120(1–2):68-72.","shortCitationAuthor":"Portofee et al.","shortCitationYear":2017,"referenceCode":"A17POR01EHUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T18:13:19.242438Z"},{"id":751268,"citation":"Shaffer, H.B., D. E. Starkey, and M. K. Fujita. 2008. Molecular insights into the systematics of snapping turtles (Chelydridae). Pages 44-49 in Steyermark, Finkler, and Brooks (editors). Biology of the snapping turtle (<i>Chelydra serpentina</i>). Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore.","shortCitationAuthor":"Shaffer et al.","shortCitationYear":2008,"referenceCode":"A08SHA02NAUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T18:20:52.561752Z"},{"id":130178,"citation":"Sites, J. W., Jr., and K. A. Crandall. 1997. Testing species boundaries in biodiversity studies. 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Conservation Biology of Freshwater Turtles and Tortoises: A Compilation Project of the IUCN/SSC Tortoise and Freshwater Turtle Specialist Group. Chelonian Research Monographs No. 5:000.243-000.328. Online. Available: www.iucn-tftsg.org/cbftt/.","shortCitationAuthor":"van Dijk et al.","shortCitationYear":2012,"referenceCode":"B12VAN01EHUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T14:38:20.126743Z"},{"id":1143886,"citation":"U.S. Geological Survey (USGS). 2024. State Wildlife Action Plans (SWAP). A National Look at Species of Greatest Conservation Need as Reported in State Wildlife Action Plans. U.S. Geological Survey. Science and Analytics Synthesis (SAS) Program. Online. Available: https://www1.usgs.gov/csas/swap/","shortCitationAuthor":"USGS","shortCitationYear":2024,"referenceCode":"W24USG01NAUS","lastModified":"2024-10-05T00:12:59.101754Z"},{"id":138961,"citation":"Walker, D., and J. C. Avise. 1998. Principles of phylogeography as illustrated by freshwater and terrestrial turtles in the southeastern United States. Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics 29:23-58.","shortCitationAuthor":"Walker and Avise","shortCitationYear":1998,"referenceCode":"A98WAL04NAUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T14:38:20.126743Z"},{"id":110824,"citation":"Walker, D., P. E. Moler, K. A. Buhlmann, and J. C. Avise. 1998. Phylogeographic uniformity in mitochondrial DNA of the snapping turtle (<i>Chelydra serpentina</i>). 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When these threats cause even apparently minor increases in mortality of adults, populations are likely to decline as long as these mortality increases persist. There are several such threats and their impacts are additive. Aboriginal Traditional Knowledge generally support the declining trend and population figures in the COSEWIC report. <br/><br/>Status History: Designated Special Concern in November 2008. Assessment based on a new status report.","usesaDate":null,"interpretedUsesa":null,"usesaComments":null,"completeDistribution":true,"synonyms":[],"infraspeciesList":[{"infraspeciesId":102134,"uniqueId":"ELEMENT_GLOBAL.2.102134","formattedScientificName":"<i>Chelydra serpentina osceola</i>","scientificName":"Chelydra serpentina osceola","primaryCommonName":"Florida Snapping Turtle","nsxUrl":null},{"infraspeciesId":106316,"uniqueId":"ELEMENT_GLOBAL.2.106316","formattedScientificName":"<i>Chelydra serpentina serpentina</i>","scientificName":"Chelydra serpentina serpentina","primaryCommonName":"Common Snapping Turtle","nsxUrl":null}],"ebarId":null,"ebarCanadianScope":false,"ebarGlobalScope":false,"ebarKbaGroup":"Amphibians and Reptiles","caGeneralStatusId":"GS000806"},"speciesCharacteristics":{"elementGlobalId":103761,"reproductionComments":"Mating may occur any time during the warmer months. Snapping turtles in North America typically nest from late May to early July (mainly in June), but mainly from mid-June to early July in the far north. In dry regions, ground-softening rains often stimulate nesting. Clutch size averages 20-35, sometimes exceeds 100; 1 clutch/year in Michigan. Hatching and emergence from the nest typically occur about 2-3.5 months after laying, from late August to early October (most often in September), but sometimes the young do not emerge from the nest before winter.<br/><br/>Snapping turtles commonly experience low reproductive success due to extensive predation on their eggs, but females produce large clutches and may live and reproduce for several decades, so eventually they produce offspring that join the breeding population. In Michigan, nest survivorship over 17 years ranged from 0 to 64% and averaged 23% (Congdon et al. 1994). In Ontario, growth rate and reproductive output increased with habitat productivity (Brown et al. 1994). In Michigan, minimum reproductive frequency was less than annual (0.85) (Congdon et al. 1994).<br/><br/>Females are sexually mature in about 8 years in Iowa, 10-20 years in Ontario (later in north than in south), 11-16 years in southeastern Michigan (Congdon et al. 1994); also in Ontario, mean age of first nesting estimated at 17-19 years (Galbraith et al. 1989). In Ontario, the mean age of nesting females was estimated at 33-40 years (Brooks et al. 1988, Galbraith and Brooks 1989).","ecologyComments":"In Ontario, males occupied relatively stable, overlapping home ranges; summer range 0.4-2.3 ha (Galbraith et al. 1987). Also in Ontario, July-August foraging home ranges in three sites during one year were 2.3-18.1 ha (means fell between 5 and 9 ha); home range length was about 550-1990 m; home range size did not vary with habitat productivity (Brown et al. 1994). In another Ontario study, home range size over a year was 1.0-28.4 ha, averaging about 9 ha for females and about 2-3 ha for males (Pettit et al. 1995). <br/><br/>Frequently incurs high rates of nest predation (30-100% in Michigan) by various Carnivora (Congdon et al. 1987). See Iverson (1991) for a compilation of survivorship data (egg survival low, not more than 0.22; adult survival generally high, over 0.90). A population in Ontario, Canada, was characterized as stable, with adult female annual survivorship greater than 0.95; later, a great increase in adult mortality occurred, apparently due primarily to otter predation on hibernating turtles; there was no compensatory density-dependent response in reproduction and recruitment (Brooks et al. 1991). In Michigan, actual annual survivorship of juveniles was over 0.65 by age 2 and averaged 0.77 between ages 2 and 12 years; annual survivorship of adult females ranged from 0.88 to 0.97; population stability was most sensitive to changes in adult or juvenile survival and less sensitive to changes in age at sexual maturity, nest survival, or fecundity (Congdon et al. 1994).","habitatComments":"Snapping turtles occupy all types of freshwater habitats (streams, lakes, reservoirs, ponds, marshes, swamps), especially those with soft mud bottoms and abundant aquatic vegetation or submerged brush and logs. They occur in brackish water in some areas. Usually they are on the bottom but sometimes bask out of water, especially younger individuals and in far north. Hibernation occurs singly or in groups in streams, lakes, ponds, or marshes; in bottom mud, in or under submerged logs or debris, under overhanging bank, or in muskrat tunnel; often in shallow water; sometimes in anoxic sites (Brown and Brooks 1994, Herman et al. 1995). Nesting occurs in soft soil in open areas, often hundreds of meters from water (up to 181 m from permanent water in Michigan, Congdon et al. 1987), sometimes in muskrat houses.","generalDescription":"Shell hard, often with attached mud or algae; rear edge of upper shell saw-toothed; tail as long as or longer than carapace, with crest of large bony scales; head large, with hooked jaws; lower shell relatively small, composed of nine shields; limbs strong, with webbed toes and strong claws; maximum upper shell length nearly 50 cm, but usually less than 36 cm. Adult: upper shell relatively smooth, longitudinal ridges not very prominent. Mature male: anal opening farther from base of tail than in female, usually posterior to rear edge of carapace (under rear edge in female); grows to larger size than female. Juvenile: carapace with three longitudinal ridges. Hatchling: carapace rough, with conspicuous ridges, producing a cryptic dead-leaf-like appearance. Eggs: shell moderately pliable, somewhat brittle, with visible pores; 23-35 mm x 22-31 mm (average 28 mm x 27 mm). 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