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In winter, brant occur along the Pacific coast from Alaska to Baja California and mainland Mexico, along the Atlantic coast from Massachusetts to North Carolina (mainly New Jersey to North Carolina), and from the British Isles to the Mediterranean area and south to coastal China.<br><br>BREEDS: arctic North America and Russia: Prince Patrick and Melville islands in the western Canadian high arctic and the Beaufort Sea islands to the coastal plain of Canada and Alaska, with small colonies on the north side of the Chukotka Peninsula in Russia and on Wrangel Island (Derksen and Ward 1993). In western North America, about 80% of the total black brant population nests in four major colonies on the Yukon-Kuskokwim delta in western Alaska (Derkson and Ward 1993). WINTERS: in North America, along the Pacific coast from Alaska to Baja California and mainland Mexico, along Atlantic from Massachusetts to North Carolina (mainly New Jersey to North Carolina); from British Isles to Mediterranean area, south to coastal China; occasional in Hawaii. A major shift in the winter distribution in western North America occurred during the 1950s and 1960s, with increased numbers using lagoons along the Mexican mainland and much decreased numbers wintering in California; since the mid-1960s, more than 80% of the counted winter population has occurred in Mexico (Derksen and Ward 1993). In the 1980s, an average of several thousand wintered in the Izembek Lagoon area of the Alaska Peninsula (Derksen and Ward 1993).  Kasegaluk Lagoon on the Chukchi Sea in northwestern Alaska is an important migration stop during southward migration; as much as 49% of the entire Pacific flyway population may use the lagoon (Johnson 1993). Izembek Lagoon on the Alaska Peninsula is a critically important stop in spring and late summer, hosting at least the majority of the eastern Pacific population (Johnson and Herter 1989); nearly the entire black brant population spends as long as nine weeks there before departing for wintering areas to the south (Derksen and Ward 1993). Important summer molting areas occur on Alaska's north slope and Wrangel Island (Derksen and Ward 1993).","areaOfOccupancy":null,"areaOfOccupancyComments":null,"numberEosComments":null,"popSizeComments":null,"viabilityComments":null,"threatImpactComments":"Spring subsistence harvest in western Alaska coupled with fox predation on reduced Yukon-Kuskokwim delta populations have limited the recovery of key nesting colonies in western North America (Derksen and Ward 1993). Declines in eelgrass may affect habitat use, bird condition, and reproductive success (Wilson and Atkinson 1995). Declines in British Columbia and Pacific states are due to degradation and loss of important staging and winter estuarine habitats caused by commercial and recreational development and disturbance (Derksen and Ward 1993). In Mexico, industrial and recreational development in several estuaries may further limit winter habitat (Derksen and Ward 1993). <br>Disturbance by humans also is a threat to birds wintering in Mexico (Derksen and Ward 1993).  Habitats in Alaska, Russia, and northern Canada presently are relatively secure (Derksen and Ward 1993). Molting individuals are susceptible to disturbance by aircraft (see Taylor 1995, Auk 112:904-919).","shortTermTrendComments":"Three of four major colonies on the Yukon-Kuskokwim delta declined an average of 60% during the first half of the 1980s; because few other breeding colonies have been monitored, we have little understanding of their dynamics (Derksen and Ward 1993). Winter population on the North American west coast has exhibited much annual variability, but a significant downward trend occurred from 1964 to 1992 (Derksen and Ward 1993).","longTermTrendComments":null,"inventoryNeeds":null,"numberProtEosComments":"Many critical habiats remain outside conservation units, and some habitats inside refuge boundaries are not free from activities that may negatively impact Brant (Derksen and Ward 1993).","protectionNeeds":"Protect key nesting, staging, molting, and wintering habitats (especially eelgrass beds).","otherConsiderations":null,"intrinsicVulnerabilityComments":null,"enviromentalSpecificityComments":null},"animalCharacteristics":{"elementGlobalId":103759,"majorHabitat":{"id":3,"majorHabitatDescEn":"Terrestrial","majorHabitatDescEs":"Terrestre","majorHabitatDescFr":"Terrestre"},"nonMigrant":false,"localMigrant":false,"longDistanceMigrant":true,"mobilityMigrationComments":"Spring migration in western North America occurs during a 4-month period starting in mid-February (Derksen and Ward 1993). Spring migration also may begin in February in the eastern United States. Migrants arrive in nesting areas between late May and early June. <br><br>Southward migration begins around mid-August in the west, late August-early September in the east. Adults with fledged young follow traditional routes from breeding areas to fall migration staging sites (in western North America-Asia, along the Siberian, Beaufort, Cuckchi, and Bering seas) (Derksen and Ward 1993). Migrants arrive along the U.S. Atlantic coast in mid-October. <br><br>Entire or majority of east Pacific brant population congregates in April and August-September at Izembek Lagoon on Alaska Peninsula. Fall departure from the lagoon occurs with favorable winds in late October or early November; these birds arrive in Baja California within 60-95 hours of their departure from Alaska (Derksen and Ward 1993). <br><br>Pale-bellied brant breeding in northeastern Canadian arctic winter in Ireland. Those wintering on the U.S. Atlantic coast breed on Southhampton Island and Foxe Basin. The pale-bellied form that breeds chiefly on high arctic islands in Canada winters in the Puget Sound area. Majority of dark-bellied western brant from northwestern Canada and Alaska winter farther south on the Pacific coast, mainly in Mexico (see Shields 1990). See Johnson and Herter (1989) for many further details on migration.","foodHabitsComments":"Winter diet includes eelgrass, sea lettuce (ULVA) and sea cabbage (ENTEROMORPHA). Summer diet: grasses, algae, mosses, other plants. Also eats marine invertebrates. Creeping alkali grass and Hoppner sedge are important foods for adults and developing young in breeding areas in western North America (Derksen and Ward 1993). Accumulates nutritional reserves in winter and in staging areas; important foods in western North American staging areas include eelgrass, sea lettuce, and other marine algae; also eats roe of Pacific herring, crustaceans, and mollusks (Derksen and Ward 1993).","animalPhenologyComments":null,"colonialBreeder":true,"length":64,"width":null,"weight":1370,"animalPhenologies":[{"animalCagPhenologyId":102643,"animalPhenology":{"id":3,"animalPhenologyDescEn":"Diurnal","animalPhenologyDescEs":"Diurno","animalPhenologyDescFr":"Diurne","displayOrder":3},"adult":true,"immature":true}],"animalFoodHabits":[{"animalCagFoodHabitsId":104873,"foodHabits":{"id":3,"foodHabitsDescEn":"Invertivore","foodHabitsDescEs":"Invertívoro","foodHabitsDescFr":"Invertivore","displayOrder":3},"adult":true,"immature":true},{"animalCagFoodHabitsId":104874,"foodHabits":{"id":4,"foodHabitsDescEn":"Herbivore","foodHabitsDescEs":"Herbívoro","foodHabitsDescFr":"Herbivore","displayOrder":4},"adult":true,"immature":true}]},"occurrenceDelineations":[{"eoSpecsDetailId":1227,"locationUseClass":{"id":2,"locationUseClassDescEn":"Breeding","locationUseClassDescEs":"En reproducción","locationUseClassDescFr":"Reproduction","displayOrder":2},"eoSpecGroupName":"Swans and Geese","subtypes":"Foraging Area, Nest Site","inferredExtentDistance":3.0,"inferredExtentNotes":"Based on the conservative, smaller mean home range for Snow Geese of 6.6 square kilometers (Hughes et al. 1994).","minimumEoCriteria":"Evidence of historical breeding , or current and likely recurring breeding, at a given location, minimally a reliable observation of one or more breeding pairs in appropriate habitat. Be cautious about creating EOs for observations that may represent single breeding events outside the normal breeding distribution.","mappingGuidance":"Map Foraging Areas in separate polygons from the nest site if they are separated from the nest by areas simply flown over on commuting routes.","separationBarriers":"None.","separationDistanceUnsuitableHabitatat":10.0,"separationDistanceSuitableHabitatat":10.0,"altSeparationProcedure":null,"separationJustification":"Breeding occurrences include nesting areas and foraging areas used during the nesting season, but the separation distance is based on nesting-area polygons. Thus different occurrences may overlap if birds from different nesting areas travel to the same foraging area during the nesting season. The separation distance is arbitrary but is intended to yield occurrences that are not impracticably large for conservation purposes.<br /><br />Canada Geese usually forage near nest site, but adults will forage up to 8 kilometers away (Williams and Sooter 1941, Hammond and Mann 1956) and young will occasionally travel up to 16 kilometers to a foraging area as well (Palmer 1976). Mean home ranges of brood-rearing Snow Geese ranged from 6.6 to 21.7 square kilometers on Bylot Island (Hughes et al. 1994).","versionDate":"2004-04-26","versionAuthor":"Cannings, S. and G. 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Normally only areas where concentrations greater than 50 birds occur regularly for at least 20 days per year would be deemed EOs.","mappingGuidance":null,"separationBarriers":null,"separationDistanceUnsuitableHabitatat":10.0,"separationDistanceSuitableHabitatat":10.0,"altSeparationProcedure":null,"separationJustification":"Separation distance arbitrary, set to yield occurrences of managable size for conservation purposes. Occurrences defined primarily on the basis of areas supporting concentrations of foraging birds, rather than on the basis of distinct populations. Swans and geese can travel considerable distances on a daily basis; in winter, flocks of Canada Geese foraged up to 48 km from roost in Texas (Glazener 1946).","versionDate":"2004-04-26","versionAuthor":"Cannings, S., and G. Hammerson","versionNotes":"Contains all species of swans and geese, as well as whistling-ducks.","lastModified":"2020-04-30T02:07:29.678386Z"},{"eoSpecsDetailId":156351,"locationUseClass":{"id":4,"locationUseClassDescEn":"Migratory stopover","locationUseClassDescEs":"Parada migratoria","locationUseClassDescFr":"Halte migratoire","displayOrder":5},"eoSpecGroupName":"Swans and Geese","subtypes":null,"inferredExtentDistance":null,"inferredExtentNotes":null,"minimumEoCriteria":"Some swans - <i>Cygnus buccinator</i>, in particular - have known migratory routes and staging areas. For these, evidence of past or present recurring presence of migrating or staging flocks and potential recurring presence at a given location. Occurrences should be locations where the species is resident for some time during the appropriate season and habitat; it is preferable to have observations documenting presence over at least 7 days annually. Be cautious about creating EOs for observations that may represent single events.","mappingGuidance":null,"separationBarriers":"None","separationDistanceUnsuitableHabitatat":10.0,"separationDistanceSuitableHabitatat":10.0,"altSeparationProcedure":null,"separationJustification":"Separation distance arbitrary, set to yield occurrences of managable size for conservation purposes.","versionDate":"2017-08-07","versionAuthor":"Ormes, M.","versionNotes":"Created at request of NE; needs review by zoologist.","lastModified":"2020-04-30T02:07:29.678386Z"},{"eoSpecsDetailId":156352,"locationUseClass":{"id":20,"locationUseClassDescEn":"Winter range","locationUseClassDescEs":null,"locationUseClassDescFr":null,"displayOrder":22},"eoSpecGroupName":"Swans and Geese","subtypes":null,"inferredExtentDistance":null,"inferredExtentNotes":null,"minimumEoCriteria":"Overlaps with Nonbreeding LUC, but some swans - <i>Cygnus buccinator</i> in particular - have distinct wintering and staging areas. For these, evidence of past or present recurring presence of flocks of nonbreeding birds, and potential recurring presence at a given location. Occurrences should be locations where the species is resident for some time during the appropriate season and habitat; it is preferable to have observations documenting presence over at least 7 days annually. Be cautious about creating EOs for observations that may represent single events.","mappingGuidance":null,"separationBarriers":"None","separationDistanceUnsuitableHabitatat":10.0,"separationDistanceSuitableHabitatat":10.0,"altSeparationProcedure":null,"separationJustification":null,"versionDate":"2017-08-07","versionAuthor":"Ormes, M.","versionNotes":"Created at request of NE; needs review by zoologist.","lastModified":"2020-04-30T02:07:29.678386Z"}],"plantCharacteristics":null,"elementManagement":{"elementGlobalId":103759,"eoManagementGroupName":null,"stewardshipOverview":null,"impacts":null,"restorationPotential":null,"siteConservationPlansConsidered":null,"managementMethods":"Predators, especially arctic fox, can limit numbers and distribution of nesting brant and prevent or slow increases in brant colony size where colonies have been diminished by other mortality factors; removal or management of arctic fox at or near brant colonies may increase nest success and assist re-establishment or expansion of depleted brant colonies (Raveling 1989, Anthony et al. 1991). Control measures to eliminate foxes enhanced nesting success and nesting numbers at the Tutakoke River colony on the Yukon-Kuskokwim delta (Derksen and Ward 1993). <br><br>Disturbance should be kept to a minimum in summer molting areas and in traditional foraging areas; vessel and aircraft traffic should be regulated to eliminate excessive disturbance (Derksen and Ward 1993). <br><br>In northern breeding areas, development related to petroleum should be monitored and strategies developed for the protection of habitats that are not managed for waterfowl (Derksen and Ward 1993).","monitoringMethods":"In refuges, disturbance levels should be monitored and, if necessary, regulated (Derksen and Ward 1993).","managementProgramContacts":null,"monitoringProgramContacts":"In western North America, populations in Mexico, California, Oregon, and Washington are monitored through aerial surveys during mid-winter (Derksen and Ward 1993). Wildlife conservation agencies in Canada, Mexico, Russia, and the United States recently cooperated in examining population dynamics and factors that limit recovery of populations in western North America and Asia (Derksen and Ward 1993).","managementResearchPrograms":null,"managementResearchNeeds":null,"biologicalResearchNeeds":null,"additionalTopics":null},"occurrenceViabilities":[{"eoRankSpecsDetailId":105227,"eoRankSpecsGroupName":null,"locationUseClass":{"id":1,"locationUseClassDescEn":"Not applicable","locationUseClassDescEs":"No se aplica","locationUseClassDescFr":"Sans objet","displayOrder":1},"excellentViability":null,"goodViability":null,"fairViability":null,"poorViability":null,"viabilityJustification":"Use the Generic Guidelines for the Application of Occurrence Ranks (2008).<br>The Key for Ranking Species Occurrences Using the Generic Approach provides a step-wise process for implementing this method.","versionDate":null,"versionAuthor":null,"versionNotes":null,"lastModified":"2020-05-14T02:24:53.961497Z"}],"references":[{"id":153779,"citation":"American Ornithologists' Union (AOU). 1983. 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Bull. 19:176-184.","shortCitationAuthor":"Anthony et al.","shortCitationYear":1991,"referenceCode":"A91ANT01NAUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T18:14:07.930648Z"},{"id":463505,"citation":"BirdLife International. 2004b. Threatened birds of the world 2004. CD ROM. BirdLife International, Cambridge, UK.","shortCitationAuthor":"BirdLife International","shortCitationYear":2004,"referenceCode":"N04BIR0100LA","lastModified":"2020-02-25T14:38:12.704742Z"},{"id":110472,"citation":"Carter, M., C. Hunter, D. Pashley, and D. Petit. 1998. The Watch List. Bird Conservation, Summer 1998:10.","shortCitationAuthor":"Carter et al.","shortCitationYear":1998,"referenceCode":"A98CAR01NAUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T14:38:15.032881Z"},{"id":1127078,"citation":"Davis, J, and B. Deuel. 2008. Brant Species Account in California Bird Species of Special Concern: A ranked assessment of species, subspecies, and distinct populations of birds of immediate conservation concern in California (W.D. Shuford and T. Gardali, editors). Studies of Western Birds 1. Western Field Ornithologists, Camarillo, California, and California Department of Fish and Game, Sacramento. https://nrm.dfg.ca.gov/FileHandler.ashx?DocumentID=10379&inline","shortCitationAuthor":"Davis and Deuel","shortCitationYear":2008,"referenceCode":"N08DAV01HQUS","lastModified":"2023-06-02T21:47:10.830917Z"},{"id":119889,"citation":"Derksen, D. V., and D. H. Ward. 1993. Life history habitat needs of the black brant. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Waterfowl Management Handbook, Fish and Wildlife Leaflet 13.1.15. 6 pp.","shortCitationAuthor":"Derksen and Ward","shortCitationYear":1993,"referenceCode":"A93DER01NAUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T18:20:53.171206Z"},{"id":101912,"citation":"Di Silvestro, R. L., editor. 1986. Audubon wildlife report1986. National Audubon Society, New York. 1094 pp. [available from Academic Press, San Diego, CA]","shortCitationAuthor":"Di Silvestro","shortCitationYear":1986,"referenceCode":"B86DIS01NAUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T18:13:20.101812Z"},{"id":153992,"citation":"Einarsen, A. S. 1966. Black brant: sea goose of the Pacific coast. Univ. Washington Press. 160 pp.","shortCitationAuthor":"Einarsen","shortCitationYear":1966,"referenceCode":"B66EIN01NAUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T18:20:53.171206Z"},{"id":141047,"citation":"Glazener, W. C. 1946. Food habits of wild geese on the Gulf Coast of Texas. Journal of Wildlife Management 10:322-329.","shortCitationAuthor":"Glazener","shortCitationYear":1946,"referenceCode":"A46GLA01NACA","lastModified":"2020-02-25T18:13:40.211509Z"},{"id":103790,"citation":"Godfrey, W.E. 1966. The birds of Canada. National Museums of Canada. Ottawa. 428 pp.","shortCitationAuthor":"Godfrey","shortCitationYear":1966,"referenceCode":"B66GOD01NAUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T14:38:14.361032Z"},{"id":130972,"citation":"Hammond, M. C., and G. E. Mann. 1956. Waterfowl nesting islands. Journal of Wildlife Management 20:345-352.","shortCitationAuthor":"Hammond and Mann","shortCitationYear":1956,"referenceCode":"A56HAM01NACA","lastModified":"2020-02-25T18:13:40.227116Z"},{"id":100210,"citation":"Harrison, C. 1978. A Field Guide to the Nests, Eggs and Nestlings of North American Birds. Collins, Cleveland, Ohio.","shortCitationAuthor":"Harrison","shortCitationYear":1978,"referenceCode":"B78HAR01NAUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T14:38:12.657866Z"},{"id":155592,"citation":"Howell, S. N. G., and S. Webb. 1995.  A guide to the birds of Mexico and northern Central America. 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BP Exploration (Alaska) Inc., Anchorage, Alaska. 372 pp.","shortCitationAuthor":"Johnson and Herter","shortCitationYear":1989,"referenceCode":"B89JOH01NAUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T14:38:18.8767Z"},{"id":129689,"citation":"Kortright, F.H. 1967. The ducks, geese, and swans of North America. The Stackpole Company, Harrisburg, PA, and Wildlife Management Institute, Washington, D.C. 476 pp.","shortCitationAuthor":"Kortright","shortCitationYear":1967,"referenceCode":"B67KOR01NAUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T18:13:02.257821Z"},{"id":1127108,"citation":"Lewis, T. L., D. H. Ward, J. S. Sedinger, A. Reed, D. V. Derksen, C. Carboneras, D. A. Christie, and G. M. Kirwan. 2020. Brant (<i>Branta bernicla</i>), version 1.0. In Birds of the World (S. M. Billerman, Editor). Cornell Lab of Ornithology, Ithaca, NY, USA. https://doi.org/10.2173/bow.brant.01","shortCitationAuthor":"Lewis et al.","shortCitationYear":2020,"referenceCode":"W20LEW02HQUS","lastModified":"2026-04-03T22:07:19.848924Z"},{"id":1127099,"citation":"Moore, J.E., M.A. Colwell, R.L. Mathis, and J.M. Black. 2004. Staging of Pacific flyway brant in relation to eelgrass abundance and site isolation, with special consideration of Humboldt Bay, California. Biological Conservation 115 (2004) 475-486.","shortCitationAuthor":"Moore et al.","shortCitationYear":2004,"referenceCode":"A04MOR03HQUS","lastModified":"2023-06-02T21:47:10.830917Z"},{"id":1127112,"citation":"Pacific Flyway Council. 2018. Management plan for the Pacific population of brant. Pacific Flyway Council, care of U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Division of Migratory Bird Management, Vancouver, Washington. 48pp. http://www.pacificflyway.gov/Documents/Pb_plan.pdf","shortCitationAuthor":"Pacific Flyway Council","shortCitationYear":2018,"referenceCode":"N18PAC01HQUS","lastModified":"2023-06-02T21:47:10.830917Z"},{"id":123172,"citation":"Palmer, R. S., editor. 1976. Handbook of North American birds. Vol. 2. Waterfowl (first part). Whistling ducks, swans, geese, sheld-ducks, dabbling ducks. Yale Univ. Press, New Haven. 521 pp.","shortCitationAuthor":"Palmer","shortCitationYear":1976,"referenceCode":"B76PAL01NAUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T18:13:02.257821Z"},{"id":158423,"citation":"Parker III, T. A., D. F. Stotz, and J. W. Fitzpatrick. 1996.  Ecological and distributional databases for neotropical birds. 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Condor 97:91-98.","shortCitationAuthor":"Wilson and Atkinson","shortCitationYear":1995,"referenceCode":"A95WIL02NAUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T18:20:53.171206Z"}],"otherCommonNames":[{"id":113864,"name":"Bernache cravant","language":"FR"},{"id":144309,"name":"brant","language":"EN"},{"id":103820,"name":"Ganso de Collar","language":"ES"}],"speciesGlobal":{"elementGlobalId":103759,"cites":null,"cosewic":null,"fwsRegion":null,"genusSize":{"id":2,"genusSizeDescEn":"Very small genus","genusSizeDescEs":"Un género muy pequeño","genusSizeDescFr":"Très petit genre"},"jurisEndem":{"id":5,"jurisEndemDescEn":"occurs (regularly, as a native taxon) in multiple nations","jurisEndemDescEs":"Se encuentra en varias naciones (de manera regular, como un taxón nativo)","jurisEndemDescFr":"Se trouve dans plusieurs nations (de façon régulière, tel un taxon indigène)"},"nomenclaturallyEst":null,"usesa":null,"informalTaxonomy":{"informalTaxonomyId":4,"level1":"Animals","level2":"Vertebrates","level3":"Birds","level":3,"hasChildren":false,"parentId":2,"distributionStatus":"complete","displayOrder":1070},"parentSpecies":null,"infraspecies":false,"kingdom":"Animalia","phylum":"Craniata","taxclass":"Aves","taxorder":"Anseriformes","family":"Anatidae","genus":"Branta","americanFisheriesStatus":null,"americanFisheriesStatusDate":null,"saraStatus":null,"saraStatusDate":null,"cosewicDate":null,"interpretedCosewic":null,"cosewicComments":null,"usesaDate":null,"interpretedUsesa":null,"usesaComments":null,"completeDistribution":true,"synonyms":[],"infraspeciesList":[{"infraspeciesId":835508,"uniqueId":"ELEMENT_GLOBAL.2.835508","formattedScientificName":"<i>Branta bernicla nigricans</i>","scientificName":"Branta bernicla nigricans","primaryCommonName":"Black Brant","nsxUrl":"/Taxon/ELEMENT_GLOBAL.2.835508/Branta_bernicla_nigricans"},{"infraspeciesId":1281349,"uniqueId":"ELEMENT_GLOBAL.2.1281349","formattedScientificName":"<i>Branta bernicla hrota</i>","scientificName":"Branta bernicla hrota","primaryCommonName":"Pale-bellied Brant Goose","nsxUrl":null}],"ebarId":null,"ebarCanadianScope":false,"ebarGlobalScope":false,"ebarKbaGroup":"Birds","caGeneralStatusId":"GS000841"},"speciesCharacteristics":{"elementGlobalId":103759,"reproductionComments":"Egg laying occurs in June-July. Female incubates an average of 3-4 eggs for 22-26 days. Male stands guard. Individual females produce up to one brood each year (do not renest if first attempt fails). Nestlings are precocial, tended by both adults, sometimes congregate in large creches, fledge in 45-50 days, remain with adults until following spring. Some first breed at two years, most at three years. Lifelong pair bond. Nesting often occurs in loose colonies. Large numbers of subadults and nonbreeders concentrate around nesting colonies and other areas during nesting season and molt period (Johnson and Herter 1989). Brant are long lived. Some live 20-25 years.","ecologyComments":"Storms accompanied by high tides may destroy large numbers of nests (Johnson and Herter 1989). The arctic fox is the most important predator of eggs and young in the Yukon-Kuskokwim delta colonies, where glaucous gulls and parasitic jaegers also take eggs and young (Derksen and Ward 1993). <br><br>Flightless period during summer molt lasted 23-24 days in northern Alaska (Taylor 1995, Auk 112:904-919).","habitatComments":"In winter, this species occurs primarily in marine situations that are marshy, along lagoons and estuaries, and on shallow bays (AOU 1998), often in areas with eelgrass (e.g., see Wilson and Atkinson 1995). Areas dominated by large freshwater lakes and estuaries provide important summer molting areas (Derksen and Ward 1993).<br><br>Nesting occurs mostly on coastal tundra, in low and barren terrain; on islands, deltas, lakes, and sandy areas among puddles and shallows, and in vegetated uplands. In western North America, preferred nest sites are one peninsulas or islets in large wetland complexes, some of which are subject to tidal action (Derksen and Ward 1993). Nests are on the ground in a depression lined, or built up, with mosses and lichens. Adults with broods move from colony sites to rearing habitats along tidal flats (Derksen and Ward 1993).","generalDescription":"A small goose. Head, neck, back, and upper breast basically all black, with a small white necklace (absent in juveniles in summer and fall). Belly dark to pale gray. Dark taill surrounded by white coverts. 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Check-list of North American birds. Seventh edition. American Ornithologists' Union, Washington, D.C. [as modified by subsequent supplements and corrections published in <i>The Auk</i>]. 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