{"elementGlobalId":103664,"circumscripConfidence":{"id":1,"circumscripConfidenceDescEn":"1 - Strong","circumscripConfidenceDescEs":"1 - Fuerte","circumscripConfidenceDescFr":"1 – Forte"},"classificationLevel":{"id":7,"classificationLevelNameEn":"Species","classificationLevelNameEs":"Especies","classificationLevelNameFr":"Espèce"},"classificationStatus":{"id":1,"classificationStatusDescEn":"Standard","classificationStatusDescEs":"Estándar","classificationStatusDescFr":"Standard"},"iucn":{"id":10,"iucnDescEn":"Near threatened","iucnDescEs":"Cerca de estar amenazado","iucnDescFr":"Quasi-menacée","iucnCode":"NT"},"nameCategory":{"id":1,"nameCategoryDescEn":"Vertebrate Animal","nameCategoryDescEs":"Animal vertebrado","nameCategoryDescFr":"Animal vertébré","nameTypeCd":"A","nameTypeDesc":"Zoological"},"rankMethodUsed":{"id":7,"rankMethodUsedDescEn":" Rank calculation - Biotics v2","rankMethodUsedDescEs":null,"rankMethodUsedDescFr":null,"rankMethodUsedExternalDescEn":"Ranked by calculator","rankMethodUsedExternalDescEs":null,"rankMethodUsedExternalDescFr":null},"formattedScientificName":"<i>Panthera onca</i>","scientificName":"Panthera onca","scientificNameAuthor":"(Linnaeus, 1758)","primaryCommonName":"Jaguar","relatedItisNames":"<i>Panthera onca</i> (Linnaeus, 1758) (TSN 180593)","uniqueId":"ELEMENT_GLOBAL.2.103664","elcode":"AMAJH02010","conceptRefFullCitation":"Wilson, D. E., and D. M. Reeder (editors). 1993. Mammal species of the world: a taxonomic and geographic reference. Second edition. Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, DC. xviii + 1206 pp. Available online at: http://www.nmnh.si.edu/msw/.","conceptName":"<i>Panthera onca</i>","taxonomicComments":"This species has been placed in the genus <i>Felis </i>by some authors.","roundedGRank":"G4","conservationStatusFactorsEditionDate":"2024-03-20","conservationStatusFactorsEditionAuthors":"Hammerson, G., and M. K. Clausen; rev. B. Young (2024)","primaryCommonNameLanguage":"EN","recordType":"SPECIES","elementNationals":[{"elementNationalId":166242,"classifConfidence":null,"nation":{"id":225,"nameEn":"United States","nameEs":"Estados Unidos","nameFr":"États-Unis","isoCode":"US","region":"United States"},"roundedNRank":"N1","elementSubnationals":[{"elementSubnationalId":272087,"subnation":{"id":7,"nameEn":"California","nameEs":"California","nameFr":"Californie","subnationCode":"CA","dnationId":225},"roundedSRank":"SNR","dataSensitive":{"id":2,"dataSensitiveDescEn":"No","dataSensitiveDescEs":null,"dataSensitiveDescFr":null,"dataSensitiveCode":"N"},"dataSensitiveCategory":null,"srank":"SNR","speciesSubnational":{"elementSubnationalId":272087,"hybrid":false,"exotic":false,"native":true}},{"elementSubnationalId":293295,"subnation":{"id":6,"nameEn":"Arizona","nameEs":"Arizona","nameFr":"Arizona","subnationCode":"AZ","dnationId":225},"roundedSRank":"S1","dataSensitive":{"id":1,"dataSensitiveDescEn":"Yes","dataSensitiveDescEs":null,"dataSensitiveDescFr":null,"dataSensitiveCode":"Y"},"dataSensitiveCategory":null,"srank":"S1","speciesSubnational":{"elementSubnationalId":293295,"hybrid":false,"exotic":false,"native":true}},{"elementSubnationalId":1376664,"subnation":{"id":88,"nameEn":"Navajo Nation","nameEs":"La Nación Navajo","nameFr":"Nation Navajo","subnationCode":"NN","dnationId":225},"roundedSRank":"SX","dataSensitive":{"id":2,"dataSensitiveDescEn":"No","dataSensitiveDescEs":null,"dataSensitiveDescFr":null,"dataSensitiveCode":"N"},"dataSensitiveCategory":null,"srank":"SX","speciesSubnational":{"elementSubnationalId":1376664,"hybrid":false,"exotic":false,"native":true}},{"elementSubnationalId":403868,"subnation":{"id":23,"nameEn":"Louisiana","nameEs":"Louisiana","nameFr":"Louisiane","subnationCode":"LA","dnationId":225},"roundedSRank":"SX","dataSensitive":{"id":2,"dataSensitiveDescEn":"No","dataSensitiveDescEs":null,"dataSensitiveDescFr":null,"dataSensitiveCode":"N"},"dataSensitiveCategory":null,"srank":"SX","speciesSubnational":{"elementSubnationalId":403868,"hybrid":false,"exotic":false,"native":true}},{"elementSubnationalId":396282,"subnation":{"id":51,"nameEn":"Texas","nameEs":"Texas","nameFr":"Texas","subnationCode":"TX","dnationId":225},"roundedSRank":"SX","dataSensitive":{"id":2,"dataSensitiveDescEn":"No","dataSensitiveDescEs":null,"dataSensitiveDescFr":null,"dataSensitiveCode":"N"},"dataSensitiveCategory":null,"srank":"SX","speciesSubnational":{"elementSubnationalId":396282,"hybrid":false,"exotic":false,"native":true}},{"elementSubnationalId":353541,"subnation":{"id":39,"nameEn":"New Mexico","nameEs":"Nuevo México","nameFr":"Nouveau-Mexique","subnationCode":"NM","dnationId":225},"roundedSRank":"S1","dataSensitive":{"id":1,"dataSensitiveDescEn":"Yes","dataSensitiveDescEs":null,"dataSensitiveDescFr":null,"dataSensitiveCode":"Y"},"dataSensitiveCategory":null,"srank":"S1","speciesSubnational":{"elementSubnationalId":353541,"hybrid":false,"exotic":false,"native":true}}],"nrankReviewYear":1997,"nrank":"N1","speciesNational":{"elementNationalId":166242,"exotic":false,"native":true}}],"lastModified":"2026-10-02T21:42:07.307108Z","lastPublished":"2026-10-02T21:32:08.892226Z","promotionalDescription":null,"conceptLineageSummary":null,"nsxUrl":"/Taxon/ELEMENT_GLOBAL.2.103664/Panthera_onca","grankAdjustmentReasons":null,"grankChangeDate":"2024-03-20","grankReviewDate":"2024-03-20","grankReasons":"Large range extends from the southwestern U.S. to northern Argentina, but distribution and abundance have been drastically reduced due to habitat destruction, overexploitation, and illegal and excessive hunting.","grank":"G4","rankInfo":{"elementGlobalId":103664,"aooPercentGood":null,"enviromentalSpecificity":{"id":8,"enviromentalSpecificityDescEn":"Moderate.  Generalist or community with some key requirements scarce.","enviromentalSpecificityDescEs":"Moderado.  Generalista o comunidad con algunos requisitos claves escasos.","enviromentalSpecificityDescFr":"Modéré. Généralistes ou communautés répondant à certains critères clés sont rares."},"intrinsicVulnerability":{"id":1,"intrinsicVulnerabilityDescEn":"Highly vulnerable","intrinsicVulnerabilityDescEs":"Altamente vulnerable","intrinsicVulnerabilityDescFr":"Très vulnérable"},"longTermTrend":{"id":26,"longTermTrendDescEn":"Decline of 30-70%","longTermTrendDescEs":"Disminución del 30 al 70%.","longTermTrendDescFr":"Diminution de 30 à 70 %"},"numberEos":{"id":17,"numberEosDescEn":"Unknown","numberEosDescEs":"Desconocido","numberEosDescFr":"Inconnu"},"numberGoodEos":{"id":19,"numberGoodEosDescEn":"Many (41-125)","numberGoodEosDescEs":"Muchos (41-125)","numberGoodEosDescFr":"Plusieurs (de 41 à 125)"},"numberProtEos":{"id":10,"numberProtEosDescEn":"Several (4-12) occurrences appropriately protected and managed","numberProtEosDescEs":"Unos pocos casos (4 a 12) protegidos y debidamente controlados","numberProtEosDescFr":"Quelques occurrences (de 4 à 12) protégées et contrôlées convenablement"},"popSize":{"id":32,"popSizeDescEn":"10,000 - 1,000,000 individuals","popSizeDescEs":"De 10.000 a 1.000.000 de individuos","popSizeDescFr":"De 10 000 à 1 000 000 individus"},"rangeExtent":{"id":35,"rangeExtentDescEn":">2,500,000 square km (greater than 1,000,000 square miles)","rangeExtentDescEs":">2.500.000 kilómetros cuadrados (más ","rangeExtentDescFr":">2 500 000 km carrés (plus de 1 000 000 miles carrés)"},"shortTermTrend":{"id":36,"shortTermTrendDescEn":"Decline of 10-30%","shortTermTrendDescEs":"Disminución del 10 al 30%.","shortTermTrendDescFr":"Diminution de 10 à 30 %"},"threatImpactAssigned":{"id":5,"threatImpactAssignedDescEn":"High","threatImpactAssignedDescEs":"Alto","threatImpactAssignedDescFr":"Élevé"},"rangeExtentComments":"The jaguar once ranged throughout tropical lowlands of Mexico, Central America, and South America (to central Argentina). In the United States, there are records from southern California, Arizona (Hoffmeister 1986, Johnson and Van Pelt 1997), New Mexico (Findley et al. 1975, Frey 2004), Texas (Schmidly 2004), and perhaps farther east in Louisiana; most records are from Arizona, where a minimum of 64 jaguars have been killed since 1900; some believe that a breeding population formerly existed in portions of the southwestern United States (Federal Register, 13 July 1994, 22 July 1997, which see for a state-by-state review of records). The species is now absent from much of the former range; it has been extirpated as a resident in most or all of the northern extent of the range in the southwestern United States and northern Mexico (see Federal Register, 13 July 1994, p. 35676, for discussion of recent records), El Salvador, Uruguay, developed areas of Brazilian coast, Chile, all but the northernmost parts of Argentina (Cuyckens et al. 2017, Jedrzejewski et al. 2018), and elsewhere. The largest remaining population is in Amazonian Brazil (Seymour 1989). In recent decades, jaguars occasionally have strayed into the United States in southern Arizona-New Mexico, with camera traps recording individuals six times in 2023 (Gilbert 2024).","areaOfOccupancy":{"id":99,"areaOfOccupancyType":{"id":4,"areaOfOccupancyTypeDescEn":"4-km2 grid cells","areaOfOccupancyTypeDescEs":"Células de la cuadrícula de 4 km2","areaOfOccupancyTypeDescFr":"Cellules de grille de 4 km2"},"areaOfOccupancyDescEn":">12,500","areaOfOccupancyDescEs":">12 500","areaOfOccupancyDescFr":">12 500","bioticsKey":46},"areaOfOccupancyComments":"As of 2017, jaguars were thought to range over nearly 9 million square kilometers (Jedrzejewski et al. 2018).","numberEosComments":"The number of occurrences or subpopulations is difficult to define for this species (individuals of which may range over vast areas) and not a very meaningful measure of conservation status. Population size and area of occupancy are more relevant considerations. However, see Sanderson et al. (2002), who identified jaguar-occupied areas that could be regarded as distinct occurrences or subpopulations.","popSizeComments":"Based on estimates of density and geographic range, the jaguar's total population size was estimated at 173,000 individuals (95% confidence interval, 138,000-208,000), with most individuals occurring in the Amazon Basin (Jedrzejewski et al. 2018). The highest densities were predicted at the base of the Andes in Peru, the Yucatan Peninsula in Mexico, and the eastern coast of Central America (= 3 jaguars/100km2).<br/><br/>A separate analysis also based on measured densities in different parts of the range arrived at the much lower estimate of 64,000 individuals (de la Torre et al. 2018). Remarkably, this estimate is less than half as much as the lower bound of the Jedrzejewski et al. (2018) estimate.","viabilityComments":"An analysis by Sanderson et al. (2002) determined that over 70% of the area where jaguars are thought to still occur has a high probability of supporting their long-term survival. Fifty-one jaguar conservation units were prioritized as the basis for a comprehensive jaguar conservation program; each of these could be regarded as an occurrence or subpopulation with good viability.","threatImpactComments":"Historical and current declines are due to two main factors: habitat loss and hunting.<br/><br/>Rapid declines occurred in Central and South America during the 1960s due to human exploitation. During this period more than 15,000 skins were brought out of the Brazilian Amazon alone each year (see Weber and Rabinowitz 1996). Approximately 13,500 pelts entered the United States in 1968 (Nowak 1999). Subsequent national and international conservation agreements appear to have reduced the kill (Nowak 1999), but declines have continued, mostly illegal, hunting, human take due to conflicts with the livestock industry, and exploitation of jaguar prey (Weber and Rabinowitz 1996, Quigley et al. 2017, USFWS 2018). Populations isolated by deforestation probably incur increased vulnerability to killing by humans (many are shot on sight regardless of protection).<br/><br/>Habitat loss is primarily due to agricultural expansion as well as ranching, commercial and housing development (Quigley et al. 2017, USFWS 2018). Habitat loss also causes fragmentation of populations and the consequent loss of gene flow. <br/><br/>Mortality from vehicle strikes is also a threat wherever heavily-trafficked paved roads intersect jaguar habitat (USFWS 2018).","shortTermTrendComments":"The most recent estimate suggests a short-term decline of 20-25% over the past three generations, which is 21 years using a generation time of 7 years (Quigley et al. 2017).","longTermTrendComments":"Sanderson et al. (2002) determined that, as of 1999, the known, occupied range of the jaguar had contracted to approximately 46% of estimates of its 1900 range; jaguar status and distribution were unknown in another 12% of the jaguar's former range, including large areas in Mexico, Colombia, and Brazil. Of the historical range, jaguars are known to have been extirpated in 37% of the area, while jaguar status in 18% of the area is unknown (Sanderson et al. 2002).","inventoryNeeds":null,"numberProtEosComments":"The jaguar is included in CITES Appendix I. It is fully protected at the national level across most of the range, with hunting prohibited in Argentina, Belize, Bolivia, Brazil, Colombia, Costa Rica, Ecuador, French Guiana, Guatemala, Guyana, Honduras, Mexico, Nicaragua, Panama, Paraguay, Peru, Suriname, United States, and Venezuela; USFWS 2018). The species also occurs within protected areas in some of its range.<br/><br/>Many large areas of habitat have been protected in the Neotropics and current conservation efforts focus on protection of a biological corridor along the land bridge between North and South America (Weber and Rabinowitz 1996).","protectionNeeds":"Protect large tracts of habitat with adequate prey and low levels of human activity.","otherConsiderations":null,"intrinsicVulnerabilityComments":"This species has a low reproductive rate and females require several years before reaching sexual maturity.","enviromentalSpecificityComments":"Jaguars occur in a wide range of habitats, but their required large, connected tracts of land without hunting pressure are becoming increasing scarce within their range."},"animalCharacteristics":{"elementGlobalId":103664,"majorHabitat":{"id":3,"majorHabitatDescEn":"Terrestrial","majorHabitatDescEs":"Terrestre","majorHabitatDescFr":"Terrestre"},"nonMigrant":true,"localMigrant":false,"longDistanceMigrant":false,"mobilityMigrationComments":null,"foodHabitsComments":"Feeds on large and small mammals, reptiles and ground nest- ing birds. Known to feed on peccaries, capybaras, tapirs, agoutis, deer, small crocodilians and turtles; opportunistic, see Seymour (1989) for further details. Hunts mostly on ground but may pounce on prey from tree or ledge.","animalPhenologyComments":"Active throughout the year. Hunts primarily at night, but may be active day or night (Seymour 1989).","colonialBreeder":false,"length":242,"width":null,"weight":136000,"animalPhenologies":[],"animalFoodHabits":[{"animalCagFoodHabitsId":104787,"foodHabits":{"id":1,"foodHabitsDescEn":"Carnivore","foodHabitsDescEs":"Carnívoro","foodHabitsDescFr":"Carnivore","displayOrder":1},"adult":true,"immature":true}]},"occurrenceDelineations":[{"eoSpecsDetailId":1595,"locationUseClass":{"id":1,"locationUseClassDescEn":"Not applicable","locationUseClassDescEs":"No se aplica","locationUseClassDescFr":"Sans objet","displayOrder":1},"eoSpecGroupName":null,"subtypes":null,"inferredExtentDistance":5.6,"inferredExtentNotes":"Based on a small home range of 25 square kilometers (see Kitchener 1991).","minimumEoCriteria":"Evidence of historical presence, or current and likely recurring presence, at a given location. Such evidence minimally includes collection or reliable observation and documentation of one or more individuals in appropriate habitat where the species is presumed to be established and breeding.","mappingGuidance":null,"separationBarriers":"None.","separationDistanceUnsuitableHabitatat":null,"separationDistanceSuitableHabitatat":null,"altSeparationProcedure":"Occurrences generally should be based on major occupied physiographic or ecogeographic units that are separated along areas of relatively low jaguar density or use. These units may be based on available sightings/records or on movements of radio-tagged individuals, or they may be based on the subjective determinations by biologists familiar with jaguars and their habitats. Where occupied habitat is exceptionally extensive and continuous, that habitat may be subdivided into multiple contiguous occurrences as long as that does not reduce the occurrence rank (i.e., do not split up an A occurrence into multiple occurrences that would be ranked less than A).","separationJustification":"Jaguars disperse large distances (sometimes hundreds of kilometers) Thus it is impractical to base occurrences on distinct populations or metapopulations, which occupy vast regions. Instead, occurrence separations must be arbitrary. It seems more reasonable to base occurrences on major landscape features or management units rather than on specific prescribed distances.","versionDate":"2005-03-04","versionAuthor":"Hammerson, G.","versionNotes":null,"lastModified":"2020-02-25T18:20:40.092825Z"}],"plantCharacteristics":null,"elementManagement":{"elementGlobalId":103664,"eoManagementGroupName":null,"stewardshipOverview":"Jaguars require wide expanses of habitat where human activity is minimal and prey populations are high. In the US, priorities are to continue camera trap monitoring to understand population trend and individual movements, protecting habitat corridors between occupied areas, coordinating with Mexican wildlife officials to bolster the population there (which is the source population for the individuals entering the US), and preventing poaching. A concern is ongoing policing of the US-Mexico border and the border wall under construction (USFWS 2018), which, if completed in its current form, would cut off individuals in the US with the Mexican source population. If possible, wildlife passage zones should be incorporated into plans for the border wall.<br/><br/>Sources vary about the potential extent of suitable habitat for jaguars in the US. The USFWS (2018) suggested that only the area in southern Arizona and New Mexico south of Highway 10 is suitable, while other argue that much of the mountains in central Arizona and New Mexico are also suitable (Sanderson et al. 2022).<br/><br/>Some wildlife biologists argue that reintroduction of jaguars into the US should be considered (Sanderson et al. 2020). Arguments in favor of this approach are that (1) jaguars once inhabited an extensive area in Arizona and New Mexico, human actions that caused the near extirpation of the species (hunting) have ceased, the suitable ecological conditions are present, the current human population in the proposed reintroduction area is low, and source individuals could be sourced from elsewhere in the range or through captive rearing efforts (Sanderson et al. 2020).","impacts":null,"restorationPotential":null,"siteConservationPlansConsidered":null,"managementMethods":null,"monitoringMethods":null,"managementProgramContacts":null,"monitoringProgramContacts":null,"managementResearchPrograms":null,"managementResearchNeeds":null,"biologicalResearchNeeds":"Obtain better information on movements and population structure and dynamics. Continue monitoring distribution and population size.","additionalTopics":null},"occurrenceViabilities":[{"eoRankSpecsDetailId":105138,"eoRankSpecsGroupName":null,"locationUseClass":{"id":1,"locationUseClassDescEn":"Not applicable","locationUseClassDescEs":"No se aplica","locationUseClassDescFr":"Sans objet","displayOrder":1},"excellentViability":null,"goodViability":null,"fairViability":null,"poorViability":null,"viabilityJustification":"Use the Generic Guidelines for the Application of Occurrence Ranks (2008).<br>The Key for Ranking Species Occurrences Using the Generic Approach provides a step-wise process for implementing this method.","versionDate":null,"versionAuthor":null,"versionNotes":null,"lastModified":"2020-05-14T02:24:41.680131Z"}],"references":[{"id":1151804,"citation":"American Society of Mammalogists (ASM). 2025. Mammal Diversity Database (Version 1.13) [Data set]. Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10595931. Online. 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F., Mexico.","shortCitationAuthor":"Medellin et al.","shortCitationYear":2000,"referenceCode":"N00MED0100LA","lastModified":"2020-02-25T18:20:40.092825Z"},{"id":130222,"citation":"New Mexico Department of Game and Fish. 1996. October 1-last update. Fish and Wildlife Information Exchange-VA Tech. Online. Available: http//www.fw.vt.edu/fishex/nm.html. Accessed 1997, April 8.","shortCitationAuthor":"New Mexico Department of Game and Fish","shortCitationYear":1996,"referenceCode":"N96NEW01NAUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T18:12:53.117109Z"},{"id":136729,"citation":"Nowak, R. 1994. Jaguars in the United States. Endangered Species Technical Bulletin 19(5):6.","shortCitationAuthor":"Nowak","shortCitationYear":1994,"referenceCode":"A94NOW01NAUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T18:20:40.092825Z"},{"id":104862,"citation":"Nowak, R. M. 1991. Walker's mammals of the world. Fifth edition. Vols. I and II. Johns Hopkins Univ. 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