{"elementGlobalId":103659,"circumscripConfidence":{"id":1,"circumscripConfidenceDescEn":"1 - Strong","circumscripConfidenceDescEs":"1 - Fuerte","circumscripConfidenceDescFr":"1 – Forte"},"classificationLevel":{"id":7,"classificationLevelNameEn":"Species","classificationLevelNameEs":"Especies","classificationLevelNameFr":"Espèce"},"classificationStatus":{"id":1,"classificationStatusDescEn":"Standard","classificationStatusDescEs":"Estándar","classificationStatusDescFr":"Standard"},"iucn":{"id":10,"iucnDescEn":"Near threatened","iucnDescEs":"Cerca de estar amenazado","iucnDescFr":"Quasi-menacée","iucnCode":"NT"},"nameCategory":{"id":1,"nameCategoryDescEn":"Vertebrate Animal","nameCategoryDescEs":"Animal vertebrado","nameCategoryDescFr":"Animal vertébré","nameTypeCd":"A","nameTypeDesc":"Zoological"},"rankMethodUsed":{"id":7,"rankMethodUsedDescEn":" Rank calculation - Biotics v2","rankMethodUsedDescEs":null,"rankMethodUsedDescFr":null,"rankMethodUsedExternalDescEn":"Ranked by calculator","rankMethodUsedExternalDescEs":null,"rankMethodUsedExternalDescFr":null},"formattedScientificName":"<i>Erignathus barbatus</i>","scientificName":"Erignathus barbatus","scientificNameAuthor":"(Erxleben, 1777)","primaryCommonName":"Bearded Seal","relatedItisNames":"<i>Erignathus barbatus</i> (Erxleben, 1777) (TSN 180655)","uniqueId":"ELEMENT_GLOBAL.2.103659","elcode":"AMAJG02010","conceptRefFullCitation":"Wilson, D. E., and D. M. Reeder (editors). 1993. Mammal species of the world: a taxonomic and geographic reference. Second edition. Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, DC. xviii + 1206 pp. Available online at: http://www.nmnh.si.edu/msw/.","conceptName":"<i>Erignathus barbatus</i>","taxonomicComments":null,"roundedGRank":"G4","conservationStatusFactorsEditionDate":"2025-04-23","conservationStatusFactorsEditionAuthors":"Gundy, R. L. (2025)","primaryCommonNameLanguage":"EN","recordType":"SPECIES","elementNationals":[{"elementNationalId":161917,"classifConfidence":null,"nation":{"id":38,"nameEn":"Canada","nameEs":"Canadá","nameFr":"Canada","isoCode":"CA","region":"Canada"},"roundedNRank":"N4","elementSubnationals":[{"elementSubnationalId":322987,"subnation":{"id":69,"nameEn":"Quebec","nameEs":"Quebec","nameFr":"Québec","subnationCode":"QC","dnationId":38},"roundedSRank":"S4","dataSensitive":{"id":2,"dataSensitiveDescEn":"No","dataSensitiveDescEs":null,"dataSensitiveDescFr":null,"dataSensitiveCode":"N"},"dataSensitiveCategory":null,"srank":"S4","speciesSubnational":{"elementSubnationalId":322987,"hybrid":false,"exotic":false,"native":true}},{"elementSubnationalId":274765,"subnation":{"id":227,"nameEn":"Nunavut","nameEs":"Nunavut","nameFr":"Nunavut","subnationCode":"NU","dnationId":38},"roundedSRank":"SU","dataSensitive":{"id":2,"dataSensitiveDescEn":"No","dataSensitiveDescEs":null,"dataSensitiveDescFr":null,"dataSensitiveCode":"N"},"dataSensitiveCategory":null,"srank":"SU","speciesSubnational":{"elementSubnationalId":274765,"hybrid":false,"exotic":false,"native":true}},{"elementSubnationalId":379132,"subnation":{"id":67,"nameEn":"Ontario","nameEs":"Ontario","nameFr":"Ontario","subnationCode":"ON","dnationId":38},"roundedSRank":"SNA","dataSensitive":{"id":2,"dataSensitiveDescEn":"No","dataSensitiveDescEs":null,"dataSensitiveDescFr":null,"dataSensitiveCode":"N"},"dataSensitiveCategory":null,"srank":"SNA","speciesSubnational":{"elementSubnationalId":379132,"hybrid":false,"exotic":false,"native":true}},{"elementSubnationalId":408674,"subnation":{"id":65,"nameEn":"Northwest Territories","nameEs":"Territorios del Noroeste","nameFr":"Territoires du Nord-Ouest","subnationCode":"NT","dnationId":38},"roundedSRank":"SU","dataSensitive":{"id":2,"dataSensitiveDescEn":"No","dataSensitiveDescEs":null,"dataSensitiveDescFr":null,"dataSensitiveCode":"N"},"dataSensitiveCategory":null,"srank":"SU","speciesSubnational":{"elementSubnationalId":408674,"hybrid":false,"exotic":false,"native":true}},{"elementSubnationalId":331215,"subnation":{"id":62,"nameEn":"Manitoba","nameEs":"Manitoba","nameFr":"Manitoba","subnationCode":"MB","dnationId":38},"roundedSRank":"S2","dataSensitive":{"id":2,"dataSensitiveDescEn":"No","dataSensitiveDescEs":null,"dataSensitiveDescFr":null,"dataSensitiveCode":"N"},"dataSensitiveCategory":null,"srank":"S2S3","speciesSubnational":{"elementSubnationalId":331215,"hybrid":false,"exotic":false,"native":true}},{"elementSubnationalId":394717,"subnation":{"id":93,"nameEn":"Yukon Territory","nameEs":"Territorio del Yukón","nameFr":"Territoire du Yukon","subnationCode":"YT","dnationId":38},"roundedSRank":"SUN","dataSensitive":{"id":2,"dataSensitiveDescEn":"No","dataSensitiveDescEs":null,"dataSensitiveDescFr":null,"dataSensitiveCode":"N"},"dataSensitiveCategory":null,"srank":"SUN","speciesSubnational":{"elementSubnationalId":394717,"hybrid":false,"exotic":false,"native":true}}],"nrankReviewYear":2024,"nrank":"N4","speciesNational":{"elementNationalId":161917,"exotic":false,"native":true}},{"elementNationalId":164822,"classifConfidence":null,"nation":{"id":225,"nameEn":"United States","nameEs":"Estados Unidos","nameFr":"États-Unis","isoCode":"US","region":"United States"},"roundedNRank":"N4","elementSubnationals":[{"elementSubnationalId":324343,"subnation":{"id":1,"nameEn":"Alaska","nameEs":"Alaska","nameFr":"Alaska","subnationCode":"AK","dnationId":225},"roundedSRank":"S4","dataSensitive":{"id":2,"dataSensitiveDescEn":"No","dataSensitiveDescEs":null,"dataSensitiveDescFr":null,"dataSensitiveCode":"N"},"dataSensitiveCategory":null,"srank":"S4","speciesSubnational":{"elementSubnationalId":324343,"hybrid":false,"exotic":false,"native":true}}],"nrankReviewYear":1997,"nrank":"N4","speciesNational":{"elementNationalId":164822,"exotic":false,"native":true}}],"lastModified":"2026-10-03T03:02:24.97119Z","lastPublished":"2026-10-02T21:32:08.892226Z","promotionalDescription":null,"conceptLineageSummary":null,"nsxUrl":"/Taxon/ELEMENT_GLOBAL.2.103659/Erignathus_barbatus","grankAdjustmentReasons":null,"grankChangeDate":"2025-04-23","grankReviewDate":"2025-04-23","grankReasons":"This species has a circumpolar distribution in the Arctic. The population is estimated to be in the hundreds of thousands of individuals and the population is currently assumed stable. However, this species is highly vulnerable to the loss of pack ice due to a warming climate.","grank":"G4","rankInfo":{"elementGlobalId":103659,"aooPercentGood":null,"enviromentalSpecificity":{"id":5,"enviromentalSpecificityDescEn":"Narrow.  Specialist or community with key requirements common.","enviromentalSpecificityDescEs":"Estrecho.  Especialista o comunidad con requisitos claves comunes.","enviromentalSpecificityDescFr":"Étroit. Spécialistes ou communautés répondant aux critères clés sont répandues."},"intrinsicVulnerability":{"id":4,"intrinsicVulnerabilityDescEn":"Moderately vulnerable","intrinsicVulnerabilityDescEs":"Moderadamente vulnerable","intrinsicVulnerabilityDescFr":"Moyennement vulnérable"},"longTermTrend":{"id":36,"longTermTrendDescEn":"Decline of 10-30%","longTermTrendDescEs":"Disminución del 10 al 30%.","longTermTrendDescFr":"Diminution de 10 à 30 %"},"numberEos":{"id":10,"numberEosDescEn":"21 - 80","numberEosDescEs":"De 21 a 80","numberEosDescFr":"De 21 à 80"},"numberGoodEos":{"id":17,"numberGoodEosDescEn":"Some to many (13-125)","numberGoodEosDescEs":"Algunos a muchos (13-125)","numberGoodEosDescFr":"De quelques-uns à plusieurs (de 13 à 125)"},"numberProtEos":{"id":1,"numberProtEosDescEn":"None. No occurrences appropriately protected and managed","numberProtEosDescEs":"Ninguno. No hay casos adecuadamente protegidos y gestionados","numberProtEosDescFr":"Aucun. Aucune occurrence protégée et contrôlée convenablement"},"popSize":{"id":34,"popSizeDescEn":"100,000 - 1,000,000 individuals","popSizeDescEs":"De 100.000 a 1.000.000 de individuos","popSizeDescFr":"De 100 000 à 1 000 000 individus"},"rangeExtent":{"id":35,"rangeExtentDescEn":">2,500,000 square km (greater than 1,000,000 square miles)","rangeExtentDescEs":">2.500.000 kilómetros cuadrados (más ","rangeExtentDescFr":">2 500 000 km carrés (plus de 1 000 000 miles carrés)"},"shortTermTrend":{"id":40,"shortTermTrendDescEn":"Relatively Stable (<=10% change)","shortTermTrendDescEs":"Relativamente estable (variación = <10%)","shortTermTrendDescFr":"Relativement stable (variation = <10 %)"},"threatImpactAssigned":{"id":8,"threatImpactAssignedDescEn":"Medium","threatImpactAssignedDescEs":"Medio","threatImpactAssignedDescFr":"Moyen"},"rangeExtentComments":"The range is circumpolar in the arctic and subarctic regions of North America, Europe, and Asia. It is found as far south as Hokkaido (Japan) in the Pacific and Hudson Bay in the Atlantic (Reeves et al. 1992, Cameron et al. 2010).","areaOfOccupancy":null,"areaOfOccupancyComments":"In North America, it is found in the waters of Alaska, Hudson Bay, and Newfoundland (now largely or entirely extirpated). Most of the Bering Sea-Chukchi Sea population probably migrates through Bering Strait and winters in the Bering Sea. In winter, the largest concentrations are near St. Lawrence Island, in the ice 60-100 km north of the ice's frontal zone, west of St. Matthew Island, and in the southern Gulf of Anadyr. In summer, scattered across the broken margin of the multiyear ice that covers much of the continental shelf in the Chukchi and western Beaufort seas (Reeves et al. 1992). In Canada, occurs at high densities in western Hudson Bay and in northern Foxe Basin; relatively abundant in Ungava Bay and Roes Welcome Sound; scattered throughout many of the High Arctic inlets and fjords from July to October; in some years, overwinters in the North Water of Baffin Bay, over deep water; in the Beaufort Sea, high densities occur from Sachs Harbour to Norway Island (Reeves et al. 1992).","numberEosComments":"There are multiple large occurrences throughout the range (Cameron et al. 2010).","popSizeComments":"No reliable rangewide estimates are available, but there is general consensus that the population consists of several hundred thousand individuals (Cameron et al. 2010).","viabilityComments":"Many occurrences currently have good viability, although this may change with a warming climate (Cameron et al. 2010, MacIntyre et al. 2015, Crance et al. 2022).","threatImpactComments":"This species is threatened rangewide by the loss of sea ice due to a warming climate (Cameron et al. 2010). This species relies on ice patches for pup-rearing and molting their fur, which has been decreasing for decades and projected to continue to decrease (Cameron et al. 2010, MacIntyre et al. 2015, Crance et al. 2022). Subsistence hunting in Alaskan indigenous communities is not considered a major threat (Nelson et al. 2019).","shortTermTrendComments":"While trend data is not available, anecdotal evidence suggests the population has been relatively stable (Cameron et al. 2010).","longTermTrendComments":"Commercial harvest during the mid-20th century likely caused declines (Cameron et al. 2010).","inventoryNeeds":"Population size estimates and trends assessments are needed.","numberProtEosComments":"No occurrences are adequately protected from climate change (Cameron et al. 2010, MacIntyre et al. 2015, Crance et al. 2022, Fuirst et al. 2023).","protectionNeeds":"International efforts to reverse anthropogenic climate change are needed to prevent further loss of pack ice in the Arctic.","otherConsiderations":null,"intrinsicVulnerabilityComments":"Maturity is reached at 5-7 years old and females only give birth to one pup per year, which would make the species slow to rebound from population declines (Cameron et al. 2010).","enviromentalSpecificityComments":"This species prefers areas where pack ice density is around 50-75% and in waters less than 500 m in depth (Cameron et al. 2010, Fuirst et al. 2023)."},"animalCharacteristics":{"elementGlobalId":103659,"majorHabitat":{"id":1,"majorHabitatDescEn":"Marine","majorHabitatDescEs":"Marino","majorHabitatDescFr":"Marine"},"nonMigrant":false,"localMigrant":false,"longDistanceMigrant":true,"mobilityMigrationComments":"Individuals annually move great distances, mostly maintaining an association with ice. Northward migration through Bering Strait from mid-April through June more marked than southward migration late fall through winter.","foodHabitsComments":"Feeds opportunistically; diet varies with location and seal's age, consists primarily of epibenthic invertebrates (crustaceans, molluscs, worms, etc.), schooling demersal fishes, and/or octopuses (Burns 1981, Reeves et al. 1992). Fishes tend to be most important in the Canadian High Arctic, whereas invertebrates are more important in the Bering and Chukchi seas.","animalPhenologyComments":null,"colonialBreeder":false,"length":340,"width":null,"weight":410000,"animalPhenologies":[],"animalFoodHabits":[{"animalCagFoodHabitsId":104786,"foodHabits":{"id":2,"foodHabitsDescEn":"Piscivore","foodHabitsDescEs":"Piscivore","foodHabitsDescFr":"Piscivore","displayOrder":2},"adult":true,"immature":true},{"animalCagFoodHabitsId":104785,"foodHabits":{"id":3,"foodHabitsDescEn":"Invertivore","foodHabitsDescEs":"Invertívoro","foodHabitsDescFr":"Invertivore","displayOrder":3},"adult":true,"immature":true}]},"occurrenceDelineations":[{"eoSpecsDetailId":1428,"locationUseClass":{"id":1,"locationUseClassDescEn":"Not applicable","locationUseClassDescEs":"No se aplica","locationUseClassDescFr":"Sans objet","displayOrder":1},"eoSpecGroupName":null,"subtypes":null,"inferredExtentDistance":null,"inferredExtentNotes":null,"minimumEoCriteria":"Evidence of historical presence, or current and likely recurring presence, at a given location. Such evidence minimally includes reliable observation and documentation of breeding individuals over several years.","mappingGuidance":null,"separationBarriers":"None.","separationDistanceUnsuitableHabitatat":50.0,"separationDistanceSuitableHabitatat":50.0,"altSeparationProcedure":null,"separationJustification":"Separation distance somewhat arbitrary. Patchily distributed at relatively low densities, and prefer areas of moving ice. In the Bering and Chukchi seas, move seasonally to maintain contact with ice, but over much of their range make only local movements (Cleator and Stirling, in Wilson and Ruff 1999).","versionDate":"2002-03-14","versionAuthor":"Cannings, S.","versionNotes":null,"lastModified":"2020-02-25T18:20:39.155329Z"}],"plantCharacteristics":null,"elementManagement":{"elementGlobalId":103659,"eoManagementGroupName":null,"stewardshipOverview":null,"impacts":null,"restorationPotential":null,"siteConservationPlansConsidered":null,"managementMethods":null,"monitoringMethods":null,"managementProgramContacts":null,"monitoringProgramContacts":null,"managementResearchPrograms":null,"managementResearchNeeds":null,"biologicalResearchNeeds":null,"additionalTopics":null},"occurrenceViabilities":[{"eoRankSpecsDetailId":105133,"eoRankSpecsGroupName":null,"locationUseClass":{"id":1,"locationUseClassDescEn":"Not applicable","locationUseClassDescEs":"No se aplica","locationUseClassDescFr":"Sans objet","displayOrder":1},"excellentViability":null,"goodViability":null,"fairViability":null,"poorViability":null,"viabilityJustification":"Use the Generic Guidelines for the Application of Occurrence Ranks (2008).<br>The Key for Ranking Species Occurrences Using the Generic Approach provides a step-wise process for implementing this method.","versionDate":null,"versionAuthor":null,"versionNotes":null,"lastModified":"2020-05-14T02:24:40.649025Z"}],"references":[{"id":1151804,"citation":"American Society of Mammalogists (ASM). 2025. 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Revised checklist of North American mammals north of Mexico, 2014. Museum of Texas Tech University Occasional Papers 327:1-28. Available at: http://www.nsrl.ttu.edu/publications/opapers/ops/OP327.pdf","shortCitationAuthor":"Bradley et al.","shortCitationYear":2014,"referenceCode":"A14BRA01NACA","lastModified":"2020-02-25T14:38:17.880059Z"},{"id":147585,"citation":"Burns, J. J. 1981. Bearded seal. Pages 145-170 in Ridgway, S. H., and R. J. Harrison, eds. Handbook of marinemammals. Vol. 2. Seals. Academic Press, N.Y.","shortCitationAuthor":"Burns","shortCitationYear":1981,"referenceCode":"A81BUR01NAUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T18:20:39.155329Z"},{"id":1152914,"citation":"Cameron, M. F., J. L. Bengtson, P. L. Boveng, J. K. Jansen, B. P. Kelly, S. P. Dahle, E. A. Logerwell, J. E. Overland, C. L. Sabine, G. T. Waring, and J. M. Wilder. 2010. Status review of the bearded seal (<i>Erignathus barbatus</i>). U.S. Department of Commerce, NOAA Tech. Memo. NMFS-AFSC-211, 246 p.","shortCitationAuthor":"Cameron et al.","shortCitationYear":2010,"referenceCode":"N10CAM01NAUS","lastModified":"2025-05-03T01:19:06.449402Z"},{"id":114851,"citation":"Cleator, H. J. 1996. The status of the bearded seal, <i>Erignathus barbatus</i>, in Canada. Canadian Field-Naturalist 110:501-510.","shortCitationAuthor":"Cleator","shortCitationYear":1996,"referenceCode":"A96CLE01NAUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T18:20:39.155329Z"},{"id":1152919,"citation":"Crance, J. L., C. L. Berchok, B. M. Kimber, J. M. Harlacher, E. K. Braen, and M. C. Ferguson. 2022. Year-round distribution of bearded seals, <i>Erignathus barbatus</i>, throughout the Alaskan Chukchi and northern Bering Sea. Deep Sea Research Part II: Topical Studies in Oceanography 206: 105215. doi: 10.1016/j.dsr2.2022.105215","shortCitationAuthor":"Crance et al.","shortCitationYear":2022,"referenceCode":"A22CRA01NAUS","lastModified":"2025-05-03T01:19:06.451416Z"},{"id":156383,"citation":"Jones, J. K., Jr., R. S. Hoffman, D. W. Rice, C. Jones, R. J. Baker, and M. D. Engstrom. 1992a. Revised checklist of North American mammals north of Mexico, 1991. Occasional Papers, The Museum, Texas Tech University, 146:1-23.","shortCitationAuthor":"Jones et al.","shortCitationYear":1992,"referenceCode":"B92JON01NAUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T14:38:17.880059Z"},{"id":138484,"citation":"King, J. E. 1983. Seals of the world. Second edition. Cornell Univ. Press, Ithaca.","shortCitationAuthor":"King","shortCitationYear":1983,"referenceCode":"B83KIN01NAUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T18:13:19.664475Z"},{"id":1152917,"citation":"MacIntyre, K. Q., K. M. Stafford, P. B. Conn, K. L. Laidre, and P. L. Boveng. 2015. The relationship between sea ice concentration and the spatio-temporal distribution of vocalizing bearded seals (<i>Erignathus barbatus</i>) in the Bering, Chukchi, and Beaufort Seas from 2008 to 2011. Progress in Oceanography 136: 241–249.","shortCitationAuthor":"MacIntyre et al.","shortCitationYear":2015,"referenceCode":"A15MAC02NAUS","lastModified":"2025-05-03T01:19:06.454325Z"},{"id":1152920,"citation":"M. Fuirst, S. H. Ferguson, W. R. Koski, and D.J. Yurkowski. 2023. A review of aerial survey density estimates of bearded seals (<i>Erignathus barbatus</i>) in the Canadian Arctic highlights important knowledge gaps and research needs. Polar Biology 46: 1251–1263. doi: 10.1007/s00300-023-03200-1","shortCitationAuthor":"Fuirst et al.","shortCitationYear":2023,"referenceCode":"A23FUIO1NAUS","lastModified":"2025-05-03T01:19:06.452335Z"},{"id":121960,"citation":"Mouchaty, S., J. A. Cook, and G. F. Shields. 1995. Phylogenetic analysis of northern hair seals based on nucleotide sequences of the mitochondrial cytochrome b gene. 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Mammal species of the world: a taxonomic and geographic reference. Second edition. Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, DC. xviii + 1206 pp. Available online at: http://www.nmnh.si.edu/msw/.","shortCitationAuthor":"Wilson and Reeder","shortCitationYear":1993,"referenceCode":"B93WIL01NAUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T14:38:17.880059Z"},{"id":138611,"citation":"Wilson, D. E., and S. Ruff. 1999. The Smithsonian book of North American mammals. 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No complete, reliable or recent estimates of total abundance and spatial distribution in Canada are available, nor is any reliable information available on population trends. The species remains widespread in areas of broken pack ice. It is known to be highly dependent on sea ice as a platform used to haul out to rest, moult, give birth and nurse pups. However, the information available on climate and sea ice changes and how such changes might affect the species is insufficient to support an evaluation of their potential as a population-level threat to the species.<br/><br/>Status History: Designated Not at Risk in April 1994. Species considered in April 2007 and placed in the Data Deficient category. More recently (2017) considered a medium priority candidate for re-assessment.","usesaDate":null,"interpretedUsesa":"PS","usesaComments":"NMFS (2012) have listed the Beringia and Okhotsk Distinct Population Segments (DPSs) of the bearded seal as threatened. 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May range hundreds of kilometers from the nearest open leads in areas of annual ice (Reeves et al. 1992). Juveniles sometimes are found in open water and may enter bays and ascend rivers (Reeves et al. 1992). Pups are born on surface of ice.","generalDescription":null,"diagnosticCharacteristics":null,"speciesMarineHabitats":[{"cagMarineHabId":-100632,"marineHabitat":{"id":3,"marineHabitatDescEn":"Near shore","marineHabitatDescEs":"Cercano a la costa","marineHabitatDescFr":"Côtier","displayOrder":3}}],"speciesTerrestrialHabitats":[{"cagTerrHabId":-109880,"terrestrialHabitat":{"id":14,"terrestrialHabitatDescEn":"Ice","terrestrialHabitatDescEs":"Hielo","terrestrialHabitatDescFr":"Glace","displayOrder":16}}],"speciesRiverineHabitats":[],"speciesPalustrineHabitats":[],"speciesLacustrineHabitats":[],"speciesSubterraneanHabitats":[],"speciesEstuarineHabitats":[]},"primaryReference":{"id":1151804,"citation":"American Society of Mammalogists (ASM). 2025. Mammal Diversity Database (Version 1.13) [Data set]. Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10595931. Online. 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