{"elementGlobalId":103618,"circumscripConfidence":{"id":1,"circumscripConfidenceDescEn":"1 - Strong","circumscripConfidenceDescEs":"1 - Fuerte","circumscripConfidenceDescFr":"1 – Forte"},"classificationLevel":{"id":7,"classificationLevelNameEn":"Species","classificationLevelNameEs":"Especies","classificationLevelNameFr":"Espèce"},"classificationStatus":{"id":1,"classificationStatusDescEn":"Standard","classificationStatusDescEs":"Estándar","classificationStatusDescFr":"Standard"},"iucn":{"id":11,"iucnDescEn":"Least concern","iucnDescEs":"Menos preocupante","iucnDescFr":"Moins préoccupante","iucnCode":"LC"},"nameCategory":{"id":1,"nameCategoryDescEn":"Vertebrate Animal","nameCategoryDescEs":"Animal vertebrado","nameCategoryDescFr":"Animal vertébré","nameTypeCd":"A","nameTypeDesc":"Zoological"},"rankMethodUsed":{"id":7,"rankMethodUsedDescEn":" Rank calculation - Biotics v2","rankMethodUsedDescEs":null,"rankMethodUsedDescFr":null,"rankMethodUsedExternalDescEn":"Ranked by calculator","rankMethodUsedExternalDescEs":null,"rankMethodUsedExternalDescFr":null},"formattedScientificName":"<i>Nerodia clarkii</i>","scientificName":"Nerodia clarkii","scientificNameAuthor":"(Baird and Girard, 1853)","primaryCommonName":"Saltmarsh Snake","relatedItisNames":"<i>Nerodia clarkii</i> (Baird and Girard, 1853) (TSN 209370)","uniqueId":"ELEMENT_GLOBAL.2.103618","elcode":"ARADB22090","conceptRefFullCitation":"Lawson, R., A. J. Meier, P. G. Frank, and P. E. Moler. 1991. Allozyme variation and systematics of the <i>Nerodia </i><i>fasciata</i>-<i>nerodia</i><i> clarkii</i> complex of water snakes (Serpentes: Colubridae). Copeia 1991:638-659.","conceptName":"<i>Nerodia clarkii</i>","taxonomicComments":"Lawson et al. (1991) proposed that <i>Nerodia clarkii</i> and <i>N. fasciata</i> be recognized as distinct species. Rautsaw et al. (2021) demonstrated reduced gene flow due to isolation by environment between <i>N. clarkii</i> and <i>N. fasciata</i>. While showing that the three subspecies of <i>N. clarkii</i> (<i>clarkii</i>, <i>compressicauda</i>, and <i>taeniata</i>) can be detected using genomic data, Rautsaw et al. (2021) also demonstrated significant gene flow among these lineages. The authors suggest that these subspecies may result from isolation by distance, thus questioning the continued recognition of these taxa (Nicholson 2025).<br/><br/>This species formerly was included in the genus <i>Natrix.</i>","roundedGRank":"G3","conservationStatusFactorsEditionDate":"2025-09-29","conservationStatusFactorsEditionAuthors":"Jackson, D. R., and G. Hammerson (2011); rev. R. L. Gundy (2025)","primaryCommonNameLanguage":"EN","recordType":"SPECIES","elementNationals":[{"elementNationalId":166293,"classifConfidence":null,"nation":{"id":225,"nameEn":"United States","nameEs":"Estados Unidos","nameFr":"États-Unis","isoCode":"US","region":"United States"},"roundedNRank":"N4","elementSubnationals":[{"elementSubnationalId":300534,"subnation":{"id":2,"nameEn":"Alabama","nameEs":"Alabama","nameFr":"Alabama","subnationCode":"AL","dnationId":225},"roundedSRank":"S2","dataSensitive":{"id":2,"dataSensitiveDescEn":"No","dataSensitiveDescEs":null,"dataSensitiveDescFr":null,"dataSensitiveCode":"N"},"dataSensitiveCategory":null,"srank":"S2","speciesSubnational":{"elementSubnationalId":300534,"hybrid":false,"exotic":false,"native":true}},{"elementSubnationalId":356832,"subnation":{"id":51,"nameEn":"Texas","nameEs":"Texas","nameFr":"Texas","subnationCode":"TX","dnationId":225},"roundedSRank":"S3","dataSensitive":{"id":2,"dataSensitiveDescEn":"No","dataSensitiveDescEs":null,"dataSensitiveDescFr":null,"dataSensitiveCode":"N"},"dataSensitiveCategory":null,"srank":"S3","speciesSubnational":{"elementSubnationalId":356832,"hybrid":false,"exotic":false,"native":true}},{"elementSubnationalId":1231013,"subnation":{"id":23,"nameEn":"Louisiana","nameEs":"Louisiana","nameFr":"Louisiane","subnationCode":"LA","dnationId":225},"roundedSRank":"SNR","dataSensitive":{"id":2,"dataSensitiveDescEn":"No","dataSensitiveDescEs":null,"dataSensitiveDescFr":null,"dataSensitiveCode":"N"},"dataSensitiveCategory":null,"srank":"SNR","speciesSubnational":{"elementSubnationalId":1231013,"hybrid":false,"exotic":false,"native":true}},{"elementSubnationalId":349412,"subnation":{"id":32,"nameEn":"Mississippi","nameEs":"Mississippi","nameFr":"Mississippi","subnationCode":"MS","dnationId":225},"roundedSRank":"S2","dataSensitive":{"id":2,"dataSensitiveDescEn":"No","dataSensitiveDescEs":null,"dataSensitiveDescFr":null,"dataSensitiveCode":"N"},"dataSensitiveCategory":null,"srank":"S2?","speciesSubnational":{"elementSubnationalId":349412,"hybrid":false,"exotic":false,"native":true}},{"elementSubnationalId":353386,"subnation":{"id":12,"nameEn":"Florida","nameEs":"Florida","nameFr":"Floride","subnationCode":"FL","dnationId":225},"roundedSRank":"S3","dataSensitive":{"id":2,"dataSensitiveDescEn":"No","dataSensitiveDescEs":null,"dataSensitiveDescFr":null,"dataSensitiveCode":"N"},"dataSensitiveCategory":null,"srank":"S3S4","speciesSubnational":{"elementSubnationalId":353386,"hybrid":false,"exotic":false,"native":true}}],"nrankReviewYear":1996,"nrank":"N4","speciesNational":{"elementNationalId":166293,"exotic":false,"native":true}}],"lastModified":"2026-10-02T21:42:17.061168Z","lastPublished":"2026-10-02T21:32:08.892226Z","promotionalDescription":null,"conceptLineageSummary":null,"nsxUrl":"/Taxon/ELEMENT_GLOBAL.2.103618/Nerodia_clarkii","grankAdjustmentReasons":null,"grankChangeDate":"2025-09-29","grankReviewDate":"2025-09-29","grankReasons":"This species is restricted to brackish coastal environments of the southeastern U.S. and the northern coast of Cuba. The population has declined due to the development and degradation of coastal habitats and continues to decline due to these threats. Sea-level rise is projected to further eliminate vast quantities of these habitats in the coming century.","grank":"G3G4","rankInfo":{"elementGlobalId":103618,"aooPercentGood":null,"enviromentalSpecificity":null,"intrinsicVulnerability":null,"longTermTrend":{"id":31,"longTermTrendDescEn":"Decline of 30-50%","longTermTrendDescEs":"Disminución del 30-50%.","longTermTrendDescFr":"Diminution de 30 à 50 %"},"numberEos":{"id":14,"numberEosDescEn":"81 to >300","numberEosDescEs":"De 81 a >300","numberEosDescFr":"De 81 à >300"},"numberGoodEos":{"id":17,"numberGoodEosDescEn":"Some to many (13-125)","numberGoodEosDescEs":"Algunos a muchos (13-125)","numberGoodEosDescFr":"De quelques-uns à plusieurs (de 13 à 125)"},"numberProtEos":{"id":11,"numberProtEosDescEn":"Several to many (4-40) occurrences appropriately protected and managed","numberProtEosDescEs":"De unas pocas a varias ocurrencias (4 a 40) protegidas y debidamente controladas","numberProtEosDescFr":"De quelques à plusieurs occurrences (de 4 à 40) protégées et contrôlées convenablement"},"popSize":{"id":32,"popSizeDescEn":"10,000 - 1,000,000 individuals","popSizeDescEs":"De 10.000 a 1.000.000 de individuos","popSizeDescFr":"De 10 000 à 1 000 000 individus"},"rangeExtent":{"id":22,"rangeExtentDescEn":"1000-20,000 square km (about 400-8000 square miles)","rangeExtentDescEs":"De 1.000 a 20.000 kilómetros cuadrados (aproximadamente 400 a 8.000 millas cuadradas)","rangeExtentDescFr":"De 1 000 à 20 000 km carrés (de 400 à 8 000 miles carrés approximativement)"},"shortTermTrend":{"id":36,"shortTermTrendDescEn":"Decline of 10-30%","shortTermTrendDescEs":"Disminución del 10 al 30%.","shortTermTrendDescFr":"Diminution de 10 à 30 %"},"threatImpactAssigned":{"id":6,"threatImpactAssignedDescEn":"High - medium","threatImpactAssignedDescEs":"Alto - medio","threatImpactAssignedDescFr":"Élevé — Moyen"},"rangeExtentComments":"This species occurs in brackish coastal habitats of the southern United States and northern Cuba. The range includes the northern Gulf of Mexico, from the vicinity of Corpus Christi, Texas, eastward to Florida and including most of that state's coastline, including the Florida Keys, then northward on the Atlantic coast of Florida to Volusia County (Lawson et al. 1991, Schwartz and Henderson 1991, Powell et al. 2016, Krysko et al. 2019). In Cuba, it is found in Artemisa, Camagüey, Las Tunas, Matanzas, Sancti Spíritus, and Villa Clara (Gonzalez et al. 2014). Using Global Biodiversity Information Facility (GBIF) (2025) records, range extent is estimated to be 1.197 million km² (RARECAT 2025).<br/><br/>Subspecies <i>clarkii</i>: vicinity of Corpus Cristi in southern Texas east along the Gulf Coast to south of Cedar Key, Levy County, Florida. Subspecies <i>compressicauda</i>: northern Pinellas County, Florida, around the southern tip of Florida and north to at least Merritt Island, including the Florida Keys and northern Cuba. Subspecies <i>clarkii </i>and <i>compressicauda </i>intergrade in a zone that may extend from Cedar Key to northern Pinellas County. Subspecies <i>taeniata</i>: Atlantic coast of Florida north of the range of <i>compressicauda</i>, in Volusia County, and apparently intergrading with <i>compressicauda </i>in Brevard and Indian River counties (Kochman and Christman 1992).","areaOfOccupancy":null,"areaOfOccupancyComments":null,"numberEosComments":"This species is represented by a large number of occurrences (subpopulations). Many subpopulations are discontinuous and isolated by unsuitable habitat.","popSizeComments":"Adult population size is unknown but presumably exceeds 10,000. Large numbers still exist in some parts of the range (Ernst and Ernst 2003). In Florida, this snake is common on the Gulf Coast but rare on the Atlantic coast at the northern extent of the range (subspecies <i>taeniata</i>) (Tennant 1997).","viabilityComments":"Populations in large protected tracts of unmodified salt marsh and mangroves likely have good viability.","threatImpactComments":"The primary threat to this species is habitat loss and habitat degradation. Along the Atlantic coast of Florida much habitat has been lost to commercial development and continues to be lost (Tennant 1997). Sea level rise is projected to cause extensive losses in salt marsh habitat throughout the range (Crosby et al. 2016, Krebs et al. 2023). As habitat shrinks, the probability of interbreeding with <i>Nerodia fasciata</i> may increase, particularly along the Atlantic coast (Kochman and Christman 1992, Ernst and Ernst 2003). Dredging, diking, development, and chemical pollution degrade habitat quality (Werler and Dixon 2000). When optimal habitat becomes unavailable, this species sometimes occupies suboptimal habitats that can act as population sinks (Ackley and Meylan 2010). Mortality from vehicle strikes is a threat where roads cut through suitable habitat (Mccardle et al. 2022).","shortTermTrendComments":"This species is likely declining due to ongoing habitat loss.","longTermTrendComments":"Abundance has declined throughout much of the range, particularly where coastal marshes have been degraded (Werler and Dixon 2000). Large numbers are still present in some areas, but elsewhere they have become scarce (Ernst and Ernst 2003).","inventoryNeeds":"Monitor populations; determine amount of available habitat and distribution and size of occurrences.","numberProtEosComments":"Several occurrences on the Gulf Coast are in protected areas, including Gulf Islands National Seashore (Mississippi), St. Marks and Chassahowitzka National Wildlife Refuges (Florida), and Big Bend Wildlife Management Area (Florida) (Surdick 2013). The range of subspecies <i>taeniata </i>on the Atlantic coast of Florida includes Tomoka State Park and perhaps the northern end of Merritt Island NWR, but status of snakes there requires study, as do their ecological needs.","protectionNeeds":"Expansion of refuges to include more salt marsh habitats that contain occurrences.","otherConsiderations":null,"intrinsicVulnerabilityComments":null,"enviromentalSpecificityComments":null},"animalCharacteristics":{"elementGlobalId":103618,"majorHabitat":{"id":3,"majorHabitatDescEn":"Terrestrial","majorHabitatDescEs":"Terrestre","majorHabitatDescFr":"Terrestre"},"nonMigrant":false,"localMigrant":false,"longDistanceMigrant":false,"mobilityMigrationComments":null,"foodHabitsComments":"Small fishes and invertebrates. At Placido Bayou, Pinellas County, Florida, diet included only fishes; small individuals favored <i>Fundulus similis</i> and <i>Poecilia latipinna</i>, large individuals favored <i>Tilapia</i> sp.; <i>Cyprinodona variegat</i>us was the prey most often ingested (Miller and Mushinsky 1990).","animalPhenologyComments":null,"colonialBreeder":false,"length":null,"width":null,"weight":null,"animalPhenologies":[{"animalCagPhenologyId":102560,"animalPhenology":{"id":4,"animalPhenologyDescEn":"Nocturnal","animalPhenologyDescEs":"Nocturno","animalPhenologyDescFr":"Nocturne","displayOrder":4},"adult":true,"immature":true}],"animalFoodHabits":[{"animalCagFoodHabitsId":104738,"foodHabits":{"id":2,"foodHabitsDescEn":"Piscivore","foodHabitsDescEs":"Piscivore","foodHabitsDescFr":"Piscivore","displayOrder":2},"adult":true,"immature":true}]},"occurrenceDelineations":[{"eoSpecsDetailId":1142,"locationUseClass":{"id":1,"locationUseClassDescEn":"Not applicable","locationUseClassDescEs":"No se aplica","locationUseClassDescFr":"Sans objet","displayOrder":1},"eoSpecGroupName":"Medium And Large Colubrid Snakes","subtypes":null,"inferredExtentDistance":0.5,"inferredExtentNotes":null,"minimumEoCriteria":"Occurrences are based on evidence of historical presence, or current and likely recurring presence, at a given location. Such evidence minimally includes collection or reliable observation and documentation of one or more individuals (including eggs) in or near appropriate habitat where the species is presumed to be established and  breeding.","mappingGuidance":null,"separationBarriers":"Busy highway or highway with obstructions such that snakes rarely if ever cross successfully; major river, lake, pond, or deep marsh (this barrier pertains only to upland species and does not apply to aquatic or wetland snakes); densely urbanized area dominated by buildings and pavement.","separationDistanceUnsuitableHabitatat":1.0,"separationDistanceSuitableHabitatat":10.0,"altSeparationProcedure":null,"separationJustification":"Available information on movements of colubrid snakes is limited to a small minority of species. These data indicate that nearly all species have home ranges smaller or much smaller than 25 ha (e.g., less than 3 ha, <i>Pituophis catenifer</i> in California, Rodriguez-Robles 2003), with some up to about 75 ha (<i>Heterodon platirhinos</i>, average 50 ha, Plummer and Mills 2000), and the largest up to 225 ha in the biggest colubrids (<i>Drymarchon</i>, summer mean 50-100 ha, USFWS 1998). <br><br>Radiotelemetry data for <i>Pantherophis </i>indicate that residents of hibernacula that are 1-2 km apart (with suitable intervening habitat) probably interbreed (Prior et al. 1997, Blouin-Demers and Weatherhead 2002). However, \"evidence of genetic structure even over short distances (e.g., 2-20 km) implies that gene flow among rat snake populations can be easily disrupted\" (Prior et al. 1997). Loughheed et al. (1999) found evidence of substantial genetic exchange among local hibernacula (< 6 km apart), but gene flow over distances of 10s of km appears to be substantially less. Based on extensive radio-tracking data, Blouin-Demers and Weatherhead (2002) found that home range size of <i>Pantherophis </i>averaged 18.5 ha and ranged up to 93 ha; based on the most mobile individuals, <i>Pantherophis </i>from hibernacula up to 8 km apart can come together for mating. <i>Pantherophis </i>and probably other colubrids exhibit high fidelity to hibernacula and shift even to nearby sites only rarely (Prior et al. 2001). <br><br>Many of the several studies that report small home ranges for colubrids did not employ methods (e.g., radio telemetry) suitable for detecting full annual or multi-annual home range size, dispersal, or other long-distance movements, so these may have yielded underestimates of home ranges or activity areas.  <br><br>At least some colubrids, including medium-sized species such as garter snakes, not uncommonly move between areas up to a few kilometers apart, and several species make extensive movements of up to several kilometers, so separation distances of 1-2 km for suitable habitat are too small for medium-sized and large colubrids.<br><br>A separation distance of 10 km for suitable habitat was selected as most appropriate for snakes assigned to this Specs Group because it seems generally unlikely that two locations separated by less than 10 km of suitable habitat would represent distinct occurrences.<br><br>For the purposes of these occurrence specifications, upland habitat is regarded as unsuitable habitat for aquatic and wetland snakes. For upland snakes, shallow or patchy wetlands are treated as unsuitable habitat whereas large deepwater habitats (subjective determination) are barriers.","versionDate":"2013-02-12","versionAuthor":"Hammerson, G.","versionNotes":"Separation distance for suitable habitat was changed from 5 km to 10 km based on comments from Dale Jackson (12 Feb 2013).","lastModified":"2020-04-30T02:04:05.987846Z"}],"plantCharacteristics":null,"elementManagement":{"elementGlobalId":103618,"eoManagementGroupName":null,"stewardshipOverview":null,"impacts":null,"restorationPotential":null,"siteConservationPlansConsidered":null,"managementMethods":"Subspecies CLARKII: Prevent pollution of salt marsh habitat from onshore (e.g., sewage) and offshore (e.g., oil spills) sources. Avoid use of biocides (e.g., to kill mosquitoes). <br><br>Subspecies TAENIATA: Maintain habitat as natural as possible (no impoundments, etc.).","monitoringMethods":null,"managementProgramContacts":null,"monitoringProgramContacts":null,"managementResearchPrograms":null,"managementResearchNeeds":"Subspecies CLARKII: Determine effect of insecticides. Investigate life history. <br><br>Subspecies TAENIATA: Determine precise ecological needs. Study genetic swamping possibility.","biologicalResearchNeeds":null,"additionalTopics":null},"occurrenceViabilities":[{"eoRankSpecsDetailId":105094,"eoRankSpecsGroupName":null,"locationUseClass":{"id":1,"locationUseClassDescEn":"Not applicable","locationUseClassDescEs":"No se aplica","locationUseClassDescFr":"Sans objet","displayOrder":1},"excellentViability":null,"goodViability":null,"fairViability":null,"poorViability":null,"viabilityJustification":"Use the Generic Guidelines for the Application of Occurrence Ranks (2008).<br>The Key for Ranking Species Occurrences Using the Generic Approach provides a step-wise process for implementing this method.","versionDate":null,"versionAuthor":null,"versionNotes":null,"lastModified":"2020-05-14T02:24:34.429976Z"}],"references":[{"id":1157538,"citation":"Ackley, J. W., and P. Meylan. 2010. Watersnake Eden: use of stormwater retention ponds by mangrove salt marsh snakes (<i>Nerodia clarkii compressicauda</i>) in urban Florida. Herpetological Conservation and Biology 5(1): 17-22.","shortCitationAuthor":"Ackley and Meylan","shortCitationYear":2010,"referenceCode":"A10ACK01NAUS","lastModified":"2025-10-04T02:05:08.949683Z"},{"id":103659,"citation":"Cliburn, J. W. 1960. The phylogeny and zoogeography of North American <i>Natrix</i>. Ph.D. dissertation, Univ. Alabama, Tuscaloosa.","shortCitationAuthor":"Cliburn","shortCitationYear":1960,"referenceCode":"U60CLI01NAUS","lastModified":"2020-11-11T02:10:36.394512Z"},{"id":137880,"citation":"Collins, J. T. 1990. Standard common and current scientific names for North American amphibians and reptiles. 3rd ed. Society for the Study of Amphibians and Reptiles. Herpetological Circular No. 19. 41 pp.","shortCitationAuthor":"Collins","shortCitationYear":1990,"referenceCode":"B90COL01NAUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T14:38:15.579798Z"},{"id":104608,"citation":"Conant, R. and J. T. Collins. 1991. A field guide to reptiles and amphibians: eastern and central North America. Third edition. Houghton Mifflin Co., Boston, Massachusetts. 450 pp.","shortCitationAuthor":"Conant and Collins","shortCitationYear":1991,"referenceCode":"B91CON01NAUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T18:11:51.303794Z"},{"id":140525,"citation":"Conant, R., and J. T. Collins. 1998. A field guide to reptiles and amphibians: eastern and central North America. Third edition, expanded. Houghton Mifflin Co., Boston, Massachusetts. 616 pp.","shortCitationAuthor":"Conant and Collins","shortCitationYear":1998,"referenceCode":"B98CON01EHUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T18:11:57.819328Z"},{"id":1157537,"citation":"Crosby, S. C., D. F. Sax, M. E. Palmer, H. S. Booth, L. A. Deegan, M. D. Bertness, and H. M. Leslie. 2016. Salt marsh persistence is threatened by predicted sea-level rise. Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science 181: 93-99. doi: 10.1016/j.ecss.2016.08.018.","shortCitationAuthor":"Crosby et al.","shortCitationYear":2016,"referenceCode":"A16CRO02NAUS","lastModified":"2025-10-04T02:05:08.953679Z"},{"id":621810,"citation":"Crother, B. I. (editor). 2008. Scientific and standard English names of amphibians and reptiles of North America north of Mexico, with comments regarding confidence in our understanding. Sixth edition. Society for the Study of Amphibians and Reptiles Herpetological Circular 37:1-84. Online with updates at: http://www.ssarherps.org/pages/comm_names/Index.php","shortCitationAuthor":"Crother","shortCitationYear":2008,"referenceCode":"B08CRO01NAUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T14:38:20.142383Z"},{"id":722484,"citation":"Crother, B. I. (editor). 2012. Scientific and standard English names of amphibians and reptiles of North America north of Mexico, with comments regarding confidence in our understanding. 7th edition. 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A. 1979. Occurrence of partially striped forms of the mangrove snake <i>Nerodia fasciata compressicauda</i> Kennicott and comments on the status of <i>N. f. taeniata</i> Cope. Florida Scientist 42:102-112.","shortCitationAuthor":"Dunson","shortCitationYear":1979,"referenceCode":"A79DUN01NAUS","lastModified":"2020-11-11T02:02:32.684087Z"},{"id":169022,"citation":"Ernst, C. H., and E. M. Ernst. 2003. Snakes of the United States and Canada. Smithsonian Books, Washington, D.C.","shortCitationAuthor":"Ernst and Ernst","shortCitationYear":2003,"referenceCode":"B03ERN01NAUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T18:11:51.08501Z"},{"id":107824,"citation":"Ernst, C. H., and R. W. Barbour. 1989b. Snakes of eastern North America. George Mason Univ. Press, Fairfax, Virginia. 282 pp.","shortCitationAuthor":"Ernst and Barbour","shortCitationYear":1989,"referenceCode":"B89ERN03NAUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T18:12:15.475829Z"},{"id":473158,"citation":"Gibbons, J. W., and M. E. Dorcas. 2004. North American watersnakes: a natural history. University of Oklahoma Press, Norman. xxvi + 439 pp.","shortCitationAuthor":"Gibbons and Dorcas","shortCitationYear":2004,"referenceCode":"B04GIB01NAUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T18:13:41.805268Z"},{"id":1149297,"citation":"Global Biodiversity Information Facility (GBIF). 2025. Global Biodiversity Information Facility (GBIF) data portal. Online. Available: https://www.gbif.org/ (accessed 2025).","shortCitationAuthor":"GBIF","shortCitationYear":2025,"referenceCode":"W25GBI01HQUS","lastModified":"2025-01-31T22:50:24.303678Z"},{"id":1157536,"citation":"González-C., A., L. Rodríguez-S., and V. Rivalta-G. 2014. Colección herpetológica del Instituto de Ecología y Sistemática, La Habana, Cuba. Familia Dipsadidae, géneros <i>Caraiba</i> y <i>Tretanorhinus</i>; familia Natricidae, género <i>Nerodia</i>. Revista Colombiana de Ciencias de Animales 6(1): 38-54.","shortCitationAuthor":"González et al.","shortCitationYear":2014,"referenceCode":"A14GON01NAUS","lastModified":"2025-10-04T02:05:08.945674Z"},{"id":135373,"citation":"Hebrard, J. J., and R. C. Lee. 1981. A large collection of brackish water snakes from the central Atlantic coast of Florida. Copeia 1981:886-889.","shortCitationAuthor":"Hebrard and Lee","shortCitationYear":1981,"referenceCode":"A81HEB01NAUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T18:17:49.215248Z"},{"id":122219,"citation":"Kochman, H. I., and S. P. Christman. 1992. Atlantic salt marsh snake <i>Nerodia clarkii taeniata</i> (Cope). Pages 111-116 in P. E. Moler, editor. Rare and Endangered Biota of Florida. Volume III. Amphibians and Reptiles. University Press of Florida, Gainesville.","shortCitationAuthor":"Kochman and Christman","shortCitationYear":1992,"referenceCode":"A92KOC01NAUS","lastModified":"2026-06-06T01:51:43.11898Z"},{"id":1141477,"citation":"Krebs, S. A., K. E. Limburg, and M. L. Schummer. 2023. Reductions in coastal salt marsh habitat for wildlife from sea-level rise in the United States. 2023. Case Studies in the Environment 7(1): 1-17.","shortCitationAuthor":"Krebs et al.","shortCitationYear":2023,"referenceCode":"A23KRE01NAUS","lastModified":"2025-01-03T23:35:41.93147Z"},{"id":1039160,"citation":"Krysko, K. L., K. M. Enge, and P. E. Moler. 2019. Amphibians and Reptiles of Florida. University of Florida Press, Gainesville, Florida, USA, 706 pp.","shortCitationAuthor":"Krysko et al.","shortCitationYear":2019,"referenceCode":"B19KRY01NAUS","lastModified":"2021-11-06T21:46:03.276156Z"},{"id":147534,"citation":"Lawson, R. 1987. Molecular studies of thamnophiine snakes: 1. The phylogeny of the genus <i>Nerodia</i>. J. Herpetology 21:140-157.","shortCitationAuthor":"Lawson","shortCitationYear":1987,"referenceCode":"A87LAW01NAUS","lastModified":"2020-11-11T02:03:28.669281Z"},{"id":122423,"citation":"Lawson, R., A. J. Meier, P. G. Frank, and P. 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