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to Europe and western Asia. Introduced and established throughout much of U.S. and southern Canada; locally common.","areaOfOccupancy":null,"areaOfOccupancyComments":null,"numberEosComments":null,"popSizeComments":null,"viabilityComments":null,"threatImpactComments":null,"shortTermTrendComments":null,"longTermTrendComments":null,"inventoryNeeds":null,"numberProtEosComments":null,"protectionNeeds":null,"otherConsiderations":null,"intrinsicVulnerabilityComments":null,"enviromentalSpecificityComments":null},"animalCharacteristics":{"elementGlobalId":103603,"majorHabitat":{"id":2,"majorHabitatDescEn":"Freshwater","majorHabitatDescEs":"Agua dulce","majorHabitatDescFr":"Eau douce"},"nonMigrant":true,"localMigrant":true,"longDistanceMigrant":false,"mobilityMigrationComments":"Migrates between lakes and spawning streams or between sea and spawning streams in some areas (Scott and Crossman 1973).","foodHabitsComments":"Eats aquatic and terrestrial insects and their larvae, crustaceans (especially crayfish), molluscs, fishes, and other animals. In streams, young feed mainly on aquatic and terrestrial drift invertebrates; in lakes, they feed on zooplankton and benthic invertebrates (Sublette et al. 1990). Large adults feed on fishes, crayfish, and other benthic invertebrates.","animalPhenologyComments":"Feeding most intense at twilight (Sublette et al. 1990).","colonialBreeder":false,"length":103,"width":null,"weight":null,"animalPhenologies":[],"animalFoodHabits":[{"animalCagFoodHabitsId":104728,"foodHabits":{"id":2,"foodHabitsDescEn":"Piscivore","foodHabitsDescEs":"Piscivore","foodHabitsDescFr":"Piscivore","displayOrder":2},"adult":true,"immature":true},{"animalCagFoodHabitsId":104729,"foodHabits":{"id":3,"foodHabitsDescEn":"Invertivore","foodHabitsDescEs":"Invertívoro","foodHabitsDescFr":"Invertivore","displayOrder":3},"adult":true,"immature":true}]},"occurrenceDelineations":[{"eoSpecsDetailId":1073,"locationUseClass":{"id":10,"locationUseClassDescEn":"Freshwater","locationUseClassDescEs":"Agua dulce","locationUseClassDescFr":"Eau douce","displayOrder":12},"eoSpecGroupName":"Fishes with Anadromous Populations","subtypes":"Rearing & Migration Area, Spawning & Rearing Area","inferredExtentDistance":null,"inferredExtentNotes":null,"minimumEoCriteria":"Occurrences are based on evidence of historical presence, or current and likely recurring presence, at a given location. Such evidence minimally includes collection or reliable observation and documentation of one or more individuals (including eggs and larvae) in appropriate habitat. For anadromous populations, occurrences are based on collection or reliable observation and documentation of one or more spawning adults, redds, other evidence of spawning, or larvae or juveniles in appropriate spawning/rearing habitat.","mappingGuidance":"Conceptually, the occurrence includes the entire freshwater area used by the population, including spawning, rearing, and migration areas. For anadromous populations, an occurrence should extend from the most upstream spawning areas downstream to the ocean. However, it is desirable (and practical) to subdivide this sometimes very large occurrence, sometimes overlapping with many other spaghetti-like occurrences extending down from the upstream spawning areas to the ocean, into separate source features or sub-occurrences, labeled with a feature label that reflects the life history stage in that area. Moreover, it may make practical sense to treat the areas downstream of spawning and/or rearing areas as a mixed element animal assemblage: Freshwater Salmon Migration Corridor. This negates the need to separately map each occurrence down to the ocean from its upstream spawning location. Information about areas with different life-history uses can be generated by using best professional judgment by district or regional fish biologists and may or may not incorporate specific locational information from spawning surveys or other surveys.","separationBarriers":"Dam lacking a suitable fishway; high waterfall; upland habitat that is very unlikely to be submerged even during periods of exceptionally high water (e.g., 100-year flood or 1% flood).","separationDistanceUnsuitableHabitatat":null,"separationDistanceSuitableHabitatat":null,"altSeparationProcedure":"For anadromous populations and migratory populations that have distinct and separate spawning and nonspawning areas, the area used by each population whose spawning area is separated by a gap of at least 10 stream-km from other spawning areas within a stream system is potentially mappable as a distinct occurrence that extends down to the ocean (but see mapping guidance), regardless of whether the spawning areas are in the same or different tributaries. <br/><br/>For other (e.g., nonanadromous) populations in streams, separation distance is 10 stream-km for both suitable and unsuitable habitat. However, if it is known that the same population occupies sites separated by more than 10 km (e.g., this may be common for migratory, nonanadromous populations), those sites should be included within the same occurrence. In lakes, occurrences include all suitable habitat that is presumed to be occupied (based on expert judgment), even if documented collection/observation points are more than 10 km apart. Separate sub-occurrences or source features may usefully document locations of critical spawning areas within a lake.","separationJustification":"The separation distance is arbitrary but was selected to ensure that occurrences are of manageable size but not too small. Because of the difficulty in defining suitable versus unsuitable habitat, especially with respect to dispersal, and to simplify the delineation of occurrences, a single separation distance is used regardless of habitat quality. <br/><br/>\"Restricted movement is the norm in populations of stream salmonids during nonmigratory periods,\" but there is considerable variation in movements within and among species (Rodriguez 2002). Redband trout in Montana had October-December home ranges of 5-377 m, consistent with small movements observed for radio-tagged brook trout and cutthroat trout during fall and winter (Muhlfeld et al. 2001). For nonanadromous populations, little is known about juvenile dispersal (e.g., how far fishes may move between between their embryonic developmental habitat and eventual spawning site).<br/><br/>In summer and fall, radio-tagged cutthroat trout in Strawberry Reservoir in Utah had single-month home ranges that were usually about 3-4 km in maximum length (Baldwin et al. 2002). In the Blackfoot River drainage, Montana, radio-tagged westslope cutthroat trout moved 3-72 km (mean 31 km) to access spawning tributaries (Schmetterling 2001). This indicates that migratory but nonanadromous populations may use extensive areas and that one should not invoke the 10-km separation distance without considering the full extent of the population.","versionDate":"2009-11-25","versionAuthor":"Hammerson, G., and L. Master","versionNotes":"This Specs Group comprises fish species that include anadromous populations (may also include nonanadromous populations), such as lampreys, sturgeons, herrings, shads, salmonids, and smelts. <br/><br/>Criteria for marine occurrences (Location Use Class: Marine) have not yet been established. These may not be needed for marine occurrences of species that likely will be dealt with as mixed element assemblages (e.g., Salmonid Marine Concentration Area).<br/><br/><u>Feature Descriptor Definitions: </u><br/><br/>Spawning Area: area used for spawning but not for rearing or migration. <br/><br/>Rearing Area: area used for larval/juvenile development but not for spawning or migration.<br/><br/>Migration Corridor: area used for migration but not for rearing or spawning.","lastModified":"2023-11-04T02:02:32.842731Z"},{"eoSpecsDetailId":156581,"locationUseClass":{"id":11,"locationUseClassDescEn":"Estuarine","locationUseClassDescEs":"Estuarina","locationUseClassDescFr":"Estuarien","displayOrder":13},"eoSpecGroupName":"Fishes with Anadromous Populations","subtypes":"Rearing & Migration Area, Spawning & Rearing Area, Wintering Area","inferredExtentDistance":null,"inferredExtentNotes":null,"minimumEoCriteria":"Occurrences are based on evidence of historical presence, or current and likely recurring presence, at a given location. Such evidence minimally includes collection or reliable observation and documentation of one or more individuals (including eggs and larvae) in appropriate habitat. For anadromous populations, occurrences are based on collection or reliable observation and documentation of one or more spawning adults, redds, other evidence of spawning, or larvae or juveniles in appropriate spawning/rearing habitat.","mappingGuidance":null,"separationBarriers":null,"separationDistanceUnsuitableHabitatat":null,"separationDistanceSuitableHabitatat":null,"altSeparationProcedure":null,"separationJustification":null,"versionDate":"2023-11-03","versionAuthor":"Shaw, H. and M. McCormack","versionNotes":null,"lastModified":"2023-11-04T02:02:32.842731Z"},{"eoSpecsDetailId":156582,"locationUseClass":{"id":12,"locationUseClassDescEn":"Marine","locationUseClassDescEs":"Marina","locationUseClassDescFr":"Marine","displayOrder":14},"eoSpecGroupName":"Fishes with Anadromous Populations","subtypes":null,"inferredExtentDistance":null,"inferredExtentNotes":null,"minimumEoCriteria":"Occurrences are based on evidence of historical presence, or current and likely recurring presence, at a given location. Such evidence minimally includes collection or reliable observation and documentation of one or more non-breeding adults in appropriate marine habitat.","mappingGuidance":null,"separationBarriers":null,"separationDistanceUnsuitableHabitatat":null,"separationDistanceSuitableHabitatat":null,"altSeparationProcedure":null,"separationJustification":null,"versionDate":"2023-11-03","versionAuthor":"Shaw, H. and M. McCormack","versionNotes":null,"lastModified":"2023-11-04T02:02:32.842731Z"}],"plantCharacteristics":null,"elementManagement":{"elementGlobalId":103603,"eoManagementGroupName":null,"stewardshipOverview":null,"impacts":"Incompatible with native species such as cutthroat trout and Gila trout; protection of native species requires segregation of them from brown trout (Sublette et al. 1990).<br><br>Introduced populations in New Zealand exert strong top-down control of communty structure and ecosystem functioning via effects on individual behavior and population distribution and abundance (Townsend 2003).","restorationPotential":null,"siteConservationPlansConsidered":null,"managementMethods":null,"monitoringMethods":null,"managementProgramContacts":null,"monitoringProgramContacts":null,"managementResearchPrograms":null,"managementResearchNeeds":null,"biologicalResearchNeeds":null,"additionalTopics":null},"occurrenceViabilities":[{"eoRankSpecsDetailId":105079,"eoRankSpecsGroupName":null,"locationUseClass":{"id":1,"locationUseClassDescEn":"Not applicable","locationUseClassDescEs":"No se aplica","locationUseClassDescFr":"Sans objet","displayOrder":1},"excellentViability":null,"goodViability":null,"fairViability":null,"poorViability":null,"viabilityJustification":"Use the Generic Guidelines for the Application of Occurrence Ranks (2008).<br>The Key for Ranking Species Occurrences Using the Generic Approach provides a step-wise process for implementing this method.","versionDate":null,"versionAuthor":null,"versionNotes":null,"lastModified":"2020-05-14T02:24:32.555503Z"}],"references":[{"id":153052,"citation":"Becker, G. 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American Fisheries Society, Special Publication 34, Bethesda, Maryland.","shortCitationAuthor":"Page et al.","shortCitationYear":2013,"referenceCode":"B13PAG01NAUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T14:20:12.282291Z"},{"id":1139849,"citation":"Page, L. M., K. E. Bemis, T. E. Dowling, H.S. Espinosa-Pérez, L.T. Findley, C. R. Gilbert, K. E. Hartel, R. N. Lea, N. E. Mandrak, M. A. Neigbors, J. J. Schmitter-Soto, and H. J. Walker, Jr. 2023. Common and scientific names of fishes from the United States, Canada, and Mexico. Eighth edition. American Fisheries Society (AFS), Special Publication 37, Bethesda, Maryland, 439 pp.","shortCitationAuthor":"Page et al.","shortCitationYear":2023,"referenceCode":"B23PAG01NAUS","lastModified":"2024-08-02T21:41:01.515075Z"},{"id":132833,"citation":"Robins, C.R., R.M. Bailey, C.E. Bond, J.R. Brooker, E.A. Lachner, R.N. Lea, and W.B. Scott. 1991. Common and scientific names of fishes from the United States and Canada. 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Eggs hatch in 1-2 months, depending on temperature. Sexually mature in 2nd or 3rd year (or up to 5th year). Typically spawns in more than one year.","ecologyComments":"Preys on other species of trout and competes with them for food and space (Sublette et al. 1990).","habitatComments":"Mostly in cold, medium to high gradient streams, but lake and sea-run populations also exist. Tends to occupy deeper, lower velocity, and warmer waters than other species of trout (Sublette et al. 1990). Does best where dissolved oxygen concentration is at least 9 ppm and, in small streams, where canopy shade is 50-75% at midday (Sublette et al. 1990). Some migratory populations spend first 2 years in river, 1-2 years in lake, then return to river to spawn at 3-4 years. Spawns in waters ranging from large streams to small spring- fed tributaries; in shallow gravelly headwaters, rocky lake margins, or sometimes over sand or hard clay if no gravel available. Spawns in natal stream. Fry occupy quiet waters along shorelines or in shelter of objects that deflect flows (Sublette et al. 1990).","generalDescription":null,"diagnosticCharacteristics":null,"speciesMarineHabitats":[{"cagMarineHabId":-100620,"marineHabitat":{"id":1,"marineHabitatDescEn":"Pelagic","marineHabitatDescEs":"Pelágico","marineHabitatDescFr":"Pélagique","displayOrder":1}},{"cagMarineHabId":-100621,"marineHabitat":{"id":3,"marineHabitatDescEn":"Near shore","marineHabitatDescEs":"Cercano a la costa","marineHabitatDescFr":"Côtier","displayOrder":3}}],"speciesTerrestrialHabitats":[],"speciesRiverineHabitats":[{"cagRiverineHabId":-105349,"riverineHabitat":{"id":1,"riverineHabitatDescEn":"BIG RIVER","riverineHabitatDescEs":"RÍO GRANDE","riverineHabitatDescFr":"GRANDE RIVIÈRE","displayOrder":1}},{"cagRiverineHabId":-105350,"riverineHabitat":{"id":2,"riverineHabitatDescEn":"MEDIUM RIVER","riverineHabitatDescEs":"RÍO MEDIANO","riverineHabitatDescFr":"MOYENNE RIVIÈRE","displayOrder":2}},{"cagRiverineHabId":-105351,"riverineHabitat":{"id":3,"riverineHabitatDescEn":"CREEK","riverineHabitatDescEs":"ARROYO","riverineHabitatDescFr":"RUISSEAU","displayOrder":3}},{"cagRiverineHabId":-105352,"riverineHabitat":{"id":4,"riverineHabitatDescEn":"SPRING/SPRING BROOK","riverineHabitatDescEs":"MANANTIAL/VERTIENTE","riverineHabitatDescFr":"PRINTEMPS/RUISSEAUX PRINTANIERS","displayOrder":4}},{"cagRiverineHabId":-105355,"riverineHabitat":{"id":5,"riverineHabitatDescEn":"High gradient","riverineHabitatDescEs":"Pendiente de alto flujo","riverineHabitatDescFr":"Pente d’écoulement élevée","displayOrder":5}},{"cagRiverineHabId":-105356,"riverineHabitat":{"id":6,"riverineHabitatDescEn":"Moderate gradient","riverineHabitatDescEs":"Pendiente de flujo medio","riverineHabitatDescFr":"Pente d’écoulement moyenne","displayOrder":6}},{"cagRiverineHabId":-105357,"riverineHabitat":{"id":7,"riverineHabitatDescEn":"Low gradient","riverineHabitatDescEs":"Pendiente de bajo flujo","riverineHabitatDescFr":"Pente d’écoulement faible","displayOrder":7}},{"cagRiverineHabId":-105353,"riverineHabitat":{"id":8,"riverineHabitatDescEn":"Riffle","riverineHabitatDescEs":"Rápido","riverineHabitatDescFr":"Seuil","displayOrder":8}},{"cagRiverineHabId":-105354,"riverineHabitat":{"id":9,"riverineHabitatDescEn":"Pool","riverineHabitatDescEs":"Piscina","riverineHabitatDescFr":"Fosse","displayOrder":9}}],"speciesPalustrineHabitats":[],"speciesLacustrineHabitats":[{"cagLacusHabId":-100825,"lacustrineHabitat":{"id":1,"lacustrineHabitatDescEn":"Deep water","lacustrineHabitatDescEs":"Aguas profundas","lacustrineHabitatDescFr":"Eau profonde","displayOrder":1}},{"cagLacusHabId":-100826,"lacustrineHabitat":{"id":2,"lacustrineHabitatDescEn":"Shallow water","lacustrineHabitatDescEs":"Aguas poco profundas","lacustrineHabitatDescFr":"Eau peu profonde","displayOrder":2}}],"speciesSubterraneanHabitats":[],"speciesEstuarineHabitats":[{"cagEstuarineHabId":-101167,"estuarineHabitat":{"id":1,"estuarineHabitatDescEn":"Bay/sound","estuarineHabitatDescEs":"Bahía/Estrecho","estuarineHabitatDescFr":"Baie/détroit","displayOrder":1}},{"cagEstuarineHabId":-101168,"estuarineHabitat":{"id":2,"estuarineHabitatDescEn":"River mouth/tidal river","estuarineHabitatDescEs":"Desembocadura del río/río de marea","estuarineHabitatDescFr":"Embouchure/rivière à marées","displayOrder":2}}]},"primaryReference":{"id":1139849,"citation":"Page, L. M., K. E. Bemis, T. E. Dowling, H.S. Espinosa-Pérez, L.T. Findley, C. R. Gilbert, K. E. Hartel, R. N. Lea, N. E. Mandrak, M. A. Neigbors, J. J. Schmitter-Soto, and H. J. Walker, Jr. 2023. Common and scientific names of fishes from the United States, Canada, and Mexico. Eighth edition. American Fisheries Society (AFS), Special Publication 37, Bethesda, Maryland, 439 pp.","shortCitationAuthor":"Page et al.","shortCitationYear":2023,"referenceCode":"B23PAG01NAUS","lastModified":"2024-08-02T21:41:01.515075Z"},"predecessors":[],"elementGlobalThreatAssessments":[]}