{"elementGlobalId":103580,"circumscripConfidence":null,"classificationLevel":{"id":9,"classificationLevelNameEn":"Population","classificationLevelNameEs":"Población","classificationLevelNameFr":"Population"},"classificationStatus":{"id":1,"classificationStatusDescEn":"Standard","classificationStatusDescEs":"Estándar","classificationStatusDescFr":"Standard"},"iucn":null,"nameCategory":{"id":1,"nameCategoryDescEn":"Vertebrate Animal","nameCategoryDescEs":"Animal vertebrado","nameCategoryDescFr":"Animal vertébré","nameTypeCd":"A","nameTypeDesc":"Zoological"},"rankMethodUsed":{"id":1,"rankMethodUsedDescEn":"Legacy Rank calculation - Excel v3.1x","rankMethodUsedDescEs":null,"rankMethodUsedDescFr":null,"rankMethodUsedExternalDescEn":"Ranked by calculator","rankMethodUsedExternalDescEs":null,"rankMethodUsedExternalDescFr":null},"formattedScientificName":"<i>Anaxyrus boreas </i>pop. 1","scientificName":"Anaxyrus boreas pop. 1","scientificNameAuthor":null,"primaryCommonName":"Western Toad - Southern Rocky Mountains Population","relatedItisNames":null,"uniqueId":"ELEMENT_GLOBAL.2.103580","elcode":"AAABB01033","conceptRefFullCitation":"U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (USFWS). 2002. Endangered and Threatened Wildlife and Plants; Review of Species that are Candidates or Proposed for Listing as Endangered or Threatened; Annual Notice of Findings on Recycled Petitions; Annual Description of Progress on Listing Actions. Federal Register Vol. 67(114). 40657-40679.","conceptName":"<i>Bufo boreas</i> pop. 1","taxonomicComments":"This population is included in the same mtDNA clade as are populations to the west in Utah and northeastern Nevada (Goebel et al. 2009). Generic placement in <i>Anaxyrus </i>follows Frost (2010).<br/><br/>Phylogenetic analyses of mtDNA data from throughout the range of the <i>Bufo </i>(<i>Anaxyrus</i>) <i>boreas </i>species group (including <i>boreas</i>, <i>canorus</i>, <i>exsul</i>, and <i>nelsoni</i>) by Goebel et al. (2009) identified three major haplotype clades. The Northwest clade (NW) includes both subspecies of <i>boreas </i>(<i>boreas </i>and <i>halophilus</i>) and divergent minor clades in the middle Rocky Mountains, coastal, and central regions of the west, and Pacific Northwest. The Southwest (SW) clade includes <i>exsul</i>, <i>nelsoni</i>, and minor clades in southern California. <i>Bufo </i>(<i>Anaxyrus</i>) <i>canorus</i>, previously identified as paraphyletic, has populations in both the NW and SW major clades. The Eastern major clade (E) includes three divergent lineages from southern Utah, the southern Rocky Mountains, and north of the Great Basin at the border of Utah and Nevada. Goebel et al. (2009) tentatively suggested that some or many of the clades might warrant recognition as distinct species. However, the authors refrained from delineating new species circumscriptions, noting that additional research might suggest different taxonomic outcomes (e.g., recognizing the traditionally defined <i>Bufo canorus</i> as two distinct species or, conversely, combining it with other minor groups and thus broadening its scope).","roundedGRank":"T1","conservationStatusFactorsEditionDate":"2018-01-10","conservationStatusFactorsEditionAuthors":"Hammerson, G. 2003. Lambert, B. 2018.","primaryCommonNameLanguage":"EN","recordType":"SPECIES","elementNationals":[{"elementNationalId":167652,"classifConfidence":null,"nation":{"id":225,"nameEn":"United States","nameEs":"Estados Unidos","nameFr":"États-Unis","isoCode":"US","region":"United States"},"roundedNRank":"N1","elementSubnationals":[{"elementSubnationalId":373389,"subnation":{"id":8,"nameEn":"Colorado","nameEs":"Colorado","nameFr":"Colorado","subnationCode":"CO","dnationId":225},"roundedSRank":"S1","dataSensitive":{"id":2,"dataSensitiveDescEn":"No","dataSensitiveDescEs":null,"dataSensitiveDescFr":null,"dataSensitiveCode":"N"},"dataSensitiveCategory":null,"srank":"S1","speciesSubnational":{"elementSubnationalId":373389,"hybrid":false,"exotic":false,"native":true}}],"nrank":"N1","nrankReviewYear":1996,"speciesNational":{"elementNationalId":167652,"exotic":false,"native":true}}],"lastModified":"2026-10-02T21:41:59.338113Z","lastPublished":"2026-10-02T21:32:08.892226Z","promotionalDescription":null,"conceptLineageSummary":null,"nsxUrl":"/Taxon/ELEMENT_GLOBAL.2.103580/Anaxyrus_boreas_pop_1","grankAdjustmentReasons":null,"grank":"G4T1T2Q","grankChangeDate":"2018-01-10","grankReasons":"Formerly widespread and numerous in southern Wyoming, Colorado, and northern New Mexico; has declined greatly since the 1970s; large breeding populations are now confined to a few areas in Colorado; the cause of the decline has been the subject of much speculation but remains not firmly established; die-offs have been associated with chytrid fungal infections, but why the fungus has become an important pathogen is unclear.","grankReviewDate":"2018-01-10","rankInfo":{"elementGlobalId":103580,"aooPercentGood":null,"enviromentalSpecificity":{"id":9,"enviromentalSpecificityDescEn":"Moderate to broad.","enviromentalSpecificityDescEs":"Moderado a amplio.","enviromentalSpecificityDescFr":"De modéré à vaste."},"intrinsicVulnerability":{"id":4,"intrinsicVulnerabilityDescEn":"Moderately vulnerable","intrinsicVulnerabilityDescEs":"Moderadamente vulnerable","intrinsicVulnerabilityDescFr":"Moyennement vulnérable"},"longTermTrend":{"id":3,"longTermTrendDescEn":"Decline of >70%","longTermTrendDescEs":"Disminución de >70%.","longTermTrendDescFr":"Diminution de >70 %"},"numberEos":{"id":13,"numberEosDescEn":"81 - 300","numberEosDescEs":"De 81 a 300","numberEosDescFr":"De 81 à 300"},"numberGoodEos":{"id":12,"numberGoodEosDescEn":"Few (4-12)","numberGoodEosDescEs":"Pocos (4-12)","numberGoodEosDescFr":"Peu (de 4 à 12)"},"numberProtEos":{"id":1,"numberProtEosDescEn":"None. No occurrences appropriately protected and managed","numberProtEosDescEs":"Ninguno. No hay casos adecuadamente protegidos y gestionados","numberProtEosDescFr":"Aucun. Aucune occurrence protégée et contrôlée convenablement"},"popSize":{"id":27,"popSizeDescEn":"2500 - 10,000 individuals","popSizeDescEs":"De 2.500 a 10.000 individuos","popSizeDescFr":"De 2 500 à 10 000 individus"},"rangeExtent":{"id":30,"rangeExtentDescEn":"20,000-200,000 square km (about 8000-80,000 square miles)","rangeExtentDescEs":"De 20.000 a 200.000 kilómetros cuadrados (aproximadamente 8.000 a 80.000.000 millas cuadradas)","rangeExtentDescFr":"De 20 000 à 200 000 km carrés (de 8 000 à 80 000 000 miles carrés approximativement)"},"shortTermTrend":{"id":26,"shortTermTrendDescEn":"Decline of 30-70%","shortTermTrendDescEs":"Disminución del 30 al 70%.","shortTermTrendDescFr":"Diminution de 30 à 70 %"},"threatImpactAssigned":{"id":5,"threatImpactAssignedDescEn":"High","threatImpactAssignedDescEs":"Alto","threatImpactAssignedDescFr":"Élevé"},"rangeExtentComments":"Southern Rocky Mountains, mainly Colorado, also southern Wyoming (Snowy and Sierra Madre ranges; now very rare or extirpated) and northern New Mexico (Lagunitas, Canjilon, and Trout lakes; apparently extirpated). In Colorado, occurs mostly at 2390-3640 m (Livo and Yeakley 1997, Hammerson 1999).","areaOfOccupancy":{"id":85,"areaOfOccupancyType":{"id":4,"areaOfOccupancyTypeDescEn":"4-km2 grid cells","areaOfOccupancyTypeDescEs":"Células de la cuadrícula de 4 km2","areaOfOccupancyTypeDescFr":"Cellules de grille de 4 km2"},"areaOfOccupancyDescEn":"26-125","areaOfOccupancyDescEs":"De 26 a 125","areaOfOccupancyDescFr":"De 26 à 125","bioticsKey":32},"areaOfOccupancyComments":null,"numberEosComments":"Robust breeding populations occur in only a few areas in Colorado; in the mid-1990s, toads occurred at about 50 known sites. Subsequently, additional populations have been discovered, but the number of occurrences remains greatly reduced, and few of these are large. In 2007, 80 breeding sites (44 populations) were known to exist in Colorado and southern Wyoming (Jackson 2008).","popSizeComments":"Total adult population is at least several thousand.","viabilityComments":"In 2007 there were 2 populations (9 sites) in the Southern Rocky Mountains with 20 + adults and 4 + egg masses; in 2006 there were 3 populations (6 sites); in 2005 there were 5 populations (10) sites (Jackson 2008).","threatImpactComments":"<i>Disease</i><br />The primary threat to Boreal Toad populations is from a pathogenic chytrid fungus (<i>Batrachochytium dendrobatidis</i>). Many amphibian declines and extinctions have been associated worldwide with introduced chytrid fungus disease (Berger et al. 1998; Green and Kagarise-Sherman 2001; Daszak et al. 2003). In Colorado, chytrid fungus has been implicated in dramatic declines in several populations of Boreal Toads since its discovery in the state in 1999 (Loeffler 2001,USFWS 2017). Infection from chytrid fungus is lethal to Boreal Toads (Carey et al. 2006) and directly impacts survival (Muths et al. 2003; Scherer et al. 2005; Pilliod et al. 2010). Carey (1993) hypothesized that some environmental factor or synergistic effects of more than one factor may stress toads, causing suppression of the immune system or indirectly causing immunosuppression by effecting elevated secretion of adrenal cortical hormones; immunosuppression, coupled with the apparent effect of cold body temperatures on the ability of the immune system to fight disease, may lead to infection by <i>Aeromonas hydrophila </i>bacteria (causes \"red-leg\") or other infectious agents and subsequently to death of individuals and extirpation of populations.<br /><br /><i>Wetland Habitat Alteration</i><br />Degradation of breeding habitat from activities such as recreation (Campbell 1970) and grazing (Bartelt 1998) can contribute to direct mortality of adults and juveniles. Large scale wetland alterations, such as reservoir construction can eliminate breeding habitat causing population declines (Hammerson 1999). Additional threats include timber harvest, fire management, environmental pollutants, and non-native species introduction (Keinath and McGee 2005).<br /><br /><i>Climate Change</i><br />The predicted effects of climate change in the West include a reduced snowpack and shorter periods of snow cover, snowmelt that occurs earlier in the season, a hydrologic cycle that is more dynamic as extreme rainfall events occur with greater frequency and an overall warmer, drier, and more drought-like conditions (Melillo 2014). Reduced hydroperiod at breeding ponds was found to negatively impact recruitment in populations in Colorado (Lambert et al. 2016). Climate change has the potential to alter the timing of pond breeding amphibians (Blaustein et al. 2001). Changes in snowpack could impact survival and breeding success of Boreal Toads (Corn 2003, Scherer et al. 2008).<br /><br />Declines may be related in part to sensitivity of eggs to increased levels of ultraviolet radiation (Blaustein et al. 1994), although UV-B alone does not appear to be the cause of the decline in recent decades in the southern Rocky Mountains (Corn 1998). Decline is not due to acidification of breeding habitats (Corn and Vertucci 1992).","shortTermTrendComments":"Since the 1970s, populations in Colorado and Wyoming have undergone a drastic decline (&gt;90% of historic occurrences are extirpated) and New Mexico populations have been extirpated (Corn et al. 1989; Hammerson 1989, 1992, 1999; Carey 1993, Degendardt 1996). Declines are still occurring, even in pristine areas (Muths 2003). The boreal toad likely occupies the majority of its known historical range in Colorado (USFWS 2017).","longTermTrendComments":"Models developed to assess the current viability of the eastern clade of boreal toads suggest that there is a &gt; 95% probability of persistence of boreal toads in the Southern Rocky Mountains over the next 50 years but with lower population levels (USFWS 2017).","inventoryNeeds":"Continue surveys of historic localities and currently occupied sites.","numberProtEosComments":"Large populations exist in Rocky Mountain National Park, and other populations occur in several wilderness areas on Forest Servive lands, but die-offs can and have occurred even in protected areas (Muths 2003).","protectionNeeds":"Protect all extant occurrences, plus at least a few areas with apparently suitable habitat in all historically occupied mountain ranges (to allow for recolonization/reintroduction). See Conservation Plan (Loeffler 2001) and Conservation Strategy (Keinath and McGee 2005), and status and species assessment (USFWS 2017).","otherConsiderations":null,"intrinsicVulnerabilityComments":null,"enviromentalSpecificityComments":null},"animalCharacteristics":{"elementGlobalId":103580,"majorHabitat":null,"nonMigrant":false,"localMigrant":true,"longDistanceMigrant":false,"mobilityMigrationComments":"These toads migrate between aquatic breeding and terrestrial nonbreeding habitats.<br><br>Muths (2003) found that radio-tracked toads moved up to about 2 km from their breeding sites. Average maximum distance from the breeding site was 905 m in six females and 462 m in 8 males; mean distance of all locations was 721 m in females and 218 m in males; mean minimum distance was 392 m in females and 131 m in males. The longest distance was by a female that moved 2,324 m from her breeding site.","foodHabitsComments":"Metamorphosed individuals feed on various small terrestrial invertebrates. Larvae filter suspended organic material or feed on bottom detritus/microbes.","animalPhenologyComments":"Activity may occur day or night, depending on conditions. This species is inactive in colder months; in Colorado, most individuals end activity by October (Hammerson 1999)..","colonialBreeder":true,"length":null,"width":null,"weight":null,"animalPhenologies":[{"animalCagPhenologyId":102536,"animalPhenology":{"id":1,"animalPhenologyDescEn":"Hibernates/aestivates","animalPhenologyDescEs":"Hibernación/Estivación","animalPhenologyDescFr":"Hiberne/estive","displayOrder":1},"adult":true,"immature":true},{"animalCagPhenologyId":102537,"animalPhenology":{"id":3,"animalPhenologyDescEn":"Diurnal","animalPhenologyDescEs":"Diurno","animalPhenologyDescFr":"Diurne","displayOrder":3},"adult":true,"immature":true},{"animalCagPhenologyId":102538,"animalPhenology":{"id":4,"animalPhenologyDescEn":"Nocturnal","animalPhenologyDescEs":"Nocturno","animalPhenologyDescFr":"Nocturne","displayOrder":4},"adult":true,"immature":true},{"animalCagPhenologyId":102539,"animalPhenology":{"id":5,"animalPhenologyDescEn":"Crepuscular","animalPhenologyDescEs":"Crepuscular","animalPhenologyDescFr":"Crépusculaire","displayOrder":5},"adult":true,"immature":true}],"animalFoodHabits":[{"animalCagFoodHabitsId":104703,"foodHabits":{"id":3,"foodHabitsDescEn":"Invertivore","foodHabitsDescEs":"Invertívoro","foodHabitsDescFr":"Invertivore","displayOrder":3},"adult":true,"immature":false},{"animalCagFoodHabitsId":104704,"foodHabits":{"id":4,"foodHabitsDescEn":"Herbivore","foodHabitsDescEs":"Herbívoro","foodHabitsDescFr":"Herbivore","displayOrder":4},"adult":false,"immature":true}]},"occurrenceDelineations":[{"eoSpecsDetailId":108879,"locationUseClass":{"id":1,"locationUseClassDescEn":"Not applicable","locationUseClassDescEs":"No se aplica","locationUseClassDescFr":"Sans objet","displayOrder":1},"eoSpecGroupName":null,"subtypes":null,"inferredExtentDistance":1.0,"inferredExtentNotes":null,"minimumEoCriteria":"Occurrences are based on evidence of historical presence, or current and likely recurring presence, at a given location. Such evidence minimally includes collection or reliable observation and documentation of one or more individuals (including larvae or eggs) in or near appropriate habitat where the species is presumed to be established and  breeding.<br>","mappingGuidance":null,"separationBarriers":"Intensive residential or commercial development dominated by buildings and pavement; high traffic volume highways; mountain ranges with passes above 12,500 ft (3810 m).","separationDistanceUnsuitableHabitatat":null,"separationDistanceSuitableHabitatat":null,"altSeparationProcedure":"Occurrences are separated by 8 km within a common 1st, 2nd or 3rd order drainage, and by 5 km between drainages.","separationJustification":"The 8 km separation distance within a common drainage was based on the Boreal Toad Recovery Team's criteria of 8 km for separating breeding populations within common drainages (Loeffler 1998). Although this number is somewhat arbitrary, it is supported by recent movement data. Boreal toad radio telemetry studies in Clear Creek County, Colorado, found that the maximum distance traveled by a toad was 6.48 km over 106 days (Jones 2000). The 8 km separation distance chosen is larger than a separation distance calculated from home range estimates. By taking a standard radius from the largest home range (85.17 ha) from Jones's (2000) data, and allowing for a vacant home range of that size as unoccupied habitat, the separation distance would be approximately 2 km. The evidence supports seasonal variability in toad movements. Individual toads may move 4 km or more between breeding and nonbreeding habitats (S. Corn, pers com. in Hammerson 1999). Muths (2003) found that radio-tracked toads moved up to about 2 km from their breeding sites. Average maximum distance from the breeding site was 905 m in six females and 462 m in 8 males; mean distance of all locations was 721 m in females and 218 m in males; mean minimum distance was 392 m in females and 131 m in males. The longest distance was by a female that moved 2,324 m from her breeding site. Jones (2000) found strong evidence for breeding site fidelity from his research in Clear Creek County, Colorado. Three years of mark and recapture data from Chaffee County, Colorado also show a high degree of breeding site fidelity by adult toads (Lambert, unpublished data). Breeding site fidelity indicates that genetic dispersal is low, although individuals that do not establish home ranges presumably disperse in attempt to colonize unoccupied habitat (Campbell 1970). The shorter distance of 5 km was chosen to separate occurrences between drainages because the mountain stream drainages most often associated with Bufo boreas are separated by high mountain passes that would inhibit crossing by toads (pers. obs.). Greater dispersal distances are expected within drainages as opposed to movements between drainages. There is a record of a toad moving over a 12,000 ft. pass and reports of toads as high as 11,939 ft (Livo and Yeakley 1997), but until contradictory evidence is produced, a mountain pass above 12,500 ft. should be considered as a barrier for toad movement. There is little information on the movement of juvenile toads and the role they play in the dispersal of genetic material, so the EO specs were written based on adult movement studies. Suitable vs. unsuitable habitat has been avoided in defining separation distances, because of high variability in habitat use (Hammerson 1999, Jones 2000). Toad movements are highly variable between individuals and sexes and in different habitats (Jones 2000).","versionDate":"2003-03-20","versionAuthor":"Lambert, B. A., and G. Hammerson","versionNotes":"These occurrence specifications pertain to the Southern Rockies population of Bufo boreas. They may be appropriate for other montane populations of this species, but further information is needed. Applicability to lowland populations is uncertain.","lastModified":"2023-04-07T22:03:02.980624Z"}],"plantCharacteristics":null,"elementManagement":{"elementGlobalId":103580,"eoManagementGroupName":null,"stewardshipOverview":"The range of the western toad – southern Rocky Mountain population includes Colorado, southern Wyoming (Snowy and Sierra Madre ranges), and northern New Mexico. Since the 1970’s, boreal toad populations in Colorado and Wyoming have undergone a drastic decline and New Mexico populations have been extirpated (Corn et al. 1989, Hammerson 1999, Carey 1993, Degenhardt 1996, USFWS 2017). Declines are still occurring, even in pristine areas (Muths 2003). Currently the boreal toad is listed as a “State Endangered Species” in Colorado, a “Native Species Status 1” in Wyoming, and a “State Endangered Species” in New Mexico. In 2012, the USFWS concluded that the Eastern population of the boreal toad may warrant listing under the Endangered Species Act but the Southern Rocky Mountain population was not warranted as it did not constitute a species, subspecies or distinct population segment. The Eastern clade of the boreal toad was removed from ESA candidacy in October 2017 (USFWS 2017). For a summary of life history and habitat requirements, see Hammerson (1999), and for current genetic/taxonomy issues, see Goebel et al. (2009) and (USFWS 2017).<br /> <br />Boreal toads are restricted to montane habitats at elevations of 8,000 – 12,200 feet (2,400 – 3,400 meters). Common habitats include beaver ponds, wet meadows, glacial kettle ponds and lakes in subalpine forests (Hammerson 1999). Breeding occurs along the margins of shallow ponds in still water. Boreal toads occupy three different types of habitats throughout the year: breeding ponds, summer range, and overwintering refugia (USFWS 2017).<br /> <br />The primary threat to Boreal Toad populations is from a pathogenic chytrid fungus (<i>Batrachochytium dendrobatidis</i>). Many amphibian declines and extinctions have been associated worldwide with introduced chytrid fungus disease (Berger et al. 1998; Green and Kagarise-Sherman 2001; Daszak et al. 2003) with the boreal toad being a species whose persistence is challenged by the fungus. In Colorado, chytrid fungus has been implicated in dramatic declines in several populations of boreal toads since its discovery in the state in 1999 (Loeffler 2001, Muths et al. 2003, USFWS 2017). Infection from chytrid fungus is lethal to boreal toads (Carey et al. 2006) and directly impacts survival (Muths et al. 2003, Scherer et al. 2005, Pilliod et al. 2010). The USFWS (2017) identified chytrid fungus as the most important stressor to boreal toads and that toads in the Southern Rocky Mountains appear to respond most negatively when exposed to chytrid as opposed to boreal toads in other parts of its range (USFWS 2017). Carey (1993) developed a hypothesis that potential environmental stressors were leading to immunosuppression in boreal toads causing them to be more susceptible to disease. Applying appropriate decontamination protocols to prevent the spread of this disease while in boreal toad habitat is important for land managers as well as educating the public on this invasive pathogen.<br /><br />Degradation of breeding habitat from activities such as recreation (Campbell 1970) and grazing (Bartelt 1998) can contribute to direct mortality of adults and juveniles. Large scale wetland alterations, such as reservoir construction can eliminate breeding habitat causing population declines (Hammerson 1999). Since boreal toads are bi-phasic and utilize different habitats at different life stages, protecting and preserving appropriate habitat that meets all the needs is highly important for the continued survival of this species. In Colorado, Holland (2006) found that boreal toads are often in beaver pond complexes and beaver activity has a positive influence on occupancy of sites by amphibians (Hossack et al. 2015).  Boreal toads were less abundant on 6-month and 40-year-old clear-cuts as compared to uncut plots (deMaynadier and Hunter 1995).<br /><br />The predicted effects of climate change in the West include a reduced snowpack and shorter periods of snow cover, snowmelt that occurs earlier in the season, a hydrologic cycle that is more dynamic as extreme rainfall events occur with greater frequency and an overall warmer, drier, and more drought-like conditions (Melillo 2014). Lambert et al. (2016) found variability in the hydroperiod of breeding ponds negatively impacted recruitment of boreal toads at several sites in Colorado. Climate change has the potential to alter the timing of pond breeding amphibians (Blaustein et al. 2001). Changes in snowpack could impact survival and breeding success of Boreal Toads (Corn 2003, Scherer et al. 2008).<br /> <br />Important management needs outlined by Keinath and McGee (2005) include disease management, determination of population status through monitoring, delineation of important habitat, and protecting suitable habitat. Further research is required on the ecology of the amphibian chytrid fungus including how it is spread, factors that make boreal toads susceptible to lethal infection, and environmental testing. Annual breeding site monitoring in Colorado and southern Wyoming was established by the Southern Rocky Mountains Boreal Toad Recovery Team in the late 1990’s to assess population status and trends, (Loeffler 2001, USFWS 2017).","impacts":null,"restorationPotential":"See Muths et al. (2001) for a description of a repatriation effort (involving eggs, metamorphs, and adults) that failed to establish a breeding population in Colorado.","siteConservationPlansConsidered":null,"managementMethods":null,"monitoringMethods":"Initial results did not demonstrate an effect of subcutaneously implanted passive integrated transponders on mortality or health of toads in Rocky Mountain National Park, Colorado (Corn, Froglog, December 1992).","managementProgramContacts":null,"monitoringProgramContacts":null,"managementResearchPrograms":null,"managementResearchNeeds":null,"biologicalResearchNeeds":"Investigate factors that may threaten or limit populations.","additionalTopics":null},"occurrenceViabilities":[{"eoRankSpecsDetailId":105056,"eoRankSpecsGroupName":null,"locationUseClass":{"id":1,"locationUseClassDescEn":"Not applicable","locationUseClassDescEs":"No se aplica","locationUseClassDescFr":"Sans objet","displayOrder":1},"excellentViability":null,"goodViability":null,"fairViability":null,"poorViability":null,"viabilityJustification":"Use the Generic Guidelines for the Application of Occurrence Ranks (2008).<br>The Key for Ranking Species Occurrences Using the Generic Approach provides a step-wise process for implementing this method.","versionDate":null,"versionAuthor":null,"versionNotes":null,"lastModified":"2023-04-07T22:03:02.99624Z"}],"references":[{"id":125742,"citation":"Baxter, G. T., and M. D. Stone. 1980. Amphibians and reptiles of Wyoming. Wyoming Game and Fish Department. 137 pp.","shortCitationAuthor":"Baxter and Stone","shortCitationYear":1980,"referenceCode":"B80BAX01NAUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T18:15:43.119785Z"},{"id":134151,"citation":"Blaustein, A.R., P.D. Hoffman, D.G. Hokit, J.M. Kiesecker, S.C. Walls and J.B. Hays. 1994. UV repair and resistance to solar UV-B in amphibian eggs: a link to population declines. Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. 91:1791-1795.","shortCitationAuthor":"Blaustein et al.","shortCitationYear":1994,"referenceCode":"A94BLA02NAUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T18:18:18.918808Z"},{"id":100925,"citation":"Carey, C. 1993. Hypothesis concerning the causes of the disappearance of boreal toads from the mountains of Colorado. Conservation Biology 7(2):355-362.","shortCitationAuthor":"Carey","shortCitationYear":1993,"referenceCode":"A93CAR02NAUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T18:18:18.918808Z"},{"id":215444,"citation":"Corn, P. S. 1998. Effects of ultraviolet radiation on boreal toads in Colorado. Ecological Applications 8:18-26.","shortCitationAuthor":"Corn","shortCitationYear":1998,"referenceCode":"A98COR01NAUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T18:18:18.934437Z"},{"id":145854,"citation":"Corn, P. S., and F. A. Vertucci. 1992. Descriptive risk assessment of the effects of acidic deposition on Rocky Mountain amphibians. J. Herpetol. 26:361-369.","shortCitationAuthor":"Corn and Vertucci","shortCitationYear":1992,"referenceCode":"A92COR02NAUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T18:12:35.647993Z"},{"id":111590,"citation":"Corn, P. S., W. Stolzenburg, and R. B. Bury. 1989. Acid precipitation studies in Colorado and Wyoming: interim report of surveys of montane amphibians and water chemistry. U.S. Fish and Wildl. Serv. Biol. Rep. 80(40.26). 56 pp.","shortCitationAuthor":"Corn et al.","shortCitationYear":1989,"referenceCode":"B89COR01NAUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T18:15:22.650532Z"},{"id":103692,"citation":"Degenhardt, W. G., C. W. Painter, and A. H. Price. 1996. Amphibians and reptiles of New Mexico. University of New Mexico Press, Albuquerque. xix + 431 pp.","shortCitationAuthor":"Degenhardt et al.","shortCitationYear":1996,"referenceCode":"B96DEG01NAUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T18:11:51.303794Z"},{"id":650580,"citation":"Frost, D. R. 2010. Amphibian Species of the World: an Online Reference. Version 5.4 (8 April 2010). Electronic Database accessible at http://research.amnh.org/herpetology/amphibia/index.php. American Museum of Natural History, New York, USA. ","shortCitationAuthor":"Frost","shortCitationYear":2010,"referenceCode":"W10FRO01NAUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T14:38:15.579798Z"},{"id":645989,"citation":"Goebel, A. M., T. A. Ranker, P. S. Corn, and R. G. Olmstead. 2009. Mitochondrial DNA evolution in the <i>Anaxyrus boreas</i> species group. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 50:209-225.","shortCitationAuthor":"Goebel et al.","shortCitationYear":2009,"referenceCode":"A09GOE01NAUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T18:16:26.464006Z"},{"id":138394,"citation":"Hammerson, G. A. 1982b. Amphibians and reptiles in Colorado. Colorado Division of Wildlife, Denver. vii + 131 pp.","shortCitationAuthor":"Hammerson","shortCitationYear":1982,"referenceCode":"B82HAM01NAUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T18:12:18.040312Z"},{"id":152316,"citation":"Hammerson, G. A. 1989. A field survey of amphibians in the Rocky Mountains of Colorado, August 1989. Report to the Colorado Division of Wildlife and the Colorado Natural Areas Program. 53 pp.","shortCitationAuthor":"Hammerson","shortCitationYear":1989,"referenceCode":"U89HAM01NAUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T18:18:18.918808Z"},{"id":126741,"citation":"Hammerson, G. A. 1992. Field surveys of amphibians in the mountains of Colorado, 1991. Report to the Colorado Division of Wildlife and Colorado Field Office of The Nature Conservancy.","shortCitationAuthor":"Hammerson","shortCitationYear":1992,"referenceCode":"U92HAM01NAUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T18:18:18.934437Z"},{"id":104501,"citation":"Hammerson, G. A. 1999. Amphibians and reptiles in Colorado. Second edition. University Press of Colorado, Boulder. xxvi + 484 pp.","shortCitationAuthor":"Hammerson","shortCitationYear":1999,"referenceCode":"B99HAM01NAUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T18:12:18.040312Z"},{"id":107274,"citation":"Livo, L. J., and D. Yeakley. 1997. Comparison of current with historical elevational range in the boreal toad, BUFO BOREAS. Herpetological Review 28:143-144.","shortCitationAuthor":"Livo and Yeakley","shortCitationYear":1997,"referenceCode":"A97LIV01NAUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T18:18:18.918808Z"},{"id":157415,"citation":"Muths, E. 2003. Home range and movements of boreal toads in undisturbed habitat. 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