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Such evidence minimally includes collection or reliable observation and documentation of one or more individuals (including eggs) in or near appropriate habitat where the species is presumed to be established and  breeding.","mappingGuidance":null,"separationBarriers":"Busy highway or highway with obstructions such that snakes rarely if ever cross successfully; major river, lake, pond, or deep marsh (this barrier pertains only to upland species and does not apply to aquatic or wetland snakes); densely urbanized area dominated by buildings and pavement.","separationDistanceUnsuitableHabitatat":1.0,"separationDistanceSuitableHabitatat":10.0,"altSeparationProcedure":null,"separationJustification":"Available information on movements of colubrid snakes is limited to a small minority of species. These data indicate that nearly all species have home ranges smaller or much smaller than 25 ha (e.g., less than 3 ha, <i>Pituophis catenifer</i> in California, Rodriguez-Robles 2003), with some up to about 75 ha (<i>Heterodon platirhinos</i>, average 50 ha, Plummer and Mills 2000), and the largest up to 225 ha in the biggest colubrids (<i>Drymarchon</i>, summer mean 50-100 ha, USFWS 1998). <br><br>Radiotelemetry data for <i>Pantherophis </i>indicate that residents of hibernacula that are 1-2 km apart (with suitable intervening habitat) probably interbreed (Prior et al. 1997, Blouin-Demers and Weatherhead 2002). However, \"evidence of genetic structure even over short distances (e.g., 2-20 km) implies that gene flow among rat snake populations can be easily disrupted\" (Prior et al. 1997). Loughheed et al. (1999) found evidence of substantial genetic exchange among local hibernacula (< 6 km apart), but gene flow over distances of 10s of km appears to be substantially less. Based on extensive radio-tracking data, Blouin-Demers and Weatherhead (2002) found that home range size of <i>Pantherophis </i>averaged 18.5 ha and ranged up to 93 ha; based on the most mobile individuals, <i>Pantherophis </i>from hibernacula up to 8 km apart can come together for mating. <i>Pantherophis </i>and probably other colubrids exhibit high fidelity to hibernacula and shift even to nearby sites only rarely (Prior et al. 2001). <br><br>Many of the several studies that report small home ranges for colubrids did not employ methods (e.g., radio telemetry) suitable for detecting full annual or multi-annual home range size, dispersal, or other long-distance movements, so these may have yielded underestimates of home ranges or activity areas.  <br><br>At least some colubrids, including medium-sized species such as garter snakes, not uncommonly move between areas up to a few kilometers apart, and several species make extensive movements of up to several kilometers, so separation distances of 1-2 km for suitable habitat are too small for medium-sized and large colubrids.<br><br>A separation distance of 10 km for suitable habitat was selected as most appropriate for snakes assigned to this Specs Group because it seems generally unlikely that two locations separated by less than 10 km of suitable habitat would represent distinct occurrences.<br><br>For the purposes of these occurrence specifications, upland habitat is regarded as unsuitable habitat for aquatic and wetland snakes. For upland snakes, shallow or patchy wetlands are treated as unsuitable habitat whereas large deepwater habitats (subjective determination) are barriers.","versionDate":"2013-02-12","versionAuthor":"Hammerson, G.","versionNotes":"Separation distance for suitable habitat was changed from 5 km to 10 km based on comments from Dale Jackson (12 Feb 2013).","lastModified":"2020-04-30T02:04:05.987846Z"}],"plantCharacteristics":null,"elementManagement":{"elementGlobalId":103516,"eoManagementGroupName":null,"stewardshipOverview":null,"impacts":null,"restorationPotential":null,"siteConservationPlansConsidered":null,"managementMethods":null,"monitoringMethods":null,"managementProgramContacts":null,"monitoringProgramContacts":null,"managementResearchPrograms":null,"managementResearchNeeds":null,"biologicalResearchNeeds":null,"additionalTopics":null},"occurrenceViabilities":[{"eoRankSpecsDetailId":104995,"eoRankSpecsGroupName":null,"locationUseClass":{"id":1,"locationUseClassDescEn":"Not applicable","locationUseClassDescEs":"No se aplica","locationUseClassDescFr":"Sans objet","displayOrder":1},"excellentViability":null,"goodViability":null,"fairViability":null,"poorViability":null,"viabilityJustification":"Use the Generic Guidelines for the Application of Occurrence Ranks (2008).<br>The Key for Ranking Species Occurrences Using the Generic Approach provides a step-wise process for implementing this method.","versionDate":null,"versionAuthor":null,"versionNotes":null,"lastModified":"2020-05-14T02:24:20.195386Z"}],"references":[{"id":137372,"citation":"Behler, J. 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Houghton Mifflin Co., Boston, Massachusetts. 450 pp.","shortCitationAuthor":"Conant and Collins","shortCitationYear":1991,"referenceCode":"B91CON01NAUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T18:11:51.303794Z"},{"id":140525,"citation":"Conant, R., and J. T. Collins. 1998. A field guide to reptiles and amphibians: eastern and central North America. Third edition, expanded. Houghton Mifflin Co., Boston, Massachusetts. 616 pp.","shortCitationAuthor":"Conant and Collins","shortCitationYear":1998,"referenceCode":"B98CON01EHUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T18:11:57.819328Z"},{"id":621810,"citation":"Crother, B. I. (editor). 2008. Scientific and standard English names of amphibians and reptiles of North America north of Mexico, with comments regarding confidence in our understanding. Sixth edition. Society for the Study of Amphibians and Reptiles Herpetological Circular 37:1-84. Online with updates at: http://www.ssarherps.org/pages/comm_names/Index.php","shortCitationAuthor":"Crother","shortCitationYear":2008,"referenceCode":"B08CRO01NAUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T14:38:20.142383Z"},{"id":722484,"citation":"Crother, B. I. (editor). 2012. Scientific and standard English names of amphibians and reptiles of North America north of Mexico, with comments regarding confidence in our understanding. 7th edition. SSAR Herpetological Circular 39:1-92.","shortCitationAuthor":"Crother","shortCitationYear":2012,"referenceCode":"B12CRO01NAUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T18:11:51.08501Z"},{"id":943912,"citation":"Crother, B. I. (editor). 2017. Scientific and standard English names of amphibians and reptiles of North America north of Mexico, with comments regarding confidence in our understanding. 8th edition. SSAR Herpetological Circular 43:1-104. [Updates in SSAR North American Species Names Database at: https://ssarherps.org/cndb]","shortCitationAuthor":"Crother","shortCitationYear":2017,"referenceCode":"B17CRO01EHUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T18:11:53.413199Z"},{"id":115940,"citation":"DeGraaf, R. M., and D. D. Rudis. 1983a. Amphibians and reptiles of New England. Habitats and natural history. Univ. Massachusetts Press. vii + 83 pp.","shortCitationAuthor":"DeGraaf and Rudis","shortCitationYear":1983,"referenceCode":"B83DEG01NAUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T18:12:26.951601Z"},{"id":169022,"citation":"Ernst, C. H., and E. M. Ernst. 2003. Snakes of the United States and Canada. Smithsonian Books, Washington, D.C.","shortCitationAuthor":"Ernst and Ernst","shortCitationYear":2003,"referenceCode":"B03ERN01NAUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T18:11:51.08501Z"},{"id":106832,"citation":"Fitch, H. S. 1970. Reproductive cycles of lizards and snakes. Univ. Kansas Museum Natural History Miscellaneous Publication 52:1-247.","shortCitationAuthor":"Fitch","shortCitationYear":1970,"referenceCode":"B70FIT01NAUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T18:11:58.69455Z"},{"id":132652,"citation":"Harding, J. H. 1997. Amphibians and reptiles of the Great Lakes region. University of Michigan Press, Ann Arbor. xvi + 378 pp.","shortCitationAuthor":"Harding","shortCitationYear":1997,"referenceCode":"B97HAR01NAUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T18:12:26.91372Z"},{"id":1068041,"citation":"Kraus, F., and H. D. Cameron. 2016. A note on the proper nomenclature for the snake currently known as <i>Thamnophis sauritus</i>. Herpetological Review 47:74-75.","shortCitationAuthor":"Kraus and Cameron","shortCitationYear":2016,"referenceCode":"A16KRA01NAUS","lastModified":"2020-11-11T02:03:11.387748Z"},{"id":147534,"citation":"Lawson, R. 1987. Molecular studies of thamnophiine snakes: 1. The phylogeny of the genus <i>Nerodia</i>. J. Herpetology 21:140-157.","shortCitationAuthor":"Lawson","shortCitationYear":1987,"referenceCode":"A87LAW01NAUS","lastModified":"2020-11-11T02:03:28.669281Z"},{"id":127198,"citation":"Minton, S. A., Jr. 1972. Amphibians and reptiles of Indiana. Indiana Academy Science Monographs 3. v + 346 pp.","shortCitationAuthor":"Minton","shortCitationYear":1972,"referenceCode":"B72MIN01NAUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T18:11:59.913087Z"},{"id":136243,"citation":"Powell, R., and R. W. Henderson. 1999. Addenda to the checklist of West Indian amphibians and reptiles. Herpetological Review 30:137-139.","shortCitationAuthor":"Powell and Henderson","shortCitationYear":1999,"referenceCode":"A99POW01NAUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T18:20:19.514735Z"},{"id":764782,"citation":"Rossman, D. A. 1970. <i>Thamnophis sauritus</i>. Catalogue of American Amphibians and Reptiles 99.1-99.2.","shortCitationAuthor":"Rossman","shortCitationYear":1970,"referenceCode":"A70ROS62HQUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T18:20:19.514735Z"},{"id":476918,"citation":"Rossman, D. A., N. B. Ford, and R. A. Seigel. 1996. The garter snakes: evolution and ecology. University of Oklahoma Press, Norman. xx + 332 pp.","shortCitationAuthor":"Rossman et al.","shortCitationYear":1996,"referenceCode":"B96ROS03NAUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T18:14:00.587149Z"},{"id":132352,"citation":"Vogt, R. C. 1981c. Natural history of amphibians and reptiles of Wisconsin. Milwaukee Public Museum. 205 pp.","shortCitationAuthor":"Vogt","shortCitationYear":1981,"referenceCode":"B81VOG01NAUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T18:12:18.569643Z"}],"otherCommonNames":[{"id":136109,"name":"Couleuvre mince","language":"FR"},{"id":145247,"name":"eastern ribbonsnake","language":"EN"},{"id":119272,"name":"Eastern Ribbon Snake","language":"EN"}],"speciesGlobal":{"elementGlobalId":103516,"cites":null,"cosewic":null,"fwsRegion":null,"genusSize":{"id":4,"genusSizeDescEn":"Medium to large genus","genusSizeDescEs":"Género de mediano a grande","genusSizeDescFr":"Moyen à grand genre"},"jurisEndem":{"id":5,"jurisEndemDescEn":"occurs (regularly, as a native taxon) in multiple nations","jurisEndemDescEs":"Se encuentra en varias naciones (de manera regular, como un taxón nativo)","jurisEndemDescFr":"Se trouve dans plusieurs nations (de façon régulière, tel un taxon indigène)"},"nomenclaturallyEst":null,"usesa":null,"informalTaxonomy":{"informalTaxonomyId":7,"level1":"Animals","level2":"Vertebrates","level3":"Reptiles","level":3,"hasChildren":false,"parentId":2,"distributionStatus":"complete","displayOrder":1100},"parentSpecies":null,"infraspecies":false,"kingdom":"Animalia","phylum":"Craniata","taxclass":"Reptilia","taxorder":"Squamata","family":"Colubridae","genus":"Thamnophis","americanFisheriesStatus":null,"americanFisheriesStatusDate":null,"saraStatus":null,"saraStatusDate":null,"cosewicDate":null,"interpretedCosewic":"PS: T,SC","cosewicComments":"In November 2012, COSEWIC designated the Great Lakes population as Special Concern and the Atlantic population as Threatened.","usesaDate":null,"interpretedUsesa":null,"usesaComments":null,"completeDistribution":true,"synonyms":[{"id":139478,"synonym":"Thamnophis sauritus","synonymAuthor":"(Linnaeus, 1766)","formattedSynonym":"<i>Thamnophis sauritus</i>"}],"infraspeciesList":[{"infraspeciesId":101944,"uniqueId":"ELEMENT_GLOBAL.2.101944","formattedScientificName":"<i>Thamnophis saurita</i> pop. 1","scientificName":"Thamnophis saurita pop. 1","primaryCommonName":"Eastern Ribbon Snake, Lower Keys Population","nsxUrl":"/Taxon/ELEMENT_GLOBAL.2.101944/Thamnophis_saurita_pop_1"},{"infraspeciesId":100647,"uniqueId":"ELEMENT_GLOBAL.2.100647","formattedScientificName":"<i>Thamnophis saurita septentrionalis</i>","scientificName":"Thamnophis saurita septentrionalis","primaryCommonName":"Northern Ribbonsnake","nsxUrl":"/Taxon/ELEMENT_GLOBAL.2.100647/Thamnophis_saurita_septentrionalis"},{"infraspeciesId":103870,"uniqueId":"ELEMENT_GLOBAL.2.103870","formattedScientificName":"<i>Thamnophis saurita nitae</i>","scientificName":"Thamnophis saurita nitae","primaryCommonName":"Blue-striped Ribbonsnake","nsxUrl":"/Taxon/ELEMENT_GLOBAL.2.103870/Thamnophis_saurita_nitae"},{"infraspeciesId":102715,"uniqueId":"ELEMENT_GLOBAL.2.102715","formattedScientificName":"<i>Thamnophis saurita saurita</i>","scientificName":"Thamnophis saurita saurita","primaryCommonName":"Common Ribbonsnake","nsxUrl":"/Taxon/ELEMENT_GLOBAL.2.102715/Thamnophis_saurita_saurita"},{"infraspeciesId":790663,"uniqueId":"ELEMENT_GLOBAL.2.790663","formattedScientificName":"<i>Thamnophis saurita sackenii</i>","scientificName":"Thamnophis saurita sackenii","primaryCommonName":"Peninsula Ribbonsnake","nsxUrl":null},{"infraspeciesId":777416,"uniqueId":"ELEMENT_GLOBAL.79.732598","formattedScientificName":"<i>Thamnophis saurita</i> pop. 2","scientificName":"Thamnophis saurita pop. 2","primaryCommonName":"Eastern Ribbonsnake (Great Lakes population)","nsxUrl":"/Taxon/ELEMENT_GLOBAL.79.732598/Thamnophis_saurita_pop_2"},{"infraspeciesId":777417,"uniqueId":"ELEMENT_GLOBAL.79.732599","formattedScientificName":"<i>Thamnophis saurita</i> pop. 3","scientificName":"Thamnophis saurita pop. 3","primaryCommonName":"Eastern Ribbonsnake (Atlantic population)","nsxUrl":"/Taxon/ELEMENT_GLOBAL.79.732599/Thamnophis_saurita_pop_3"}],"ebarId":null,"ebarCanadianScope":false,"ebarGlobalScope":false,"ebarKbaGroup":"Amphibians and Reptiles","caGeneralStatusId":"GS000792"},"speciesCharacteristics":{"elementGlobalId":103516,"reproductionComments":"Gives birth to 3-26 (average about 9) young in July or August; captives have produced 2 litters in a season; sexually mature in 2-3 years in Michigan (Fitch 1970).","ecologyComments":"Home range averaged 0.8 ha in Michigan study (see DeGraaf and Rudis 1983).","habitatComments":"Habitats include wet meadows, marshes, seasonally flooded prairies, bogs, ponds, lake shorelines, swamps, and shallow slow streams; also hardwood hammocks and other wet or moist forest in some areas; usually this snake is in or near vegetative cover (often shrubs or clumps of sedges or grasses) in sun-exposed sites along the edge of standing or flowing water; it climbs into low vegetation, rarely into tree canopy (Bishop and Farrell, 1994, Herpetol. 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