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Evidently has declined in central North America, but rangewide trend based on BBS data is stable.","grank":"G5","rankInfo":{"elementGlobalId":103435,"aooPercentGood":null,"enviromentalSpecificity":null,"intrinsicVulnerability":null,"longTermTrend":null,"numberEos":{"id":14,"numberEosDescEn":"81 to >300","numberEosDescEs":"De 81 a >300","numberEosDescFr":"De 81 à >300"},"numberGoodEos":null,"numberProtEos":{"id":7,"numberProtEosDescEn":"Few to several (1-12) occurrences appropriately protected and managed","numberProtEosDescEs":"Gradualmente hasta unos pocos casos (1 a 12) adecuadamente protegidos y controlados","numberProtEosDescFr":"De peu à quelques occurrences (de 1 à 12) protégées et contrôlées convenablement"},"popSize":{"id":33,"popSizeDescEn":"10,000 to >1,000,000 individuals","popSizeDescEs":"De 10.000 a >1.000.000 de individuos","popSizeDescFr":"De 10 000 à >1 000 000 individus"},"rangeExtent":{"id":35,"rangeExtentDescEn":">2,500,000 square km (greater than 1,000,000 square miles)","rangeExtentDescEs":">2.500.000 kilómetros cuadrados (más ","rangeExtentDescFr":">2 500 000 km carrés (plus de 1 000 000 miles carrés)"},"shortTermTrend":null,"threatImpactAssigned":null,"rangeExtentComments":"BREEDING: east-central and southeastern Alberta east to Prince Edward Island and Nova Scotia, south, at least locally, to Montana, southeastern Wyoming, eastern Colorado, north-central Texas, northern Alabama, and the Carolinas (AOU 1998).  NON-BREEDING: northern Venezuela and northern Colombia south to central Bolivia (AOU 1998).  MIGRATION: southeastern United States, Bermuda, Mexico (mostly Gulf-Caribbean lowlands), and Middle America (AOU 1998).","areaOfOccupancy":null,"areaOfOccupancyComments":null,"numberEosComments":"Appears to presently occur within entire historic breeding range in North America. It is estimated that the majority of occurrences in breeding range are good to excellent. Quality of occurrences along migratory routes and in winter range is unknown.","popSizeComments":"Large range but low numbers; no reliable population estimate. Characterized as \"uncommon to fairly common\" with a relative abundance in North America of 0.62 (NGS 1987, Sauer et al. 1996).","viabilityComments":null,"threatImpactComments":"Loss and degradation of riparian habitats may be the greatest threat to the species in arid areas; water diversion, flood control projects, ground water pumping, livestock grazing, and urbanization are all factors. Tropical deforestation may be a significant threat in winter range. As a nocturnal migrant, faces hazards such as collisions with TV towers and other structures (del Hoyo et al. 1997).","shortTermTrendComments":"North American Breeding Bird Survey (BBS) data for 1966-1995 indicate a nonsignificant average annual decrease of 1%. The more recent period, 1980-1995, indicates a significant average annual decrease of 3.5% overall, including a significant annual decline of 11.1% in the western region between 1980-1995 (Sauer et al. 1996, Sauer and Droege 1992).","longTermTrendComments":null,"inventoryNeeds":null,"numberProtEosComments":"Several protected occurrences in North American breeding range. However, information generally lacking on protection of occurrences along corresponding migration routes and wintering areas. No element occurrences are known to be protected along migration routes in Mexico; migratory routes may be adequately protected in forest reserves and national parks in Costa Rica and Belize. Winter distribution and habitat requirements in northern South America poorly defined so adequate global protection of any occurrences is uncertain.","protectionNeeds":null,"otherConsiderations":null,"intrinsicVulnerabilityComments":null,"enviromentalSpecificityComments":null},"animalCharacteristics":{"elementGlobalId":103435,"majorHabitat":{"id":3,"majorHabitatDescEn":"Terrestrial","majorHabitatDescEs":"Terrestre","majorHabitatDescFr":"Terrestre"},"nonMigrant":false,"localMigrant":false,"longDistanceMigrant":true,"mobilityMigrationComments":"A nocturnal neotropical migrant. Migrates regularly through the southeastern United States; irregularly through Mexico and Middle America; and casually west to the Pacific region (AOU 1983). An uncommon transient migrant through Oaxaca, Mexico (Binford 1989). Migrates through Costa Rica late September to early November and April to early May as an uncommon to very rare migrant in lowlands, occasional in Valle Central (Stiles and Skutch 1989). Spring migration records in Florida, April to May; autumn migrants late August to late October. Also a transatlantic vagrant in autumn to western Europe (del Hoyo et al 1997). Adult males arrive earlier than females in spring; adults migrate earlier than juveniles in fall (Herrick 1910).","foodHabitsComments":"Feeds primarily by gleaning insects from leaves of trees and shrubs (Bent 1940, Terres 1980). Makes short sallies or running, hopping dashes to capture prey items (Stiles and Skutch 1989). Eats insects, mainly caterpillars; also katydids, saw-flies, grasshoppers, crickets, beetles, spiders; rarely frogs, small fish, eggs of other birds; berries especially in autumn (Agro 1994, Sealy 1994, Stiles and Skutch 1989, del Hoyo et al. 1997). May be particularly dependent upon forest tent caterpillars (MALACOSOMA DISSTRIA; Sealy 1978).","animalPhenologyComments":null,"colonialBreeder":false,"length":31,"width":null,"weight":51,"animalPhenologies":[{"animalCagPhenologyId":102449,"animalPhenology":{"id":3,"animalPhenologyDescEn":"Diurnal","animalPhenologyDescEs":"Diurno","animalPhenologyDescFr":"Diurne","displayOrder":3},"adult":true,"immature":true}],"animalFoodHabits":[{"animalCagFoodHabitsId":104559,"foodHabits":{"id":3,"foodHabitsDescEn":"Invertivore","foodHabitsDescEs":"Invertívoro","foodHabitsDescFr":"Invertivore","displayOrder":3},"adult":true,"immature":true}]},"occurrenceDelineations":[{"eoSpecsDetailId":124658,"locationUseClass":{"id":2,"locationUseClassDescEn":"Breeding","locationUseClassDescEs":"En reproducción","locationUseClassDescFr":"Reproduction","displayOrder":2},"eoSpecGroupName":"Cuckoos and Anis","subtypes":null,"inferredExtentDistance":null,"inferredExtentNotes":null,"minimumEoCriteria":"Occurrences are based on evidence of historical nesting, or current and likely recurring nesting, in a particular location.","mappingGuidance":null,"separationBarriers":"None.","separationDistanceUnsuitableHabitatat":5.0,"separationDistanceSuitableHabitatat":5.0,"altSeparationProcedure":null,"separationJustification":"Probable significant dispersal and associated high potential for gene flow among widely separated populations of birds make it difficult to circumscribe occurrences on the basis of meaningful population units without occurrences becoming too large. Hence, a moderate, standardized separation distance has been adopted for this group; it should yield occurrences that are not too spatially expansive while also accounting for the likelihood of gene flow among populations within a few kilometers of each other.","versionDate":"2004-07-23","versionAuthor":"Hammerson, G.","versionNotes":null,"lastModified":"2020-09-05T01:18:52.239423Z"},{"eoSpecsDetailId":156466,"locationUseClass":{"id":3,"locationUseClassDescEn":"Nonbreeding","locationUseClassDescEs":"No reproducción","locationUseClassDescFr":"Non-reproduction","displayOrder":3},"eoSpecGroupName":"Cuckoos and Anis","subtypes":null,"inferredExtentDistance":null,"inferredExtentNotes":null,"minimumEoCriteria":"Occurrences are based on evidence of recurring presence of non-breeding birds (including historical) and potential recurring presence at a given location. Be cautious about creating EOs for observations that may represent single events.","mappingGuidance":null,"separationBarriers":null,"separationDistanceUnsuitableHabitatat":5.0,"separationDistanceSuitableHabitatat":5.0,"altSeparationProcedure":null,"separationJustification":"Probable significant dispersal and associated high potential for gene flow among widely separated populations of birds make it difficult to circumscribe occurrences on the basis of meaningful population units without occurrences becoming too large. Hence, a moderate, standardized separation distance has been adopted for this group; it should yield occurrences that are not too spatially expansive while also accounting for the likelihood of gene flow among populations within a few kilometers of each other.","versionDate":"2020-08-04","versionAuthor":"Ormes, M.","versionNotes":"Requested by Nevada; not reviewed.","lastModified":"2020-09-05T01:18:52.239423Z"},{"eoSpecsDetailId":124657,"locationUseClass":{"id":13,"locationUseClassDescEn":"Nonmigratory","locationUseClassDescEs":"No migratorio","locationUseClassDescFr":"Non migratrice","displayOrder":20},"eoSpecGroupName":"Cuckoos and Anis","subtypes":null,"inferredExtentDistance":null,"inferredExtentNotes":null,"minimumEoCriteria":"Occurrences are based on evidence of historical presence, or current and likely recurring presence, at a particular location. Such evidence minimally includes collection or reliable observation and documentation of one or more individuals in or near appropriate habitat. <br /><br />These occurrence specifications are used for nonmigratory ani populations.","mappingGuidance":null,"separationBarriers":null,"separationDistanceUnsuitableHabitatat":5.0,"separationDistanceSuitableHabitatat":5.0,"altSeparationProcedure":null,"separationJustification":"Separation distance is arbitrary and not intended to result in occurrences that represent distinct populations or metapopulations, which would be quite large in areal extent. Instead, the separation distance attempts to balance the mobility of these birds against the need for occurrences of reasonable size for conservation purposes.","versionDate":"2004-07-23","versionAuthor":"Hammerson, G.","versionNotes":null,"lastModified":"2020-09-05T01:18:52.239423Z"}],"plantCharacteristics":null,"elementManagement":{"elementGlobalId":103435,"eoManagementGroupName":null,"stewardshipOverview":"Formerly stable but experiencing significant decreases since 1980, particularly in West. Populations relatively widespread but deserves attention for its association with riparian and mature woodland habitats. May be of local concern in arid regions where riparian habitats are degraded or eliminated by land use practices.","impacts":"May help control outbreaks of caterpillar pests (Bent 1940). May locally impact breeding success of host species through brood parasitism.","restorationPotential":"In west where declines are most pronounced and significant, may respond to restoration of riparian forest and shrub habitats, particularly in arid areas. May also benefit from shelterbelts, urban forests, and other artificial habitats.","siteConservationPlansConsidered":"Optimum patch size and aspects of landscape relationship are unknown, but one study suggests that the species is most likely to be found breeding in forest stands of more than 4 hectares in size (Forman et al. 1976). Elsewhere extensive forest stands may be preferred (Legrand and Hamel 1980). In arid and semi-arid portions of its range may be particularly dependent upon riparian forest and shrubby understories for breeding sites and travel corridors.","managementMethods":"Maturation of second growth deciduous and evergreen forests in central and eastern breeding range may enhance habitat quality and increase habitat availability. Management which maintains large trees, wildlife corridors, hedgerows, woodlots, and controls grazing by domestic livestock may be beneficial. Creating water impoundments or reducing perennial stream flow may degrade critical riparian habitats (SIL 1999). Appears to select dense nesting cover at low-canopy levels suggesting a positive response to restrictive grazing regimes. Because of food preference for caterpillars and other large insects, chemical or other control of undesirable insect species or related plants may be adverse.","monitoringMethods":"In breeding season often detected by song during day or night.","managementProgramContacts":null,"monitoringProgramContacts":"Monitored through the North American Breeding Bird Survey.","managementResearchPrograms":null,"managementResearchNeeds":"Largely unstudied. More information needed on breeding and foraging ecology, and extent of wintering range and winter habitat parameters. Studies on the relative role of tropical deforestation compared with temperate habitat fragmentation are needed, as is response to various fire, logging, and grazing regimes. As a brood parasite, relationship to host species needs better understanding. Sensitivity to most pesticides unknown, but needs further study because of reportedly strong reproductive response to irruptive insect populations.","biologicalResearchNeeds":null,"additionalTopics":null},"occurrenceViabilities":[{"eoRankSpecsDetailId":104918,"eoRankSpecsGroupName":null,"locationUseClass":{"id":1,"locationUseClassDescEn":"Not applicable","locationUseClassDescEs":"No se aplica","locationUseClassDescFr":"Sans objet","displayOrder":1},"excellentViability":null,"goodViability":null,"fairViability":null,"poorViability":null,"viabilityJustification":"Use the Generic Guidelines for the Application of Occurrence Ranks (2008).<br>The Key for Ranking Species Occurrences Using the Generic Approach provides a step-wise process for implementing this method.","versionDate":null,"versionAuthor":null,"versionNotes":null,"lastModified":"2020-05-14T02:24:06.632706Z"}],"references":[{"id":123208,"citation":"Agro, D. 1994. Grasshoppers as food source for black-billed cuckoo. 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Bulletin of the British Ornithologists' Club 119:235-250.","shortCitationAuthor":"Whittaker and Oren","shortCitationYear":1999,"referenceCode":"A99WHI0100LA","lastModified":"2020-02-25T18:14:48.947156Z"},{"id":158710,"citation":"Zook, J. L. 2002. Distribution maps of the birds of Nicaragua, Costa Rica, and Panama. Unpublished.","shortCitationAuthor":"Zook","shortCitationYear":2002,"referenceCode":"M02ZOO0100LA","lastModified":"2020-02-25T14:38:14.361032Z"}],"otherCommonNames":[{"id":144429,"name":"black-billed cuckoo","language":"EN"},{"id":113807,"name":"Coulicou à bec noir","language":"FR"},{"id":104398,"name":"Cuclillo Pico Negro","language":"ES"},{"id":104397,"name":"Papa-Lagarta-de-Olho-Vermelho","language":"PT"}],"speciesGlobal":{"elementGlobalId":103435,"cites":null,"cosewic":null,"fwsRegion":null,"genusSize":{"id":3,"genusSizeDescEn":"Small genus","genusSizeDescEs":"Género pequeño","genusSizeDescFr":"Petit genre"},"jurisEndem":{"id":5,"jurisEndemDescEn":"occurs (regularly, as a native taxon) in multiple nations","jurisEndemDescEs":"Se encuentra en varias naciones (de manera regular, como un taxón nativo)","jurisEndemDescFr":"Se trouve dans plusieurs nations (de façon régulière, tel un taxon indigène)"},"nomenclaturallyEst":null,"usesa":null,"informalTaxonomy":{"informalTaxonomyId":4,"level1":"Animals","level2":"Vertebrates","level3":"Birds","level":3,"hasChildren":false,"parentId":2,"distributionStatus":"complete","displayOrder":1070},"parentSpecies":null,"infraspecies":false,"kingdom":"Animalia","phylum":"Craniata","taxclass":"Aves","taxorder":"Cuculiformes","family":"Cuculidae","genus":"Coccyzus","americanFisheriesStatus":null,"americanFisheriesStatusDate":null,"saraStatus":null,"saraStatusDate":null,"cosewicDate":null,"interpretedCosewic":null,"cosewicComments":null,"usesaDate":null,"interpretedUsesa":null,"usesaComments":null,"completeDistribution":true,"synonyms":[],"infraspeciesList":[],"ebarId":null,"ebarCanadianScope":null,"ebarGlobalScope":null,"ebarKbaGroup":"Birds","caGeneralStatusId":"GS001060"},"speciesCharacteristics":{"elementGlobalId":103435,"reproductionComments":"A facultative brood parasite; occasionally lays eggs in the nest of Yellow-billed Cuckoo (COCCYZUS AMERICANUS) and at least ten other passerine species (Bent 1940, Harrison 1979, Hughes 1997, Thomas 1995). Lays clutch of two to five (usually two to three) eggs, mostly May-July. Incubation about 14 days by both parents. Young hatch at intervals, differ in size, and are tended by both parents. Adults bring insects carried in throat pouch and disgorge into mouth of nestlings. Chicks climb on branches at 7-9 days, fly at 21-24 days. Nesting initiation dates and clutch size may be influenced by food availability (Sealy 1978). A small sample of observed nests indicate a nesting success rate of 55 percent and chick survival of 71 percent (Spencer 1943).","ecologyComments":"Breeding densities vary considerably across years, in apparent response to caterpillar outbreaks (Bent 1940, del Hoyo et al. 1997). In winter joins mixed-species feeding flocks (Chipley 1976, del Hoyo et al. 1997).","habitatComments":"BREEDING: Assigned to \"eastern forest\" biogeographical classification by Pyle et al. (1994). Forest edge and open woodland, both deciduous and coniferous, with dense deciduous thickets (AOU 1998). Found in extensive tracts of dry upland woods where it uses the midstory canopy and the overstory canopy for most activities (Legrand and Hamel 1980). High-ground forest, open woodland, thickets, willow (SALIX spp.), alder (ALNUS spp.), aspen (POPULUS spp.), vines (del Hoyo et al. 1997). In northern plains also utilizes prairie shrub thickets and shelterbelts at lower elevations (Dobkin 1994). In Colorado, most observations in urban forests characterized by introduced tree species. Next most common sightings occur in riparian vegetation dominated by cottonwoods (POPULUS spp.) and boxelders (BISON-M 1997). <br><br>Nests in groves of trees, forest edges, moist thickets, overgrown pastures; in deciduous or evergreen tree or shrub. Is a low or ground nesting species (Peterjohn et al. 1995). Nest an open cup, average 1.8 meters above ground, but at times almost on the ground and concealed by tall herbage (Bent 1940, Harrison 1978, Spencer 1943). <br><br>NON-BREEDING: During migration occurs from tropical evergreen forest to arid subtropical scrub. In New Mexico occurs where stream conditions provide sufficient permanent moisture for the emergent plants or for a narrow band of deciduous trees and shrubs; at low elevation characterized by cottonwood and sycamore (PLATANUS spp.), at mid-elevations by white alder (ALNUS RHOMBIFOLIA) and bigleaf maple (ACER MACROPHYLLUS), and at high elevations by willow (DeGraaf et al. 1991). In Costa Rica, in second growth, scrubby areas, semi-open, forest edge (Stiles and Skutch 1989). Scrub (arid or humid) as well as forest, although most frequently in lowland humid regions (AOU 1998). Generally found from lowlands up to 2000 meters (del Hoyo et al. 1997). Chipley (1976) observed species in remnant subtropical oak woodland at 1800 meters in Colombia.","generalDescription":"A 31-cm-long bird with a stout slightly decurved bill, zygodactyl feet, grayish-brown dorsum, white venter (except tail), and a long tail that is patterned on the underside in gray with white feather tips; bill usually is all dark, may show yellow at base of lower mandible; reddish eye ring; in juveniles, the undertail is whiter, the eye ring is buffy, the pale underparts may have a buffy tinge, and there may be some rusty-brown color on the outer wing (NGS 1983).","diagnosticCharacteristics":"Differs from the yellow-billed cuckoo (COCCYZUS AMERICANUS) in lacking rufous primaries and lacking an extensively yellow lower mandible.","speciesMarineHabitats":[],"speciesTerrestrialHabitats":[{"cagTerrHabId":-109532,"terrestrialHabitat":{"id":1,"terrestrialHabitatDescEn":"Forest - Hardwood","terrestrialHabitatDescEs":"Bosque - Madera dura","terrestrialHabitatDescFr":"Forêt — Feuillu","displayOrder":2}},{"cagTerrHabId":-109533,"terrestrialHabitat":{"id":2,"terrestrialHabitatDescEn":"Forest - Conifer","terrestrialHabitatDescEs":"Bosque - Conífera","terrestrialHabitatDescFr":"Forêt — Résineux","displayOrder":3}},{"cagTerrHabId":-109534,"terrestrialHabitat":{"id":3,"terrestrialHabitatDescEn":"Forest - Mixed","terrestrialHabitatDescEs":"Bosque - Mixto","terrestrialHabitatDescFr":"Forêt — Mixte","displayOrder":4}},{"cagTerrHabId":-109535,"terrestrialHabitat":{"id":4,"terrestrialHabitatDescEn":"Woodland - Hardwood","terrestrialHabitatDescEs":"Lote de madera - Madera dura","terrestrialHabitatDescFr":"Terrain boisé — Feuillu","displayOrder":6}},{"cagTerrHabId":-109536,"terrestrialHabitat":{"id":5,"terrestrialHabitatDescEn":"Woodland - Conifer","terrestrialHabitatDescEs":"Lote de madera - Conífera","terrestrialHabitatDescFr":"Terrain boisé — Résineux","displayOrder":7}},{"cagTerrHabId":-109537,"terrestrialHabitat":{"id":6,"terrestrialHabitatDescEn":"Woodland - Mixed","terrestrialHabitatDescEs":"Lote de madera - Mixto","terrestrialHabitatDescFr":"Terrain boisé — Mixte","displayOrder":8}},{"cagTerrHabId":-109530,"terrestrialHabitat":{"id":7,"terrestrialHabitatDescEn":"Shrubland/chaparral","terrestrialHabitatDescEs":"Matorral/Chaparral","terrestrialHabitatDescFr":"Fruticée/Chaparral","displayOrder":9}},{"cagTerrHabId":-109531,"terrestrialHabitat":{"id":10,"terrestrialHabitatDescEn":"Old field","terrestrialHabitatDescEs":"Terreno baldío","terrestrialHabitatDescFr":"Friche","displayOrder":12}}],"speciesRiverineHabitats":[],"speciesPalustrineHabitats":[{"cagPalusHabId":-102683,"palustrineHabitat":{"id":6,"palustrineHabitatDescEn":"Riparian","palustrineHabitatDescEs":"Ribereño","palustrineHabitatDescFr":"Riverain","displayOrder":6}}],"speciesLacustrineHabitats":[],"speciesSubterraneanHabitats":[],"speciesEstuarineHabitats":[]},"primaryReference":{"id":134424,"citation":"American Ornithologists' Union (AOU). 1998. Check-list of North American birds. Seventh edition. American Ornithologists' Union, Washington, D.C. [as modified by subsequent supplements and corrections published in <i>The Auk</i>]. Also available online: http://www.aou.org/.","shortCitationAuthor":"American Ornithologists' Union (AOU)","shortCitationYear":1998,"referenceCode":"B98AOU01NAUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T14:38:12.673494Z"},"predecessors":[],"elementGlobalThreatAssessments":[]}