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E., and D. M. Reeder (editors). 1993. Mammal species of the world: a taxonomic and geographic reference. Second edition. Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, DC. xviii + 1206 pp. Available online at: http://www.nmnh.si.edu/msw/.","conceptName":"<i>Rangifer tarandus</i>","taxonomicComments":"Cronin (1992) found considerable variation in mtDNA among populations in Alberta, Labrador, Newfoundland, and Alaska; geographic differentiation was evident, but woodland and barren ground subspecies were not distinguishable by mtDNA genotypes. Populations of <i>R. t. pearyi</i> on the Queen Elizabeth Islands are genetically and possibly ecologically distinct from all other forms of <i>Rangifer</i>, including those on the southern tier of arctic islands (south of 74 degrees N latitude, excluding Baffin and Bylot islands) (Miller, 1991 COSEWIC report). See Grubb (in Wilson and Reeder 2005) for brief discussion of currently recognized subspecies and subspecies groups.","roundedGRank":"G5","conservationStatusFactorsEditionDate":"2009-07-17","conservationStatusFactorsEditionAuthors":"Hammerson, G., and S. 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square km (greater than 1,000,000 square miles)","rangeExtentDescEs":">2.500.000 kilómetros cuadrados (más ","rangeExtentDescFr":">2 500 000 km carrés (plus de 1 000 000 miles carrés)"},"shortTermTrend":{"id":25,"shortTermTrendDescEn":"Decline of 50-70%","shortTermTrendDescEs":"Disminución del 50 al 70%.","shortTermTrendDescFr":"Diminution de 50 à 70 %"},"threatImpactAssigned":null,"rangeExtentComments":"Caribou have an arctic, subarctic, and boreal distribution in tundra and taiga of the Northern Hemisphere (Grubb, in Wilson and Reeder 2005; Hummel and Ray 2008). Elevational range extends from sea level to over 2,500 meters in some areas (Cichowski et al. 2004). In northern Europe and Asia, this species is known as reindeer, and the species is represented by domesticated, semi-domesticated, and wild populations. Historically, the range extended as far south as central Idaho, the Great Lakes area, and northern New England in North America and into central Germany in Europe. In North America, wild populations currently are extant primarily in Alaska and Canada, with small populations extending into northeastern Washington and northern Idaho (these caribou primarily use areas in adjacent Canada) (COSEWIC 2002). Attempts to reintroduce caribou in the eastern United States in the 1960s and 1980s were unsuccessful. The species has been introduced and now exists as feral populations in Iceland, Kerguelen Islands, South Georgia Island, Pribilof Islands, and St. Matthew Island (Grubb, in Wilson and Reeder 2005). See Bernard and Horn (1989) for a summary of introductions in eastern North America.","areaOfOccupancy":null,"areaOfOccupancyComments":null,"numberEosComments":null,"popSizeComments":"In North America, the overall population of caribou exceeds 3,000,000 (Cichowski et al. 2004).","viabilityComments":null,"threatImpactComments":"Recent global declines in caribou and reindeer populations appear to be associated with changes in phenology, spatiotemporal changes in species overlap (e.g., other ungulate species, predators, disease organisms), and increased frequency of extreme weather events (Vors and Boyce 2009).<br /><br />The Porcupine caribou herd in northeastern Alaska and adjacent northwestern Canada and the adjacent Central Arctic herd are potentially threatened by onshore petroleum exploration and development; industrial development on the coastal plain of the Arctic National Wildlife Refuge could increase calf mortality if calving were displaced south and east of potential development areas (Fancy and Whitten 1991). However, Pollard et al. (1996) documented high use of oil fields by caribou during periods of high mosquito and fly activity. <br /><br />Peary caribou (subspecies PEARYI), low arctic islands population: high winter mortality, low reproduction, and minimal recruitment, with additional pressure from hunting and disturbances associated with industrial activities (see 1991 COSEWIC report by F. L. Miller; also 1979 COSEWIC report by Gunn et al.). <br /><br />Failed reintroductions often result when white-tailed deer are common; caribou probably contract meningeal worm disease from white-tailed deer (Bernard and Horn 1989). <br /><br />Predation by an expanding coyote population threatened a remnant caribou herd in southeastern Quebec (Crete and Desrosiers 1995).  <br /><br />Long-term steady decline in the taiga-dwelling population in Ontario has been associated with the expansion of forest harvesting (Schaefer 2003). See also files for subspecies CARIBOU (woodland caribou).","shortTermTrendComments":"Vors and Boyce (2009) gathered population data for 58 major caribou and reindeer herds throughout the global range and found that 34 were reported as declining, eight were increasing, and 16 had no data. The authors gathered 40 time series of population estimates for smaller herds within the major herd ranges. The time series spanned an average of 21.6 years and population estimates were available for an average of 9.9 years. Of these herds, 11 were in decline for fewer than 10 years, eight were in decline for 10-19 years, and six were in decline for more than 20 years. Mean percentage decline from known population maxima for these herds was 57 percent.","longTermTrendComments":"The Porcupine caribou herd in northeastern Alaska and adjacent northwestern Canada increased from 135,000 in 1983 to 178,000 in 1989 (Fancy and Whitten 1991, Fancy et al. 1994).  Peary caribou (subspecies PEARYI): total population is much lower than historic levels. Banks Island population: continuing population decline to critical levels. High arctic population: continuing population decline to low levels (90% decline in the 3 decades prior to 1991). See 1991 COSEWIC report by F. L. Miller; also 1979 COSEWIC report by Gunn et al.  In Ontario, half of the historical range of taiga-dwelling caribou was lost between 1880 and 1990 (Schaefer 2003). From the early 1960s to 2000, the Buchans Plateau caribou herd in Newfoundland, Canada., grew at 6.5% per year, although survival and recruitment indicated a declining growth rate (1.4%) by the late 1990s (Mahoney and Schaefer 2002).<br /><br />See also files for subspecies CARIBOU (woodland caribou).","inventoryNeeds":null,"numberProtEosComments":null,"protectionNeeds":null,"otherConsiderations":null,"intrinsicVulnerabilityComments":null,"enviromentalSpecificityComments":null},"animalCharacteristics":{"elementGlobalId":103369,"majorHabitat":{"id":3,"majorHabitatDescEn":"Terrestrial","majorHabitatDescEs":"Terrestre","majorHabitatDescFr":"Terrestre"},"nonMigrant":true,"localMigrant":true,"longDistanceMigrant":true,"mobilityMigrationComments":"In some areas, caribou populations undertake seasonal migrations. Tundra populations may migrate especially long distances between summer and winter ranges. For example, in northern Alaska, caribou winter in northern foothills of the Brooks Range, females reach calving areas along the coastal plain by mid-May; the population is highly aggregated near the arctic coast and river deltas in July (Carruthers et al. 1987); the return migration to winter range occurs in September-October; cows annually may travel over 5,000 kilometers (Fancy et al. 1989). Heard and Williams (1992) described the migration in the Northwest Territories, Yukon, and Alaska as follows: cows begin migration to tundra in March-April, reach calving grounds in time for early June parturition; adult males migrate later but most reach tundra by June; they return to tree line by early September, but may not enter forest until October. Mountain ecotype populations, such as those in western Alberta, Canada, often make less extensive seasonal elevational migrations between alpine/subalpine summer habitats and lower elevation forested foothills used in winter, though some regions caribou may winter in alpine areas (COSEWIC 2002, Alberta Sustainable... 2010). Boreal ecotype populations commonly move among different areas throughout the year, but areas occupied in summer and winter often exhibit considerable overlap (Stuart-Smith et al. 1997, Alberta Sustainable... 2010).<br /><br />Home range size for individual caribou is highly variable. In northeastern Alberta, multi-year home ranges (100% minimum convex polygon averaged 711 square kilometers (Stuart-Smith et al. 1997). In Quebec, home range size of adult females averaged 148 sq km and did not vary seasonally or annually (Ouellet et al. 1996). In other areas, home ranges may be smaller (less than 100 sq km) or much larger. Tundra caribou may travel extensively in summer in attempts to avoid bothersome insects (Fancy et al. 1989).","foodHabitsComments":"Overall, the diet may include the leaves, buds and bark of trees and shrubs; grasses; sedges; forbs; fungi; and terrestrial and arboreal lichens; lichens are of critical importance in most areas in winter but not on certain islands in North America (Banfield 1974, Feldhamer et al. 2003). Winter diet varies among populations; for example, in boreal ecotype populations, it consists mostly of terrestrial lichens with some use of arboreal lichens, whereas in mountain ecotype populations the winter diet may be almost exclusively arboreal hair lichens, with use of terrestrial lichens and other ground-based foods occurring only in early winter (Cichowski et al. 2004). In the southern Selkirk Mountains of British Columbia, caribou diet shifted from primarily vascular taxa during snow-free months to an arboreal lichen-conifer diet during late winter; in winters with slower snow accumulation, caribou foraged extensively on myrtle boxwood (Pachistima) and other vascular plants (Rominger and Oldemeyer 1990).","animalPhenologyComments":"Most activity is diurnal or crepuscular.","colonialBreeder":false,"length":210,"width":null,"weight":270000,"animalPhenologies":[{"animalCagPhenologyId":102406,"animalPhenology":{"id":3,"animalPhenologyDescEn":"Diurnal","animalPhenologyDescEs":"Diurno","animalPhenologyDescFr":"Diurne","displayOrder":3},"adult":true,"immature":true},{"animalCagPhenologyId":102407,"animalPhenology":{"id":5,"animalPhenologyDescEn":"Crepuscular","animalPhenologyDescEs":"Crepuscular","animalPhenologyDescFr":"Crépusculaire","displayOrder":5},"adult":true,"immature":true}],"animalFoodHabits":[{"animalCagFoodHabitsId":104474,"foodHabits":{"id":4,"foodHabitsDescEn":"Herbivore","foodHabitsDescEs":"Herbívoro","foodHabitsDescFr":"Herbivore","displayOrder":4},"adult":true,"immature":true}]},"occurrenceDelineations":[{"eoSpecsDetailId":1645,"locationUseClass":{"id":1,"locationUseClassDescEn":"Not applicable","locationUseClassDescEs":"No se aplica","locationUseClassDescFr":"Sans objet","displayOrder":1},"eoSpecGroupName":"Caribou","subtypes":"Calving area, Rutting area, Summer range","inferredExtentDistance":null,"inferredExtentNotes":"Not applicable; most herd boundaries are well enough known to be mapped without using an Inferred Extent feature.","minimumEoCriteria":"Evidence of historical presence, or current and likely recurring presence of a specific population (herd). Such evidence minimally includes collection or reliable observation and documentation of one or more individuals in appropriate habitat over several years.","mappingGuidance":"Individual occurrences should be mapped as multiple, adjacent polygons, each labeled with appropriate feature labels.","separationBarriers":null,"separationDistanceUnsuitableHabitatat":null,"separationDistanceSuitableHabitatat":null,"altSeparationProcedure":"Occurrence separations should be based on populations that exhibit specific migration patterns, or on appropriate resource agency management units, rather than on specific prescribed distances.","separationJustification":"Some herd territories may be immediately adjacent to one another, and in some cases overlaps in EOs may occur, especially where the territory of one ecotype (e.g., 'barren ground' caribou) overlaps that of another ecotype (e.g., 'mountain' caribou).","versionDate":"2004-09-23","versionAuthor":"Cannings, S., and G. Hammerson","versionNotes":"This LUC record should be deleted. Need to ask programs to update existing EOs with one of the other LUC values.","lastModified":"2020-11-11T02:02:43.356119Z"},{"eoSpecsDetailId":156482,"locationUseClass":{"id":18,"locationUseClassDescEn":"Calving area","locationUseClassDescEs":"Zona de parto","locationUseClassDescFr":"Aire de mise bas","displayOrder":18},"eoSpecGroupName":"Caribou","subtypes":null,"inferredExtentDistance":null,"inferredExtentNotes":"Not applicable; most population (herd) boundaries are well enough known to be mapped without using an Inferred Extent feature.","minimumEoCriteria":"Evidence of historical calving, or current and likely recurring calving of specific populations (herds). Such evidence minimally includes collection, or reliable observations of one or more calving events in appropriate habitat over a documented number of years. Or proxy evidence determined by accepted protocols from the appropriate resource agency such as locations with significant reduction in movements of collared females during calving season.","mappingGuidance":"For rapidly changing EOs, changes in calving ground location, map the most current delineations, documenting dates of applicability and store non-current delineations as source features un-assigned to EOs (e.g, independent Source Features) (or sub-EOs).","separationBarriers":"Fences and other barriers.","separationDistanceUnsuitableHabitatat":null,"separationDistanceSuitableHabitatat":null,"altSeparationProcedure":"Occurrence separations should be based on populations (herds) that occupy specific calving sites, or on appropriate resource agency management units, rather than on specific prescribed distances. Overlapping EOs may occur where there is spatial overlap for different sub-species, ecotypes, or herds.","separationJustification":"Some population (herd) territories may be immediately adjacent to one another, and in some cases overlaps in EOs may occur, especially where the territory of one sub-species or ecotype (e.g., 'barren ground' caribou) overlaps that of another (e.g., 'mountain' caribou).","versionDate":"2020-10-30","versionAuthor":"Canadian EO Specifications Working Group","versionNotes":null,"lastModified":"2020-11-11T02:02:43.356119Z"},{"eoSpecsDetailId":156481,"locationUseClass":{"id":13,"locationUseClassDescEn":"Nonmigratory","locationUseClassDescEs":"No migratorio","locationUseClassDescFr":"Non migratrice","displayOrder":20},"eoSpecGroupName":"Caribou","subtypes":null,"inferredExtentDistance":null,"inferredExtentNotes":"Not applicable; most population (herd) boundaries are well enough known to be mapped without using an Inferred Extent feature.","minimumEoCriteria":"Evidence of historical presence, or current and likely recurring presence of specific populations (herds). 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Evidence of historical presence, or current and likely recurring presence of specific populations (herds). Such evidence minimally includes collection or reliable observations and documentation of one or more individuals in appropriate habitat over a documented number of years.","mappingGuidance":"For rapidly changing EOs (for example rapidly declining populations), map the most current delineations, documenting dates of applicability and store non-current delineations as source features un-assigned to EOs (e.g., independent source features) (or sub-EOs).","separationBarriers":"Fences and other barriers.","separationDistanceUnsuitableHabitatat":null,"separationDistanceSuitableHabitatat":null,"altSeparationProcedure":"Occurrence separations should be based on populations (herds) that occupy specific spring migration routes, or on appropriate resource agency management units, rather than on specific prescribed distances. 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Evidence of historical presence, or current and likely recurring presence of specific populations (herds). Such evidence minimally includes collection or reliable observations and documentation of one or more individuals in appropriate habitat over a documented number of years.","mappingGuidance":"For rapidly changing EOs (for example rapidly declining populations), map the most current delineations, documenting dates of applicability and store non-current delineations as source features un-assigned to EOs (e.g., independent source features) (or sub-EOs).","separationBarriers":"Fences and other barriers.","separationDistanceUnsuitableHabitatat":null,"separationDistanceSuitableHabitatat":null,"altSeparationProcedure":"Occurrence separations should be based on populations (herds) that occupy specific fall migration routes, or on appropriate resource agency management units, rather than on specific prescribed distances. 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Two volumes. 2,142 pp. [As modified by ASM the Mammal Diversity Database (MDD) at https://www.mammaldiversity.org/index.html]","shortCitationAuthor":"Wilson and Reeder","shortCitationYear":2005,"referenceCode":"B05WIL01NAUS","lastModified":"2022-07-02T00:44:59.638537Z"}],"otherCommonNames":[{"id":136396,"name":"Caribou","language":"FR"},{"id":118261,"name":"Reindeer","language":"EN"}],"speciesGlobal":{"elementGlobalId":103369,"cites":null,"cosewic":null,"fwsRegion":null,"genusSize":{"id":1,"genusSizeDescEn":"Monotypic genus","genusSizeDescEs":"Género monotípico","genusSizeDescFr":"Genre monotypique"},"jurisEndem":{"id":5,"jurisEndemDescEn":"occurs (regularly, as a native taxon) in multiple nations","jurisEndemDescEs":"Se encuentra en varias naciones (de manera regular, como un taxón nativo)","jurisEndemDescFr":"Se trouve dans plusieurs nations (de façon régulière, tel un taxon indigène)"},"nomenclaturallyEst":null,"usesa":null,"informalTaxonomy":{"informalTaxonomyId":6,"level1":"Animals","level2":"Vertebrates","level3":"Mammals","level":3,"hasChildren":false,"parentId":2,"distributionStatus":"complete","displayOrder":1090},"parentSpecies":null,"infraspecies":false,"kingdom":"Animalia","phylum":"Craniata","taxclass":"Mammalia","taxorder":"Artiodactyla","family":"Cervidae","genus":"Rangifer","americanFisheriesStatus":null,"americanFisheriesStatusDate":null,"saraStatus":null,"saraStatusDate":null,"cosewicDate":null,"interpretedCosewic":"PS:X,E,T,SC","cosewicComments":"Dawson Caribou is designated Extinct; Torngat Mountains population is designated Endangered; Atlantic-Gaspésie population is designated Endangered; Dolphin and Union Caribou is designated Endangered; Barren-ground population is designated Threatened; Boreal population is designated Threatened; Southern Mountain population is designated Threatened; Northern Mountain population is designated Special Concern; Newfoundland population is designated Special Concern.","usesaDate":null,"interpretedUsesa":"PS","usesaComments":"The Southern Mountain Caribou DPS is listed by USFWS as Endangered (Federal Register 2019). This DPS includes the currently listed southern Selkirk Mountains population of woodland caribou, a transboundary population that moves between British Columbia, Canada, and northern Idaho and northeastern Washington, United States. The Dolphin and Union caribou (as <i>Rangifer tarandus groenlandicus</i> x <i>pearyi</i>), a DPS of the barren-ground caribou (<i>R. t. groenlandicus</i>) is listed as Endangered (USFWS 2022).","completeDistribution":true,"synonyms":[],"infraspeciesList":[{"infraspeciesId":101704,"uniqueId":"ELEMENT_GLOBAL.2.101704","formattedScientificName":"<i>Rangifer tarandus</i> pop. 9","scientificName":"Rangifer tarandus pop. 9","primaryCommonName":"Caribou - Banks Island","nsxUrl":null},{"infraspeciesId":101962,"uniqueId":"ELEMENT_GLOBAL.2.101962","formattedScientificName":"<i>Rangifer tarandus</i> pop. 11","scientificName":"Rangifer tarandus pop. 11","primaryCommonName":"Caribou - Low Arctic","nsxUrl":null},{"infraspeciesId":101752,"uniqueId":"ELEMENT_GLOBAL.2.101752","formattedScientificName":"<i>Rangifer tarandus</i> pop. 15","scientificName":"Rangifer tarandus pop. 15","primaryCommonName":"Caribou - Northern Mountain Population","nsxUrl":null},{"infraspeciesId":103010,"uniqueId":"ELEMENT_GLOBAL.2.103010","formattedScientificName":"<i>Rangifer tarandus</i> pop. 1","scientificName":"Rangifer tarandus pop. 1","primaryCommonName":"Woodland Caribou - 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Cows bear usually 1 young in May or June. Newborn calves are precocious and soon able to walk. Calves and most yearlings commonly are not pregnant (Cichowski et al. 2004). Adult females sometimes skip reproduction for a year, in response to nutritional stress (Cameron 1994). In northeastern Alaska and adjacent Canada, 80% of adult females (age 3 years or older) gave birth each year (Fancy et al. 1994).","ecologyComments":"Caribou are generally gregarious; in tundra, they usually are bands of 10-50 or loose herds of several hundred or more than 1,000 individuals. Males and females may segregate seasonally.<br /><br />Caribou populations often incur high rates of calf mortality resulting from predation, inclement weather, or malnutrition (Bergerud et al. 1984, Bergerud and Ballard 1988).<br /><br />White-tailed deer carry and disperse into the environment meningeal worms that usually are fatal to moose and caribou but are clinically benign in deer; hence, white-tailed deer, through worm-mediated impacts, may exclude moose and caribou from otherwise suitable areas (see Schmitz and Nudds 1994).","habitatComments":"Across the vast range, caribou habitats include arctic tundra (including tussock tundra and sedge meadow), subarctic taiga, mature coniferous forest, forested peatlands, semi-open and open bogs, rocky ridges with jack pine, and riparian zones (Banfield 1974, COSEWIC 2002, Feldhamer et al. 2003, Hummel and Ray 2008). Some migratory herds in Alaska, Yukon, and Northwest Territories move seasonally between boreal forest (used in winter) and tundra (summer habitat). In summer, woodland caribou frequent open or semi-open habitats such as alpine tundra, upper subalpine, peatlands, islands, and shorelines where nutritious plants such as forbs and sedges are available (COSEWIC 2002). Large, low productivity, lichen-rich mature and old forests and forested peatlands are critical in winter (COSEWIC 2002); such areas provide critical food resources and are important spatial refuges from wolf predation (wolves tend to select more productive habitats in which deer, moose, or elk are more numerous) (Alberta Sustainable Resource Development and Alberta Conservation Association 2010). In winter in northeastern Alberta, woodland caribou selected forested fen peatland complexes; feeding activity was concentrated in forested raised bog islands, which may have been related to increased lichen biomass in these habitats (Bradshaw et al. 1995). \"Mountain\" caribou of southeastern British Columbia depend on older coniferous forests with high canopy closure, especially in late winter (Apps et al. 2001).<br /><br />In northern British Columbia, pregnant females seek high south slopes in mountains as calving sites (Bergerud et al. 1984). In the Porcupine Herd of northeastern Alaska and northwestern Yukon, females give birth on patches of bare ground within snowfields (Eastland et al. 1989); cows select areas north of the foothills (snow conditions permitting), thereby reducing exposure of calves to predators.<br />","generalDescription":null,"diagnosticCharacteristics":null,"speciesMarineHabitats":[],"speciesTerrestrialHabitats":[{"cagTerrHabId":-109430,"terrestrialHabitat":{"id":2,"terrestrialHabitatDescEn":"Forest - Conifer","terrestrialHabitatDescEs":"Bosque - Conífera","terrestrialHabitatDescFr":"Forêt — Résineux","displayOrder":3}},{"cagTerrHabId":-109431,"terrestrialHabitat":{"id":5,"terrestrialHabitatDescEn":"Woodland - Conifer","terrestrialHabitatDescEs":"Lote de madera - Conífera","terrestrialHabitatDescFr":"Terrain boisé — Résineux","displayOrder":7}},{"cagTerrHabId":-109432,"terrestrialHabitat":{"id":12,"terrestrialHabitatDescEn":"Alpine","terrestrialHabitatDescEs":"Alpino","terrestrialHabitatDescFr":"Alpin","displayOrder":14}},{"cagTerrHabId":-109429,"terrestrialHabitat":{"id":13,"terrestrialHabitatDescEn":"Tundra","terrestrialHabitatDescEs":"Tundra","terrestrialHabitatDescFr":"Toundra","displayOrder":15}}],"speciesRiverineHabitats":[],"speciesPalustrineHabitats":[{"cagPalusHabId":-102632,"palustrineHabitat":{"id":5,"palustrineHabitatDescEn":"Bog/fen","palustrineHabitatDescEs":"Pantanoso","palustrineHabitatDescFr":"Tourbière oligotrophe/marais","displayOrder":5}},{"cagPalusHabId":-102633,"palustrineHabitat":{"id":6,"palustrineHabitatDescEn":"Riparian","palustrineHabitatDescEs":"Ribereño","palustrineHabitatDescFr":"Riverain","displayOrder":6}}],"speciesLacustrineHabitats":[],"speciesSubterraneanHabitats":[],"speciesEstuarineHabitats":[]},"primaryReference":{"id":1151804,"citation":"American Society of Mammalogists (ASM). 2025. 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