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Such evidence minimally includes collection or reliable observation and documentation of one or more individuals (including eggs) in or near appropriate habitat where the species is presumed to be established and  breeding.","mappingGuidance":null,"separationBarriers":"Busy highway or highway with obstructions such that snakes rarely if ever cross successfully; major river, lake, pond, or deep marsh (this barrier does not apply to aquatic or wetland species); densely urbanized area dominated by buildings and pavement.","separationDistanceUnsuitableHabitatat":1.0,"separationDistanceSuitableHabitatat":5.0,"altSeparationProcedure":null,"separationJustification":"Data are limited to only a few species, but small colubrid snakes such as Diadophis punctatus (Fitch 1975) and Carphophis amoenus (Barbour et al. 1969, Clark 1970) generally have relatively small home ranges less than, or much less than, 1 ha. However, because even small snakes occasionally move large distances (e.g., up to at least 1.7 km in Diadophis punctatus, Fitch 1975). Also, these snakes tend to be secretive and may be easily overlooked or not recorded in areas where they do in fact occur. It seems unlikely that occupied locations separated by a gap of less than several kilometers of suitable habitat would represent independent occurrences over the long term.","versionDate":"2004-09-21","versionAuthor":"Hammerson, G.","versionNotes":"This specs group is a somewhat arbitrary assemblage of small snakes that are believed to be among the most sedentary species of the family Colubridae.","lastModified":"2020-04-30T02:04:28.019404Z"}],"plantCharacteristics":null,"elementManagement":{"elementGlobalId":103123,"eoManagementGroupName":null,"stewardshipOverview":null,"impacts":null,"restorationPotential":null,"siteConservationPlansConsidered":null,"managementMethods":null,"monitoringMethods":null,"managementProgramContacts":"An experimental introduction of subspecies BLANCHARDI, involving 75 snakes from Wisconsin, was attempted in Missouri in 1986 and 1988; as of 1991 there was no evidence that a population had become established (Figg 1991).","monitoringProgramContacts":null,"managementResearchPrograms":null,"managementResearchNeeds":null,"biologicalResearchNeeds":null,"additionalTopics":null},"occurrenceViabilities":[{"eoRankSpecsDetailId":104613,"eoRankSpecsGroupName":null,"locationUseClass":{"id":1,"locationUseClassDescEn":"Not applicable","locationUseClassDescEs":"No se aplica","locationUseClassDescFr":"Sans objet","displayOrder":1},"excellentViability":null,"goodViability":null,"fairViability":null,"poorViability":null,"viabilityJustification":"Use the Generic Guidelines for the Application of Occurrence Ranks (2008).<br>The Key for Ranking Species Occurrences Using the Generic Approach provides a step-wise process for implementing this method.","versionDate":null,"versionAuthor":null,"versionNotes":null,"lastModified":"2020-05-14T02:23:16.881929Z"}],"references":[{"id":100821,"citation":"Baxter, G. T. and M. D. Stone. 1985. Amphibians and reptiles of Wyoming. Second edition. Wyoming Game and Fish Department, Cheyenne. 137 pp.","shortCitationAuthor":"Baxter and Stone","shortCitationYear":1985,"referenceCode":"B85BAX01EHUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T18:14:30.290387Z"},{"id":137372,"citation":"Behler, J. L., and F. W. King. 1979. The Audubon Society field guide to North American reptiles and amphibians. Alfred A. Knopf, New York. 719 pp.","shortCitationAuthor":"Behler and King","shortCitationYear":1979,"referenceCode":"B79BEH01NAUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T14:38:24.173666Z"},{"id":149551,"citation":"Brodman, R., S. Cortwright, and A. Resetar. 2002. Historical changes of reptiles and amphibians of northwest Indiana fish and wildlife properties. American Midland Naturalist 147:135-144.","shortCitationAuthor":"Brodman et al.","shortCitationYear":2002,"referenceCode":"A02BRO01NAUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T18:12:49.242084Z"},{"id":137880,"citation":"Collins, J. T. 1990. Standard common and current scientific names for North American amphibians and reptiles. 3rd ed. Society for the Study of Amphibians and Reptiles. Herpetological Circular No. 19. 41 pp.","shortCitationAuthor":"Collins","shortCitationYear":1990,"referenceCode":"B90COL01NAUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T14:38:15.579798Z"},{"id":104608,"citation":"Conant, R. and J. T. Collins. 1991. A field guide to reptiles and amphibians: eastern and central North America. Third edition. Houghton Mifflin Co., Boston, Massachusetts. 450 pp.","shortCitationAuthor":"Conant and Collins","shortCitationYear":1991,"referenceCode":"B91CON01NAUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T18:11:51.303794Z"},{"id":140525,"citation":"Conant, R., and J. T. Collins. 1998. A field guide to reptiles and amphibians: eastern and central North America. Third edition, expanded. Houghton Mifflin Co., Boston, Massachusetts. 616 pp.","shortCitationAuthor":"Conant and Collins","shortCitationYear":1998,"referenceCode":"B98CON01EHUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T18:11:57.819328Z"},{"id":621810,"citation":"Crother, B. I. (editor). 2008. Scientific and standard English names of amphibians and reptiles of North America north of Mexico, with comments regarding confidence in our understanding. Sixth edition. Society for the Study of Amphibians and Reptiles Herpetological Circular 37:1-84. Online with updates at: http://www.ssarherps.org/pages/comm_names/Index.php","shortCitationAuthor":"Crother","shortCitationYear":2008,"referenceCode":"B08CRO01NAUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T14:38:20.142383Z"},{"id":722484,"citation":"Crother, B. I. (editor). 2012. Scientific and standard English names of amphibians and reptiles of North America north of Mexico, with comments regarding confidence in our understanding. 7th edition. SSAR Herpetological Circular 39:1-92.","shortCitationAuthor":"Crother","shortCitationYear":2012,"referenceCode":"B12CRO01NAUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T18:11:51.08501Z"},{"id":943912,"citation":"Crother, B. I. (editor). 2017. Scientific and standard English names of amphibians and reptiles of North America north of Mexico, with comments regarding confidence in our understanding. 8th edition. SSAR Herpetological Circular 43:1-104. [Updates in SSAR North American Species Names Database at: https://ssarherps.org/cndb]","shortCitationAuthor":"Crother","shortCitationYear":2017,"referenceCode":"B17CRO01EHUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T18:11:53.413199Z"},{"id":146698,"citation":"Crother, B. I., J. Boundy, J. A. Campbell, K. de Queiroz, D. R. Frost, R. Highton, J. B. Iverson, P. A. Meylan, T. W. Reeder, M. E. Seidel, J. W. Sites, Jr., T. W. Taggart, S. G. Tilley, and D. B. Wake. 2000 [2001]. Scientific and standard English names of amphibians and reptiles of North America north of Mexico, with comments regarding confidence in our understanding. Society for the Study of Amphibians and Reptiles, Herpetological Circular No. 29. 82 pp.","shortCitationAuthor":"Crother et al.","shortCitationYear":2000,"referenceCode":"B00CRO01NAUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T18:11:56.631788Z"},{"id":103692,"citation":"Degenhardt, W. G., C. W. Painter, and A. H. Price. 1996. Amphibians and reptiles of New Mexico. University of New Mexico Press, Albuquerque. xix + 431 pp.","shortCitationAuthor":"Degenhardt et al.","shortCitationYear":1996,"referenceCode":"B96DEG01NAUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T18:11:51.303794Z"},{"id":115940,"citation":"DeGraaf, R. M., and D. D. Rudis. 1983a. Amphibians and reptiles of New England. Habitats and natural history. Univ. Massachusetts Press. vii + 83 pp.","shortCitationAuthor":"DeGraaf and Rudis","shortCitationYear":1983,"referenceCode":"B83DEG01NAUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T18:12:26.951601Z"},{"id":107824,"citation":"Ernst, C. H., and R. W. Barbour. 1989b. Snakes of eastern North America. George Mason Univ. Press, Fairfax, Virginia. 282 pp.","shortCitationAuthor":"Ernst and Barbour","shortCitationYear":1989,"referenceCode":"B89ERN03NAUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T18:12:15.475829Z"},{"id":143664,"citation":"Figg, D. E. 1991. Missouri Department of Conservation Annual Nongame and Endangered Species Report July 1990 - June 1991. ii + 35 pp.","shortCitationAuthor":"Figg","shortCitationYear":1991,"referenceCode":"U91FIG01NAUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T18:12:52.46115Z"},{"id":106832,"citation":"Fitch, H. S. 1970. Reproductive cycles of lizards and snakes. Univ. 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Herpetol. 26:175-186.","shortCitationAuthor":"Grobman","shortCitationYear":1992,"referenceCode":"A92GRO02NAUS","lastModified":"2020-11-11T02:09:18.814872Z"},{"id":138394,"citation":"Hammerson, G. A. 1982b. Amphibians and reptiles in Colorado. Colorado Division of Wildlife, Denver. vii + 131 pp.","shortCitationAuthor":"Hammerson","shortCitationYear":1982,"referenceCode":"B82HAM01NAUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T18:12:18.040312Z"},{"id":104501,"citation":"Hammerson, G. A. 1999. Amphibians and reptiles in Colorado. Second edition. University Press of Colorado, Boulder. xxvi + 484 pp.","shortCitationAuthor":"Hammerson","shortCitationYear":1999,"referenceCode":"B99HAM01NAUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T18:12:18.040312Z"},{"id":108406,"citation":"Hulse, A. C., C. J. McCoy, and E. Censky. 2001. Amphibians and reptiles of Pennsylvania and the Northeast. Comstock Publishing Associates, Cornell University Press, Ithaca. 419 pp.","shortCitationAuthor":"Hulse et al.","shortCitationYear":2001,"referenceCode":"B01HUL01NAUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T18:11:53.413199Z"},{"id":127606,"citation":"Johnson, T. R. 2000. The amphibians and reptiles of Missouri. Second edition. Missouri Department of Conservation, Jefferson City. 400 pp.","shortCitationAuthor":"Johnson","shortCitationYear":2000,"referenceCode":"B00JOH01NAUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T18:13:11.007919Z"},{"id":127198,"citation":"Minton, S. A., Jr. 1972. Amphibians and reptiles of Indiana. Indiana Academy Science Monographs 3. v + 346 pp.","shortCitationAuthor":"Minton","shortCitationYear":1972,"referenceCode":"B72MIN01NAUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T18:11:59.913087Z"},{"id":123392,"citation":"Minton, S. A., Jr. 2001. Amphibians & reptiles of Indiana. Revised second edition. Indiana Academy of Science, Indianapolis. xiv + 404 pp.","shortCitationAuthor":"Minton","shortCitationYear":2001,"referenceCode":"B01MIN01NAUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T18:11:59.913087Z"},{"id":134976,"citation":"Oldham, J. C., and H. M. Smith. 1991. The generic status of the smooth green snake, <i>Opheodrys vernalis</i>. Bull. Maryland Herp. Soc. 27(4):201-215.","shortCitationAuthor":"Oldham and Smith","shortCitationYear":1991,"referenceCode":"A91OLD01NAUS","lastModified":"2020-11-11T02:07:55.282433Z"},{"id":146382,"citation":"Phillips, C. A., R. A. Brandon, and E. O. Moll. 1999. Field guide to amphibians and reptiles of Illinois. Illinois Natural History Survey Manual 8. xv + 282 pp.","shortCitationAuthor":"Phillips et al.","shortCitationYear":1999,"referenceCode":"B99PHI01NAUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T18:12:32.085702Z"},{"id":128105,"citation":"Smith, H. M., G. A. Hammerson, J. J. Roth, and D. Chizar. 1991. Distributional addenda for the smooth green snake (<i>Opheodrys vernalis</i>) in western Colorado, and the status of its subspecies. Bull. Maryland Herp. Soc. 27(2):99-106.","shortCitationAuthor":"Smith et al.","shortCitationYear":1991,"referenceCode":"A91SMI02NAUS","lastModified":"2020-11-11T02:09:18.814872Z"},{"id":144435,"citation":"Stebbins, R. C. 1985a. A field guide to western reptiles and amphibians. Second edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, Boston, Massachusetts. xiv + 336 pp.","shortCitationAuthor":"Stebbins","shortCitationYear":1985,"referenceCode":"B85STE01NAUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T18:11:51.08501Z"},{"id":266629,"citation":"Stebbins, R. C. 2003. A field guide to western reptiles and amphibians. Third edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, Boston.","shortCitationAuthor":"Stebbins","shortCitationYear":2003,"referenceCode":"B03STE01NAUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T18:11:51.08501Z"},{"id":132352,"citation":"Vogt, R. C. 1981c. Natural history of amphibians and reptiles of Wisconsin. Milwaukee Public Museum. 205 pp.","shortCitationAuthor":"Vogt","shortCitationYear":1981,"referenceCode":"B81VOG01NAUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T18:12:18.569643Z"},{"id":235668,"citation":"Walley, H. D. 2003. <i>Liochlorophis, L. vernalis</i>. Catalogue of American Amphibians and Reptiles 776:1-13.","shortCitationAuthor":"Walley","shortCitationYear":2003,"referenceCode":"A03WAL02NAUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T18:19:20.607244Z"}],"otherCommonNames":[{"id":135352,"name":"Couleuvre verte","language":"FR"},{"id":145533,"name":"smooth greensnake","language":"EN"},{"id":131911,"name":"Smooth Green Snake","language":"EN"}],"speciesGlobal":{"elementGlobalId":103123,"cites":null,"cosewic":null,"fwsRegion":null,"genusSize":{"id":2,"genusSizeDescEn":"Very small genus","genusSizeDescEs":"Un género muy pequeño","genusSizeDescFr":"Très petit genre"},"jurisEndem":{"id":5,"jurisEndemDescEn":"occurs (regularly, as a native taxon) in multiple nations","jurisEndemDescEs":"Se encuentra en varias naciones (de manera regular, como un taxón nativo)","jurisEndemDescFr":"Se trouve dans plusieurs nations (de façon régulière, tel un taxon indigène)"},"nomenclaturallyEst":null,"usesa":null,"informalTaxonomy":{"informalTaxonomyId":7,"level1":"Animals","level2":"Vertebrates","level3":"Reptiles","level":3,"hasChildren":false,"parentId":2,"distributionStatus":"complete","displayOrder":1100},"parentSpecies":null,"infraspecies":false,"kingdom":"Animalia","phylum":"Craniata","taxclass":"Reptilia","taxorder":"Squamata","family":"Colubridae","genus":"Opheodrys","americanFisheriesStatus":null,"americanFisheriesStatusDate":null,"saraStatus":null,"saraStatusDate":null,"cosewicDate":null,"interpretedCosewic":null,"cosewicComments":null,"usesaDate":null,"interpretedUsesa":null,"usesaComments":null,"completeDistribution":true,"synonyms":[{"id":114062,"synonym":"Liochlorophis vernalis","synonymAuthor":"(Harlan, 1827)","formattedSynonym":"<i>Liochlorophis vernalis</i>"}],"infraspeciesList":[],"ebarId":null,"ebarCanadianScope":false,"ebarGlobalScope":false,"ebarKbaGroup":"Amphibians and Reptiles","caGeneralStatusId":"GS000782"},"speciesCharacteristics":{"elementGlobalId":103123,"reproductionComments":"Eggs are laid usually during the first three weeks of August in northern Michigan, mainly late June to late July in the Chicago area, Illinois. Clutch size is 3-18 (generally 4-9). Eggs hatch in a few to about 30 days, early August to early September in northern Michigan, mostly early to mid-August in Chicago. Probably sexually mature in about two years. Copulation has been recorded in August in Ontario. Sometimes nests communally (Fitch 1970; Herp. Rev. 20:84).","ecologyComments":"May aggregate in hibernacula; groups of between 100-150 have been found in Manitoba and Minnesota.","habitatComments":"Habitats include meadows, grassy marshes, moist grassy fields at forest edges, mountain shrublands, stream borders, bogs, open moist woodland, abandoned farmland, and vacant lots. This snake has been found hibernating in abandoned ant mounds. <br><br>Eggs are laid under rotting wood, underground, or under rocks.","generalDescription":"A small-medium, slender, bright green snake with smooth dorsal scales (15 rows at mid-body), and a white or yellowish venter; each nostril is centered in a single scale; anal scale is divided; in some regions, occasional individuals are tan, and in Texas the color may be light brown with an olive wash instead of green; young are dark olive gray above, hatchlings are gray to brown above; adults turn blue or gray after death; total length usually 30-51 cm, up to 61 cm; hatchlings are about 8-17 cm long (Stebbins 1985, Conant and Collins 1991).","diagnosticCharacteristics":"Differs from COLUBER CONSTRICTOR in smaller size, in having the nostril centered in a single scale rather than placed between two scales, and in having a single anterior temporal scale on each side rather than two. Differs from OPHEODRYS AESTIVUS in having smooth rather than keeled dorsal scales. Differs from SENTICOLIS TRIASPIS (green rat snake) in having fewer dorsal scale rows (15 at mid-body vs. 25 or more) and in lacking keels on any of the dorsal scales.","speciesMarineHabitats":[],"speciesTerrestrialHabitats":[{"cagTerrHabId":-108965,"terrestrialHabitat":{"id":4,"terrestrialHabitatDescEn":"Woodland - Hardwood","terrestrialHabitatDescEs":"Lote de madera - Madera dura","terrestrialHabitatDescFr":"Terrain boisé — Feuillu","displayOrder":6}},{"cagTerrHabId":-108966,"terrestrialHabitat":{"id":5,"terrestrialHabitatDescEn":"Woodland - Conifer","terrestrialHabitatDescEs":"Lote de madera - Conífera","terrestrialHabitatDescFr":"Terrain boisé — Résineux","displayOrder":7}},{"cagTerrHabId":-108967,"terrestrialHabitat":{"id":6,"terrestrialHabitatDescEn":"Woodland - Mixed","terrestrialHabitatDescEs":"Lote de madera - Mixto","terrestrialHabitatDescFr":"Terrain boisé — Mixte","displayOrder":8}},{"cagTerrHabId":-108960,"terrestrialHabitat":{"id":7,"terrestrialHabitatDescEn":"Shrubland/chaparral","terrestrialHabitatDescEs":"Matorral/Chaparral","terrestrialHabitatDescFr":"Fruticée/Chaparral","displayOrder":9}},{"cagTerrHabId":-108961,"terrestrialHabitat":{"id":8,"terrestrialHabitatDescEn":"Savanna","terrestrialHabitatDescEs":"Sabana","terrestrialHabitatDescFr":"Savane","displayOrder":10}},{"cagTerrHabId":-108962,"terrestrialHabitat":{"id":9,"terrestrialHabitatDescEn":"Grassland/herbaceous","terrestrialHabitatDescEs":"Pastizales/cobertura herbácea","terrestrialHabitatDescFr":"Prairie/couverture herbacée","displayOrder":11}},{"cagTerrHabId":-108963,"terrestrialHabitat":{"id":10,"terrestrialHabitatDescEn":"Old field","terrestrialHabitatDescEs":"Terreno baldío","terrestrialHabitatDescFr":"Friche","displayOrder":12}},{"cagTerrHabId":-108964,"terrestrialHabitat":{"id":20,"terrestrialHabitatDescEn":"Suburban/orchard","terrestrialHabitatDescEs":"Suburbano/ huertos","terrestrialHabitatDescFr":"Banlieusard/verger","displayOrder":23}}],"speciesRiverineHabitats":[],"speciesPalustrineHabitats":[{"cagPalusHabId":-102493,"palustrineHabitat":{"id":2,"palustrineHabitatDescEn":"HERBACEOUS WETLAND","palustrineHabitatDescEs":"HUMEDAL HERBÁCEO","palustrineHabitatDescFr":"TERRE HUMIDE HERBACÉE","displayOrder":2}},{"cagPalusHabId":-102496,"palustrineHabitat":{"id":3,"palustrineHabitatDescEn":"SCRUB-SHRUB WETLAND","palustrineHabitatDescEs":"HUMEDAL DE MATORRALES","palustrineHabitatDescFr":"FRUTICÉE HUMIDE","displayOrder":3}},{"cagPalusHabId":-102494,"palustrineHabitat":{"id":5,"palustrineHabitatDescEn":"Bog/fen","palustrineHabitatDescEs":"Pantanoso","palustrineHabitatDescFr":"Tourbière oligotrophe/marais","displayOrder":5}},{"cagPalusHabId":-102495,"palustrineHabitat":{"id":6,"palustrineHabitatDescEn":"Riparian","palustrineHabitatDescEs":"Ribereño","palustrineHabitatDescFr":"Riverain","displayOrder":6}}],"speciesLacustrineHabitats":[],"speciesSubterraneanHabitats":[],"speciesEstuarineHabitats":[]},"primaryReference":{"id":943912,"citation":"Crother, B. 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