{"elementGlobalId":103099,"circumscripConfidence":{"id":1,"circumscripConfidenceDescEn":"1 - Strong","circumscripConfidenceDescEs":"1 - Fuerte","circumscripConfidenceDescFr":"1 – Forte"},"classificationLevel":{"id":7,"classificationLevelNameEn":"Species","classificationLevelNameEs":"Especies","classificationLevelNameFr":"Espèce"},"classificationStatus":{"id":1,"classificationStatusDescEn":"Standard","classificationStatusDescEs":"Estándar","classificationStatusDescFr":"Standard"},"iucn":{"id":5,"iucnDescEn":"Vulnerable","iucnDescEs":"Vulnerable","iucnDescFr":"Vulnérable","iucnCode":"VU"},"nameCategory":{"id":1,"nameCategoryDescEn":"Vertebrate Animal","nameCategoryDescEs":"Animal vertebrado","nameCategoryDescFr":"Animal vertébré","nameTypeCd":"A","nameTypeDesc":"Zoological"},"rankMethodUsed":{"id":7,"rankMethodUsedDescEn":" Rank calculation - Biotics v2","rankMethodUsedDescEs":null,"rankMethodUsedDescFr":null,"rankMethodUsedExternalDescEn":"Ranked by calculator","rankMethodUsedExternalDescEs":null,"rankMethodUsedExternalDescFr":null},"formattedScientificName":"<i>Trichechus manatus</i>","scientificName":"Trichechus manatus","scientificNameAuthor":"Linnaeus, 1758","primaryCommonName":"West Indian Manatee","relatedItisNames":"<i>Trichechus manatus</i> Linnaeus, 1758 (TSN 180684)","uniqueId":"ELEMENT_GLOBAL.2.103099","elcode":"AMAKA01010","conceptRefFullCitation":"Wilson, D. E., and D. M. Reeder (editors). 1993. Mammal species of the world: a taxonomic and geographic reference. Second edition. Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, DC. xviii + 1206 pp. Available online at: http://www.nmnh.si.edu/msw/.","conceptName":"<i>Trichechus manatus</i>","taxonomicComments":"One of only four living species in the order Sirenia; the two other manatee species occur along the coast of West Africa (<i>T. senegalensis</i>) and in rivers of northeastern South America (<i>T. inunguis</i>). The other living sirenian, <i>Dugong dugong</i>, occurs in tropical bays and estuaries of the Indian and western Pacific oceans.<br/><br/>García-Rodríguez et al. (1998) examined range-wide phylogeography based on mtDNA variation in eight locations from Florida south to coastal Brazil. They detected three distinctive mtDNA lineages, corresponding approximately to: (1) Florida and the West Indies (Puerto Rico, Hispaniola); (2) Gulf of Mexico to the Caribbean rivers of South America (Mexico, Colombia, Venezuela); and (3) northeast Atlantic coast of South America (Guyana, Brazil). These lineages, which exhibit strong but incomplete geographical partitioning, are not concordant with previously recognized subspecies designations.","roundedGRank":"G2","conservationStatusFactorsEditionDate":"2020-10-05","conservationStatusFactorsEditionAuthors":"Hammerson, G., D. L. Hipes, D. R. Jackson, and J. G. Palis (2011); rev. R. L. Gundy (2020)","primaryCommonNameLanguage":"EN","recordType":"SPECIES","elementNationals":[{"elementNationalId":165473,"classifConfidence":null,"nation":{"id":225,"nameEn":"United States","nameEs":"Estados Unidos","nameFr":"États-Unis","isoCode":"US","region":"United States"},"roundedNRank":"N2","elementSubnationals":[{"elementSubnationalId":297339,"subnation":{"id":32,"nameEn":"Mississippi","nameEs":"Mississippi","nameFr":"Mississippi","subnationCode":"MS","dnationId":225},"roundedSRank":"S1N","dataSensitive":{"id":2,"dataSensitiveDescEn":"No","dataSensitiveDescEs":null,"dataSensitiveDescFr":null,"dataSensitiveCode":"N"},"dataSensitiveCategory":null,"srank":"S1N","speciesSubnational":{"elementSubnationalId":297339,"hybrid":false,"exotic":false,"native":true}},{"elementSubnationalId":358226,"subnation":{"id":23,"nameEn":"Louisiana","nameEs":"Louisiana","nameFr":"Louisiane","subnationCode":"LA","dnationId":225},"roundedSRank":"S2","dataSensitive":{"id":2,"dataSensitiveDescEn":"No","dataSensitiveDescEs":null,"dataSensitiveDescFr":null,"dataSensitiveCode":"N"},"dataSensitiveCategory":null,"srank":"S2","speciesSubnational":{"elementSubnationalId":358226,"hybrid":false,"exotic":false,"native":true}},{"elementSubnationalId":298342,"subnation":{"id":14,"nameEn":"Georgia","nameEs":"Georgia","nameFr":"Géorgie","subnationCode":"GA","dnationId":225},"roundedSRank":"S2","dataSensitive":{"id":2,"dataSensitiveDescEn":"No","dataSensitiveDescEs":null,"dataSensitiveDescFr":null,"dataSensitiveCode":"N"},"dataSensitiveCategory":null,"srank":"S2","speciesSubnational":{"elementSubnationalId":298342,"hybrid":false,"exotic":false,"native":true}},{"elementSubnationalId":336518,"subnation":{"id":2,"nameEn":"Alabama","nameEs":"Alabama","nameFr":"Alabama","subnationCode":"AL","dnationId":225},"roundedSRank":"S1","dataSensitive":{"id":2,"dataSensitiveDescEn":"No","dataSensitiveDescEs":null,"dataSensitiveDescFr":null,"dataSensitiveCode":"N"},"dataSensitiveCategory":null,"srank":"S1","speciesSubnational":{"elementSubnationalId":336518,"hybrid":false,"exotic":false,"native":true}},{"elementSubnationalId":1383545,"subnation":{"id":48,"nameEn":"South Carolina","nameEs":"Carolina del Sur","nameFr":"Caroline du Sud","subnationCode":"SC","dnationId":225},"roundedSRank":"SNR","dataSensitive":{"id":2,"dataSensitiveDescEn":"No","dataSensitiveDescEs":null,"dataSensitiveDescFr":null,"dataSensitiveCode":"N"},"dataSensitiveCategory":null,"srank":"SNR","speciesSubnational":{"elementSubnationalId":1383545,"hybrid":false,"exotic":false,"native":true}},{"elementSubnationalId":319839,"subnation":{"id":34,"nameEn":"North Carolina","nameEs":"Carolina del Norte","nameFr":"Caroline du Nord","subnationCode":"NC","dnationId":225},"roundedSRank":"S1N","dataSensitive":{"id":2,"dataSensitiveDescEn":"No","dataSensitiveDescEs":null,"dataSensitiveDescFr":null,"dataSensitiveCode":"N"},"dataSensitiveCategory":null,"srank":"S1N","speciesSubnational":{"elementSubnationalId":319839,"hybrid":false,"exotic":false,"native":true}},{"elementSubnationalId":271492,"subnation":{"id":12,"nameEn":"Florida","nameEs":"Florida","nameFr":"Floride","subnationCode":"FL","dnationId":225},"roundedSRank":"S2","dataSensitive":{"id":2,"dataSensitiveDescEn":"No","dataSensitiveDescEs":null,"dataSensitiveDescFr":null,"dataSensitiveCode":"N"},"dataSensitiveCategory":null,"srank":"S2","speciesSubnational":{"elementSubnationalId":271492,"hybrid":false,"exotic":false,"native":true}},{"elementSubnationalId":363381,"subnation":{"id":51,"nameEn":"Texas","nameEs":"Texas","nameFr":"Texas","subnationCode":"TX","dnationId":225},"roundedSRank":"S3","dataSensitive":{"id":2,"dataSensitiveDescEn":"No","dataSensitiveDescEs":null,"dataSensitiveDescFr":null,"dataSensitiveCode":"N"},"dataSensitiveCategory":null,"srank":"S3","speciesSubnational":{"elementSubnationalId":363381,"hybrid":false,"exotic":false,"native":true}},{"elementSubnationalId":404944,"subnation":{"id":25,"nameEn":"Maryland","nameEs":"Maryland","nameFr":"Maryland","subnationCode":"MD","dnationId":225},"roundedSRank":"S1N","dataSensitive":{"id":2,"dataSensitiveDescEn":"No","dataSensitiveDescEs":null,"dataSensitiveDescFr":null,"dataSensitiveCode":"N"},"dataSensitiveCategory":null,"srank":"S1N","speciesSubnational":{"elementSubnationalId":404944,"hybrid":false,"exotic":false,"native":true}}],"nrankReviewYear":1998,"nrank":"N2","speciesNational":{"elementNationalId":165473,"exotic":false,"native":true}}],"lastModified":"2026-10-02T21:41:13.830131Z","lastPublished":"2026-10-02T21:32:08.892226Z","promotionalDescription":null,"conceptLineageSummary":null,"nsxUrl":"/Taxon/ELEMENT_GLOBAL.2.103099/Trichechus_manatus","grankAdjustmentReasons":null,"grankChangeDate":"2020-10-02","grankReviewDate":"2020-10-02","grankReasons":"West Indian manatees are highly threatened by collisions with watercraft throughout their range, as well as harmful algal blooms and loss of warm water outflows in Florida. The severity of habitat loss, hunting, poaching, and entrapment in water control structures as threats has declined but nonetheless continues. The potential effects of climate change are not yet understood. A low reproductive rate (1 calf every 2-5 years) contributes to slow recovery. Improved monitoring and status assessments have increased population size estimates where applied. Populations in Florida and Puerto Rico are growing or stable. Global population numbers remain relatively low, with the most recent estimate (2017) being 13,142 individuals rangewide. At least 11 countries have given legal protections to this species, and all have set aside protected waters to aid in conservation efforts. Despite some degree of protection throughout most of its range, this species continues to decline at an unsustainable rate throughout much of its range, but the current rate of decline is not predicted to cause extinction within 100 years.","grank":"G2G3","rankInfo":{"elementGlobalId":103099,"aooPercentGood":null,"enviromentalSpecificity":{"id":8,"enviromentalSpecificityDescEn":"Moderate.  Generalist or community with some key requirements scarce.","enviromentalSpecificityDescEs":"Moderado.  Generalista o comunidad con algunos requisitos claves escasos.","enviromentalSpecificityDescFr":"Modéré. Généralistes ou communautés répondant à certains critères clés sont rares."},"intrinsicVulnerability":{"id":1,"intrinsicVulnerabilityDescEn":"Highly vulnerable","intrinsicVulnerabilityDescEs":"Altamente vulnerable","intrinsicVulnerabilityDescFr":"Très vulnérable"},"longTermTrend":{"id":4,"longTermTrendDescEn":"Decline of >50%","longTermTrendDescEs":"Disminución de >50%.","longTermTrendDescFr":"Diminution de >50 %"},"numberEos":{"id":7,"numberEosDescEn":"6 - 80","numberEosDescEs":"De 6 a 80","numberEosDescFr":"De 6 à 80"},"numberGoodEos":{"id":13,"numberGoodEosDescEn":"Few to some (4-40)","numberGoodEosDescEs":"Pocos a algunos (4-40)","numberGoodEosDescFr":"De peu à quelques-uns (de 4 à 40)"},"numberProtEos":{"id":7,"numberProtEosDescEn":"Few to several (1-12) occurrences appropriately protected and managed","numberProtEosDescEs":"Gradualmente hasta unos pocos casos (1 a 12) adecuadamente protegidos y controlados","numberProtEosDescFr":"De peu à quelques occurrences (de 1 à 12) protégées et contrôlées convenablement"},"popSize":{"id":28,"popSizeDescEn":"2500 - 100,000 individuals","popSizeDescEs":"De 2.500 a 100.000 individuos","popSizeDescFr":"De 2 500 à 100 000 individus"},"rangeExtent":{"id":30,"rangeExtentDescEn":"20,000-200,000 square km (about 8000-80,000 square miles)","rangeExtentDescEs":"De 20.000 a 200.000 kilómetros cuadrados (aproximadamente 8.000 a 80.000.000 millas cuadradas)","rangeExtentDescFr":"De 20 000 à 200 000 km carrés (de 8 000 à 80 000 000 miles carrés approximativement)"},"shortTermTrend":{"id":37,"shortTermTrendDescEn":"Decline of <30% to relatively stable","shortTermTrendDescEs":"Disminución de <30% a relativamente estable","shortTermTrendDescFr":"Diminution de <30 % à relativement stable"},"threatImpactAssigned":{"id":6,"threatImpactAssignedDescEn":"High - medium","threatImpactAssignedDescEs":"Alto - medio","threatImpactAssignedDescFr":"Élevé — Moyen"},"rangeExtentComments":"Range encompasses rivers, estuaries, and coastal areas of subtropical and tropical areas of northeastern South America, Central America along the Gulf of Mexico, Trinidad, Jamaica, Hispaniola, Puerto Rico, Cuba, and the southeastern United States (mainly Florida).<br /><br />Occasional manatees are found outside of Florida in summer from Texas to North Carolina, USA, but these are not functioning populations (Schwartz 1995). A few individuals may remain year-round in Cumberland Sound, southeastern Georgia, USA, where factory warm-water outfalls allow survival in colder winter months (Reeves et al. 1992). Sightings of vagrant individuals occur rarely in the Bahamas and U.S. Virgin Islands (USFWS 2007, UNEP 2010). Manatees have not been documented in the Lesser Antilles south of the Virgin Islands since the 1700s.","areaOfOccupancy":{"id":37,"areaOfOccupancyType":{"id":5,"areaOfOccupancyTypeDescEn":"1-km2 grid cells","areaOfOccupancyTypeDescEs":"Células de la cuadrícula de 1 km2","areaOfOccupancyTypeDescFr":"Cellules de grille de 1 km2"},"areaOfOccupancyDescEn":"501-10,000","areaOfOccupancyDescEs":"De 501 a 10.000","areaOfOccupancyDescFr":"De 501 à 10 000","bioticsKey":38},"areaOfOccupancyComments":"Area of occupancy is difficult to estimate range-wide. Continuous populations occur along both coasts of Florida from Nassau County southward around the Florida Keys, north along the west coast, and west through Franklin County (Hostetler et al. 2018). In Puerto Rico, found from the town of Dorado on the north central coast, wrapping around the east coast (including Vieques and Culebra Islands), and west to Rincón (Collazo et al. 2019). In Cuba, found in several disjunct areas around the island (UNEP 2010). On Hispaniola, mostly found on the north and south coasts of the Dominican Republic (UNEP 2010). In Jamaica, found along the southern coast (UNEP 2010). In Trinidad, found along the east coast (UNEP 2010). Along Central and South America, manatees occur discontinuously from the State of Veracruz, Mexico to the State of Alagoas, Brazil, typically centered around river mouths (UNEP 2010).","numberEosComments":"The precise number of distinct occurrences is unknown and not well defined. There are currently two accepted subspecies, <i>T. m. manatus</i> and <i>T. m. latirostris</i>. Mitochondrial DNA data has suggested the existence of three main lineages that do not fit with currently accepted ranges of these subspecies (García-Rodríguez et al. 1998). Using microsatellite markers and mtDNA, manatees from Puerto Rico and Florida represented different groups (Hunter et al. 2012). Each mtDNA lineage could be regarded as occurrences from the broad perspective, but may be too large for most practical conservation purposes. Castelblanco-Martínez et al. (2012) recognized six subpopulations in the Caribbean. Some evidence supports Florida as a seventh subpopulation based on a lack of differentiation between the east and Gulf coasts of Florida but differentiation between individuals from Florida and Puerto Rico (Hunter et al. 2012, Tucker et al. 2012). Gaps between populations are poorly understood but are often attributed to habitat unsuitable for manatees.","popSizeComments":"The most recent range-wide population size estimate, aggregated from multiple published estimates, was 13,142 individuals with a minimum population size of 8,396 individuals (USFWS 2017). The population of <i>T. m. latirostris</i> in Florida from 2015-2016 was estimated to be 8,810 with a 95% confidence interval of 7,520–10,280 (Hostetler et al. 2018). The population of <i>T. m. manatus</i> throughout the rest of the Caribbean, excluding the U.S., was estimated to be 6,700 (Castelblanco-Martínez et al. 2012). USWFS (2017) provides individual estimates for all countries where this species can be found.","viabilityComments":"The number of occurrences and proportion with good viability is not precisely known. There are numerous protected areas range-wide that preserve habitat.","threatImpactComments":"The greatest threats to West Indian manatees are boat collisions, harmful algal blooms, loss of warm-water refugia, and habitat loss (Runge et al. 2016, USFWS 2017). Boat collisions are one of the leading causes of mortality throughout their range (Galvez et al. 2013, Runge et al. 2016, USFWS 2017). In Florida, mortality from boat collisions has steadily increased from 3 in 1974 to a high of 124 confirmed deaths in 2018 (FWC, unpublished data available online). Harmful algal blooms are an emerging threat and have recently been considered of greater importance than in previous years (Runge et al. 2016). Dozens of manatee mortalities are caused each time a red tide, blooms of the dinoflagellate <i>Karenia brevis,</i> occur (FWC, unpublished data available online). Algal blooms along the coast of east central Florida involving the dinoflagellates <i>Aureoumbra lagunensis</i> and <i>Pyrodinium bahamense</i> caused damage to seagrass beds that, in turn, was likely responsible for the deaths of more than 100 manatees (Phlips et al. 2014, USFWS 2017). Loss of warm-water refugia comes in two forms. Droughts and anthropogenic overuse of groundwater reduce natural warm water outflows (Runge et al. 2016, USFWS 2017). Decommissioning of nuclear power plant facilities in coming decades will cause the loss of manmade warm water outflows, which are currently relied upon by large aggregations of manatees (Runge et al. 2016, USFWS 2017). Habitat loss or degradation is a continuing threat as humans develop coastal areas and alter natural habitats. Other threats include intentional hunting, entanglement in fishing equipment and marine debris, plastic pollution consumption, entrapment in water control structures, and oil spills (Runge et al. 2016, USFWS 2017). Entrapment in water control structures in Florida has been greatly reduced in the last 20 years thanks to improved structural designs (Runge et al. 2016). In northeastern Brazil, the stranding of live-orphaned calves was identified as the main recent threat (Parente et al. 2004). Rising oceanic temperatures, ocean acidification, and sea-level rise are impending threats with unknown consequences (Edwards 2013).","shortTermTrendComments":"Current information suggests that the Florida manatee population (subspecies <i>latirostris</i>) is growing (Martin et al. 2015, Hostetler et al. 2018). The Antillean manatee population (subspecies <i>manatus</i>) in Puerto Rico, while less well studied, is also thought to have increased over the past 40 years and is now stable or slowly increasing (USFWS 2017, Collazo 2019). Little is known about trends in other areas outside of U.S. jurisdiction (USFWS 2017). In 2017, the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service moved the West Indian manatee from endangered to threatened due to a reduction of threats and population sizes remaining stable or increasing in some of the largest subpopulations (USFWS 2017).","longTermTrendComments":"Historical evidence suggests manatees were once much more common than currently, with visible declines in recent decades (USFWS 2017). Over the long term, extent of occurrence has not changed much, but population size and continuity between populations has likely decreased. In Florida, the overall range has not changed over the long term, but the winter range has shifted from one based solely on natural warm waters to one based primarily on warm-water outlets of power plants (almost two-thirds of the population) (USFWS 2007).","inventoryNeeds":"Continued development and refinement of survey methods and population size estimates are needed. Continued monitoring is needed in every country in which the species occurs. Universally applicable survey methods should be utilized range-wide to increase the effectiveness of global population estimation and documentation.","numberProtEosComments":"Whether any occurrence or subpopulation lives entirely within waters that are appropriately protected and managed is not known. This species is listed as endangered in Belize, Costa Rica, Cuba, Mexico, and Trinidad and Tobago, and listed as critically endangered in Brazil, Colombia, Dominican Republic, Guatemala, and Venezuela (USFWS 2017). The U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service listed the West Indian manatee as endangered since 1967 until its downlisting to threatened in 2017 (USFWS 2017b). Manatees are also protected in the U.S. by the Marine Mammal Protection Act of 1972. The Florida Manatee Sanctuary Act of 1978 established Florida as a refuge and sanctuary for manatees. The Florida Manatee Sanctuary Act protects manatees from injury, disturbance, harassment, or harm in the waters of Florida and allows for enforcement of boat speeds and operations in areas where manatees are concentrated.<br /><br />There are numerous protected areas range-wide. In the southeastern U. S. there are numerous managed areas along the coast that include national parks, national wildlife refuges, national seashores, national estuarine research reserves, state parks, and state wildlife management areas. All of these are subject to boat traffic and it is likely no occurrence or subpopulation lives entirely within managed waters. In Florida, all primary warm-water refuge sites, except the Weeki Wachee/Mud Creek/Jenkins Creek complex, have been protected (USFWS 2007).","protectionNeeds":"Efforts should be made to reduce watercraft collisions, eliminate hunting or poaching, maintain or improve the quality of natural warm water and freshwater outflows, and protect seagrass beds. Failure to protect existing sources of warm water in winter or to provide secure surrogate habitats for the long-term could lead to a future decline in the Florida manatee population, reduced long-term carrying capacity, and an elevated risk of extirpation on either coast of Florida (USFWS 2007).","otherConsiderations":"This species benefits from some human disturbances, such as thermal pollution.","intrinsicVulnerabilityComments":"Reproductive rate is very low. Maturity is reached in 3-7 years. A healthy adult female produces just one calf every 2-5 years. Motility is very low, which renders individuals unable to escape motor-powered vessels.","enviromentalSpecificityComments":"Largely restricted to warm coastal areas with freshwater outflows."},"animalCharacteristics":{"elementGlobalId":103099,"majorHabitat":{"id":1,"majorHabitatDescEn":"Marine","majorHabitatDescEs":"Marino","majorHabitatDescFr":"Marine"},"nonMigrant":true,"localMigrant":true,"longDistanceMigrant":false,"mobilityMigrationComments":"In North America north of Florida, this species is mainly a migrant or irregular visitor. In Florida, manatees may migrate southward for winter; seasonal migrations of at least 530 miles (850 kilometers) to wintering areas have been documented, and migrations of 125-190 miles (200-300 kilometers) are usual along the Atlantic coast (O'Shea and Ludlow 1992).<br /><br />Home range varies widely throughout the year. In summer, males may move over areas extending up to a couple hundred kilometers and tend to travel more widely than do females.","foodHabitsComments":"The manatee's diet is mainly submergent, emergent, and floating vegetation, but the diet varies with plant availability and opportunistically may include other foods (e.g., acorns in early winter in Florida, fishes caught in gill nets in Jamaica). In Florida, the diet is not restricted to native plant species (O'Shea and Ludlow 1992).","animalPhenologyComments":"Manatees may be intermittently active day or night. In Honduras, where hunted, they were mainly nocturnal (Reeves et al. 1992).","colonialBreeder":false,"length":350,"width":null,"weight":400000,"animalPhenologies":[{"animalCagPhenologyId":102226,"animalPhenology":{"id":2,"animalPhenologyDescEn":"Circadian","animalPhenologyDescEs":"Circadiano","animalPhenologyDescFr":"Circadien","displayOrder":2},"adult":true,"immature":true}],"animalFoodHabits":[{"animalCagFoodHabitsId":104162,"foodHabits":{"id":4,"foodHabitsDescEn":"Herbivore","foodHabitsDescEs":"Herbívoro","foodHabitsDescFr":"Herbivore","displayOrder":4},"adult":true,"immature":true}]},"occurrenceDelineations":[{"eoSpecsDetailId":1691,"locationUseClass":{"id":1,"locationUseClassDescEn":"Not applicable","locationUseClassDescEs":"No se aplica","locationUseClassDescFr":"Sans objet","displayOrder":1},"eoSpecGroupName":null,"subtypes":null,"inferredExtentDistance":15.0,"inferredExtentNotes":null,"minimumEoCriteria":"Evidence of historical presence, or current and likely recurring presence, at a given location. Such evidence minimally includes collection or reliable observation and documentation of one or more individuals in appropriate habitat where the species is presumed to be established and breeding.","mappingGuidance":null,"separationBarriers":"Upland areas.","separationDistanceUnsuitableHabitatat":50.0,"separationDistanceSuitableHabitatat":50.0,"altSeparationProcedure":"Major (A-ranked) occurrences can be separated along major watershed divides, including coastal areas adjacent to each watershed.","separationJustification":"Manatees capable of long-distance movements, but in Florida generally stay within a home range with a diameter of about 25-30 kilometers.","versionDate":"2002-03-14","versionAuthor":"Cannings, S.","versionNotes":null,"lastModified":"2020-02-25T18:19:17.091593Z"}],"plantCharacteristics":null,"elementManagement":{"elementGlobalId":103099,"eoManagementGroupName":null,"stewardshipOverview":"The creation of no-wake zones in areas frequented by West Indian manatees will help reduce mortality from boat collisions, the leading cause of mortality. Reducing water pollution from agricultural, industrial, and residential sources may decrease the severity and/or frequency of harmful algal blooms as well as improve the health of seagrass beds. Increase and enforce legal protections for manatees, and increase public awareness and education efforts in countries where poaching and limited suitable habitat remain threats. Create more protected manatee habitat areas, including seagrass beds and upstream freshwater sources, throughout the species' range. In Florida, restore natural spring outflow rates to maintain natural winter refugia and reduce dependency on artificial warm water outflow sources. In areas where manatee-based ecotourism exists, develop cooperative agreements that minimize negative impacts from ecotourism and aid in manatee conservation. Continue monitoring population levels and developing methods for analyzing population size and trends. Strictly enforce laws created to protect wildlife.","impacts":null,"restorationPotential":null,"siteConservationPlansConsidered":null,"managementMethods":".","monitoringMethods":null,"managementProgramContacts":null,"monitoringProgramContacts":null,"managementResearchPrograms":null,"managementResearchNeeds":null,"biologicalResearchNeeds":"Further genetic research is needed to determine phylogenetic and phylogeographic placement of populations. A definition of occurrence or subpopulation that can be universally applied range-wide is needed for this species. Determine severity of known threats at the national and global levels. See USFWS (2007) for further discussion on research needs.","additionalTopics":null},"occurrenceViabilities":[{"eoRankSpecsDetailId":104589,"eoRankSpecsGroupName":null,"locationUseClass":{"id":1,"locationUseClassDescEn":"Not applicable","locationUseClassDescEs":"No se aplica","locationUseClassDescFr":"Sans objet","displayOrder":1},"excellentViability":null,"goodViability":null,"fairViability":null,"poorViability":null,"viabilityJustification":"Use the Generic Guidelines for the Application of Occurrence Ranks (2008).<br>The Key for Ranking Species Occurrences Using the Generic Approach provides a step-wise process for implementing this method.","versionDate":null,"versionAuthor":null,"versionNotes":null,"lastModified":"2020-05-14T02:23:12.413273Z"}],"references":[{"id":168966,"citation":"Aipanjiguly, S., S. K. Jacobson, and R. Flamm. 2003. Conserving manatees: knowledge, attitudes, and intentions of boaters in Tampa Bay, Florida. Conservation Biology 17:1098-1105.","shortCitationAuthor":"Aipanjiguly et al.","shortCitationYear":2003,"referenceCode":"A03AIP01NAUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T18:19:17.091593Z"},{"id":1151804,"citation":"American Society of Mammalogists (ASM). 2025. Mammal Diversity Database (Version 1.13) [Data set]. Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10595931. Online. Available: https://www.mammaldiversity.org/","shortCitationAuthor":"American Society of Mammalogists (ASM)","shortCitationYear":2025,"referenceCode":"W25ASM01NAUS","lastModified":"2025-04-04T21:45:15.526109Z"},{"id":642235,"citation":"Baugh, T. M., J. A. Valade, and B. J. Zoodsma. 1989. Manatee use of <i>Spartina alterniflora</i> in Cumberland Sound. Marine Mammal Science 5:88-90.","shortCitationAuthor":"Baugh et al.","shortCitationYear":1989,"referenceCode":"A89BAU01NAUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T18:19:17.091593Z"},{"id":759420,"citation":"Bradley, R.D., L.K. Ammerman, R.J. Baker, L.C. Bradley, J.A. Cook. R.C. Dowler, C. 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Gestation lasts about 12-14 months. One young (rarely 2) is born in spring/early summer (usually). Young are weaned in 1-2 years. The interval between successive births for an individual female is 3-5 years (though 2 years if the calf is lost early). Females are sexually mature at a minimum age of 4-5 years, though newly mature individuals often do not successfully rear young; most females breed successfully by 7-9 years. Males may be 9-10 years old before they breed, though they may attain physical maturity a few years earlier. Maximum longevity is several decades. See O'Shea and Ludlow (1992) for further details.","ecologyComments":"In the north, manatees congregate in winter (largest groups may exceed 300); otherwise they are not highly social (except close mother/calf bond and temporary aggregations of several males around an estrous female). <br /><br />Die-offs associated with red tides and with unusually cold weather have occurred in Florida (Van Meter 1987). <br /><br />Maximum potential rate of population increase has been estimated at 2-7% per year and is most sensitive to changes in adult survival (secondarily, subadult survival) (see O'Shea and Ludlow 1992).","habitatComments":"Habitat includes shallow coastal waters, estuaries, bays, rivers, and lakes; throughout most of the range, manatees appear to prefer rivers and estuaries over marine habitats (Lefebvre et al. 1989). Manatees are not averse to traveling through dredged canals or using quiet marinas. They apparently are not able to tolerate prolonged exposure to water colder than 20 C. In the north during October-April, manatees congregate in warmer water bodies (spring-fed rivers, outfalls from power plants). They prefer waters at least 1-2 meters in depth; along the coast manatees often are in water 3-5 meters deep, usually in areas lacking strong current. Except in the Greater Antilles, manatees are consistently associated with freshwater sources (Lefebvre et al. 1989). In Brevard County, Florida, the cul-de-sac shelter type was the most ecologically valuable of all shelter types (Burke 1994).<br /><br />In Florida, manatees occur in freshwater, brackish, and marine environments; typical coastal and inland habitats include coastal tidal rivers and streams, mangrove swamps, salt marshes, freshwater springs, and vegetated bottoms; where feeding often occurs in shallow grass beds, with ready access to deep channels (Smith 1993). In coastal Georgia and northeastern Florida, manatees feed on smooth cordgrass (<i>Spartina alterniflora</i>) in salt marshes at high tide (Baugh et al. 1989, Zoodsma 1991). Manatees drink from springs and freshwater runoff sites, mating, calving, and care of young often occur in secluded canals, creeks, embayments, and lagoons (Marine Mammal Commission 1986, 1988; O'Shea and Ludlow 1992; Gannon et al. 2007).<br /><br />In Puerto Rico, manatees are primarily marine but appear to depend on access to fresh water, and seagrass beds provide the primary foraging habitat (USFWS 2007).","generalDescription":"This is a slow-moving mammal with a rounded body, gray to brown skin with fine sparse hair, small head, squarish snout with a deeply split upper lip, valvular nostrils, small eyes, flexible flippers, and a large rounded horizontally flattened tail. Adults usually are about 10-13 feet (300-400 cm) in total length. 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