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W. 1998. Marine mammals of the world: systematics and distribution. Society for Marine Mammalogy, Special Publication Number 4. ix + 231 pp.","conceptName":"<i>Pagophilus groenlandicus</i>","taxonomicComments":null,"roundedGRank":"G5","conservationStatusFactorsEditionDate":"1996-09-05","conservationStatusFactorsEditionAuthors":"Hammerson, G.","primaryCommonNameLanguage":"EN","recordType":"SPECIES","elementNationals":[{"elementNationalId":163353,"classifConfidence":null,"nation":{"id":38,"nameEn":"Canada","nameEs":"Canadá","nameFr":"Canada","isoCode":"CA","region":"Canada"},"roundedNRank":"N5B,N5N","elementSubnationals":[{"elementSubnationalId":391080,"subnation":{"id":227,"nameEn":"Nunavut","nameEs":"Nunavut","nameFr":"Nunavut","subnationCode":"NU","dnationId":38},"roundedSRank":"S5N","dataSensitive":{"id":2,"dataSensitiveDescEn":"No","dataSensitiveDescEs":null,"dataSensitiveDescFr":null,"dataSensitiveCode":"N"},"dataSensitiveCategory":null,"srank":"S5N","speciesSubnational":{"elementSubnationalId":391080,"hybrid":false,"exotic":false,"native":true}},{"elementSubnationalId":387286,"subnation":{"id":66,"nameEn":"Nova Scotia","nameEs":"Nueva Escocia","nameFr":"Nouvelle-Écosse","subnationCode":"NS","dnationId":38},"roundedSRank":"SNR","dataSensitive":{"id":2,"dataSensitiveDescEn":"No","dataSensitiveDescEs":null,"dataSensitiveDescFr":null,"dataSensitiveCode":"N"},"dataSensitiveCategory":null,"srank":"SNR","speciesSubnational":{"elementSubnationalId":387286,"hybrid":false,"exotic":false,"native":true}},{"elementSubnationalId":279369,"subnation":{"id":68,"nameEn":"Prince Edward Island","nameEs":"Isla del Príncipe Eduardo","nameFr":"Île-du-Prince-Édouard","subnationCode":"PE","dnationId":38},"roundedSRank":"SNR","dataSensitive":{"id":2,"dataSensitiveDescEn":"No","dataSensitiveDescEs":null,"dataSensitiveDescFr":null,"dataSensitiveCode":"N"},"dataSensitiveCategory":null,"srank":"SNR","speciesSubnational":{"elementSubnationalId":279369,"hybrid":false,"exotic":false,"native":true}},{"elementSubnationalId":285380,"subnation":{"id":69,"nameEn":"Quebec","nameEs":"Quebec","nameFr":"Québec","subnationCode":"QC","dnationId":38},"roundedSRank":"S5","dataSensitive":{"id":2,"dataSensitiveDescEn":"No","dataSensitiveDescEs":null,"dataSensitiveDescFr":null,"dataSensitiveCode":"N"},"dataSensitiveCategory":null,"srank":"S5","speciesSubnational":{"elementSubnationalId":285380,"hybrid":false,"exotic":false,"native":true}}],"nrankReviewYear":2024,"nrank":"N5B,N5N","speciesNational":{"elementNationalId":163353,"exotic":false,"native":true}}],"lastModified":"2026-10-02T21:40:12.522237Z","lastPublished":"2026-10-02T21:32:08.892226Z","promotionalDescription":null,"conceptLineageSummary":null,"nsxUrl":"/Taxon/ELEMENT_GLOBAL.2.102996/Pagophilus_groenlandicus","grankAdjustmentReasons":null,"grankChangeDate":"1996-11-18","grankReviewDate":"2016-04-04","grankReasons":null,"grank":"G5","rankInfo":{"elementGlobalId":102996,"aooPercentGood":null,"enviromentalSpecificity":null,"intrinsicVulnerability":null,"longTermTrend":null,"numberEos":null,"numberGoodEos":null,"numberProtEos":null,"popSize":{"id":33,"popSizeDescEn":"10,000 to >1,000,000 individuals","popSizeDescEs":"De 10.000 a >1.000.000 de individuos","popSizeDescFr":"De 10 000 à >1 000 000 individus"},"rangeExtent":null,"shortTermTrend":null,"threatImpactAssigned":null,"rangeExtentComments":"Occurs in three distinct breeding populations (stocks) in the North Atlantic: White Sea (East Ice) stock, Jan Mayen (West Ice) stock, and northwest Atlantic (Newfoundland) stock; breeders in Gulf of St. Lawrence are included in the Newfoundland stock, but possibly they comprise a separate stock. 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Zool. 72:174-182) for information on organochlorine residues in seals in the Gulf of St. Lawrence and Hudson Strait. In the northwestern Atlantic, total removals (harvest plus individuals killed but not landed) increased from about 179,000-209,000 in 1994 to 417,000-533,000 in 1998 (Lavigne 1999).","shortTermTrendComments":"Conservation measures have resulted in increased populations, but the world population probably is still less than what is was when commercial sealing began (Reeves et al. 1992).","longTermTrendComments":null,"inventoryNeeds":null,"numberProtEosComments":null,"protectionNeeds":null,"otherConsiderations":null,"intrinsicVulnerabilityComments":null,"enviromentalSpecificityComments":null},"animalCharacteristics":{"elementGlobalId":102996,"majorHabitat":{"id":1,"majorHabitatDescEn":"Marine","majorHabitatDescEs":"Marino","majorHabitatDescFr":"Marine"},"nonMigrant":false,"localMigrant":false,"longDistanceMigrant":true,"mobilityMigrationComments":"Migrates up to thousands of kilometers between northern summer range and southern (winter/spring) breeding range. 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Such evidence minimally includes reliable observation and documentation of nursing females.","mappingGuidance":null,"separationBarriers":"None.","separationDistanceUnsuitableHabitatat":50.0,"separationDistanceSuitableHabitatat":50.0,"altSeparationProcedure":null,"separationJustification":"Separation distance arbitrary. Likely only two definable occurrences in North American waters: the \"Front\" off Labrador and northern Newfoundland, and the \"Gulf\" in the Gulf of St. Lawrence. Year-to-year and within-year changes in location occur because of ice movement.","versionDate":"2002-03-14","versionAuthor":"Cannings, S.","versionNotes":null,"lastModified":"2020-02-25T18:19:02.85705Z"},{"eoSpecsDetailId":1592,"locationUseClass":{"id":3,"locationUseClassDescEn":"Nonbreeding","locationUseClassDescEs":"No reproducción","locationUseClassDescFr":"Non-reproduction","displayOrder":3},"eoSpecGroupName":null,"subtypes":null,"inferredExtentDistance":null,"inferredExtentNotes":null,"minimumEoCriteria":"A marine area that  is or has been occupied consistently or recurrently during the nonbreeding season. Occurrences not based on the entire range of particular populations or subpopulations, but rather on distinct areas that are important to the survival of these populations.  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Nova Scotia Museum Collections Unit, Halifax, Nova Scotia. 24 pp. Online. Available: https://naturalhistory.novascotia.ca/sites/default/files/inline/images/names_and_synonyms_ver3.pdf","shortCitationAuthor":"Hebda","shortCitationYear":2011,"referenceCode":"N11HEB01EHUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T18:12:30.726311Z"},{"id":111550,"citation":"Jones, C., R. S. Hoffman, D. W. Rice, M. D. Engstrom, R. D. Bradley, D. J. Schmidly, C. A. Jones, and R. J. Baker. 1997. Revised checklist of North American mammals north of Mexico, 1997. Occasional Papers, Museum of Texas Tech University 173:1-20.","shortCitationAuthor":"Jones et al.","shortCitationYear":1997,"referenceCode":"B97JON01EHUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T18:13:19.664475Z"},{"id":156383,"citation":"Jones, J. K., Jr., R. S. Hoffman, D. W. Rice, C. Jones, R. J. Baker, and M. D. Engstrom. 1992a. Revised checklist of North American mammals north of Mexico, 1991. 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Academic Press, N.Y.","shortCitationAuthor":"Ronald and Healey","shortCitationYear":1981,"referenceCode":"A81RON01NAUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T18:19:02.85705Z"},{"id":1157523,"citation":"Soulen, B. K., K. Cammen, T. F. Schultz, and D. W. Johnston. 2013. Factors affecting harp seal (<i>Pagophilus groenlandicus</i>) strandings in the Northwest Atlantic. PLOS ONE 8(7): e68779. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0068779.","shortCitationAuthor":"Soulen et al.","shortCitationYear":2013,"referenceCode":"A13SOU01NAUS","lastModified":"2025-10-04T02:02:00.596743Z"},{"id":117022,"citation":"Wilson, D. E., and D. M. Reeder (editors). 1993. Mammal species of the world: a taxonomic and geographic reference. Second edition. 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