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Genetic subdivisions among small canids: mitochondrial DNA differentiation of swift, kit, and arctic foxes. Evolution 47:1313-1328.","conceptName":"<i>Vulpes macrotis</i>","taxonomicComments":"<i>Vulpes macrotis</i> is treated as a species separate from <i>V. velox</i>.","roundedGRank":"G4","conservationStatusFactorsEditionDate":"2025-11-05","conservationStatusFactorsEditionAuthors":"Gundy, R. L. 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species is widespread in the southwestern U.S. and the northern half of México. It is threatened by habitat loss, habitat fragmentation, road mortality, and sarcoptic mange.","grankReviewDate":"2025-11-05","rankInfo":{"elementGlobalId":102982,"aooPercentGood":null,"enviromentalSpecificity":null,"intrinsicVulnerability":null,"longTermTrend":{"id":32,"longTermTrendDescEn":"Decline of 10-50%","longTermTrendDescEs":"Disminución del 10 al 50%.","longTermTrendDescFr":"Diminution de 10 à 50 %"},"numberEos":{"id":13,"numberEosDescEn":"81 - 300","numberEosDescEs":"De 81 a 300","numberEosDescFr":"De 81 à 300"},"numberGoodEos":null,"numberProtEos":{"id":15,"numberProtEosDescEn":"Very many (>40) occurrences appropriately protected and managed","numberProtEosDescEs":"Muchas ocurrencias (>40) protegidas y controladas adecuadamente","numberProtEosDescFr":"Beaucoup d’occurrences (>40) protégées et contrôlées convenablement"},"popSize":{"id":37,"popSizeDescEn":"Unknown","popSizeDescEs":"Desconocido","popSizeDescFr":"Inconnu"},"rangeExtent":{"id":31,"rangeExtentDescEn":"20,000-2,500,000 square km (about 8000-1,000,000 square miles)","rangeExtentDescEs":"De 20.000 a 2.500.000 kilómetros cuadrados (aproximadamente 8.000 a 1.000.000 de millas cuadradas)","rangeExtentDescFr":"De 20 000 à 2 500 000 km carrés (de 8 000 à 1 000 000 miles carrés approximativement)"},"shortTermTrend":{"id":36,"shortTermTrendDescEn":"Decline of 10-30%","shortTermTrendDescEs":"Disminución del 10 al 30%.","shortTermTrendDescFr":"Diminution de 10 à 30 %"},"threatImpactAssigned":{"id":8,"threatImpactAssignedDescEn":"Medium","threatImpactAssignedDescEs":"Medio","threatImpactAssignedDescFr":"Moyen"},"rangeExtentComments":"This species occurs in the southwestern United States south to central México. This species is found in southeastern Oregon, Nevada, Utah, western Colorado, southern California, Arizona, New Mexico, western Texas, Baja California, Sonora, Chihuahua, Coahuila, western Nuevo León, and Zacatecas. Using Global Biodiversity Information Facility (GBIF) (2025) records from 2000-2025, range extent is estimated to be 2.454 million km² (RARECAT 2025).","areaOfOccupancy":null,"areaOfOccupancyComments":null,"numberEosComments":"Applying a 15 km separation distance to GBIF (2025) records from 2000-2025, 267 occurrences are estimated (RARECAT 2025).","popSizeComments":null,"viabilityComments":null,"threatImpactComments":"This species is threatened by habitat loss, road mortality, sarcoptic mange, and persecution. Sarcoptic mange is a highly fatal disease in this species that has been impacting the population around Bakersfield, California with over 450 reported cases (Cypher et al. 2017, Loredo et al. 2020, Rudd et al. 2020). Increasing exploitation of human food sources (i.e., trash) puts this species at risk of interactions with mange and road mortality (Newsome et al. 2010). This species actively avoids areas with regular off-highway vehicle use, creating habitat fragmentation (Jones et al. 2016).","shortTermTrendComments":"This species is likely continuing to decline.","longTermTrendComments":"This species has undoubtedly declined due to habitat loss and declines in prairie dog abundance (Cypher and List 2014).","inventoryNeeds":null,"numberProtEosComments":"There are many occurrences on conservation lands.","protectionNeeds":null,"otherConsiderations":null,"intrinsicVulnerabilityComments":null,"enviromentalSpecificityComments":null},"animalCharacteristics":{"elementGlobalId":102982,"majorHabitat":{"id":3,"majorHabitatDescEn":"Terrestrial","majorHabitatDescEs":"Terrestre","majorHabitatDescFr":"Terrestre"},"nonMigrant":true,"localMigrant":false,"longDistanceMigrant":false,"mobilityMigrationComments":"Home ranges vary from 260 to 520 hectares (Morrell 1972), up to 1160 hectares during times of prey scarcity (White and Ralls 1993).","foodHabitsComments":"Primary food item is usually the most abundant nocturnal rodent or lagomorph in the area (e.g., DIPODOMYS spp., LEPUS CALIFORNICUS). May also feed opportunistically on birds, reptiles, insects.","animalPhenologyComments":"Basically nocturnal but young may play outside mouth of den in late afternoon.","colonialBreeder":false,"length":81,"width":null,"weight":2700,"animalPhenologies":[{"animalCagPhenologyId":102151,"animalPhenology":{"id":4,"animalPhenologyDescEn":"Nocturnal","animalPhenologyDescEs":"Nocturno","animalPhenologyDescFr":"Nocturne","displayOrder":4},"adult":true,"immature":true}],"animalFoodHabits":[{"animalCagFoodHabitsId":104007,"foodHabits":{"id":1,"foodHabitsDescEn":"Carnivore","foodHabitsDescEs":"Carnívoro","foodHabitsDescFr":"Carnivore","displayOrder":1},"adult":true,"immature":true}]},"occurrenceDelineations":[{"eoSpecsDetailId":1708,"locationUseClass":{"id":1,"locationUseClassDescEn":"Not applicable","locationUseClassDescEs":"No se aplica","locationUseClassDescFr":"Sans objet","displayOrder":1},"eoSpecGroupName":"Kit Fox","subtypes":"Breeding Den; Non-breeding Den","inferredExtentDistance":1.8,"inferredExtentNotes":"Based on a small home range of 260 hectares (Morrell 1972).","minimumEoCriteria":"Evidence of historical presence, or current and likely recurring presence, at a given location. Such evidence minimally includes collection or reliable observation and documentation of one or more individuals in appropriate habitat where the species is presumed to be established and breeding. Established breeding is presumed when a breeding den is occupied repeatedly over two or more consecutive years, or where there is the occurrence of a cluster of at least 3 breeding dens that were recorded within a period no greater than 3 years.   Identification may be confused with juvenile Coyotes, Red or Gray Foxes and, therefore, identification must be made by experienced carnivore biologists. Isolated detections, especially those not associated with a breeding den site, and those locating in marginal or sink habitats are not likely to contribute significantly to the persistence of the population.","mappingGuidance":null,"separationBarriers":"Major water barriers.","separationDistanceUnsuitableHabitatat":5.0,"separationDistanceSuitableHabitatat":15.0,"altSeparationProcedure":null,"separationJustification":"Dispersal can be extensive, extending up to at least a few dozen kilometers; very few establish themselves as adults in their natal area (Egoscue 1956, 1975). <br><br>Separation distance is arbitrary and not intended to delineate discrete populations, which would require an impractically large distance. Instead, separation distance is set so as to create occurrences of practical size for conservation purposes. Occurrence delineation requires attention to seasonal changes in location and habitat use (if any); different parts of the annual home range are of course included in the same occurrence regardless of how far apart they are.<br><br>Densely wooded areas may be regarded as unsuitable habitat.","versionDate":"2004-09-22","versionAuthor":"Hammerson, G. and S. 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Revised checklist of North American mammals north of Mexico, 2014. Museum of Texas Tech University Occasional Papers 327:1-28. Available at: http://www.nsrl.ttu.edu/publications/opapers/ops/OP327.pdf","shortCitationAuthor":"Bradley et al.","shortCitationYear":2014,"referenceCode":"A14BRA01NACA","lastModified":"2020-02-25T14:38:17.880059Z"},{"id":1159360,"citation":"Cypher, B., and R. List. 2014. <i>Vulpes macrotis</i>. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2014: e.T41587A62259374. doi: 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2014-3.RLTS.T41587A62259374.en.","shortCitationAuthor":"Cypher and List","shortCitationYear":2014,"referenceCode":"U14CYP01NAUS","lastModified":"2025-12-05T22:57:03.634033Z"},{"id":101159,"citation":"Cypher, B. L., and K. A. Spencer. 1998. Competitive interactions between coyotes and San Joaquin kit foxes. 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Wayne. 2003. Systematics and population genetics of swift and kit foxes. Pages 207-222 in M. A. Sovada and L. Carbyn, editors. The swift fox: ecology and conservation of swift foxes in a changing world. Canadian High Plains Research Center, University of Regina, Regina, Saskatchewan.","shortCitationAuthor":"Dragoo and Wayne","shortCitationYear":2003,"referenceCode":"A03DRA01NAUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T18:19:00.700696Z"},{"id":102726,"citation":"Dragoo, J. W., et al. 1990. Evolutionary and taxonomic relationships among North American arid-land foxes. J. Mammalogy 71:318-332.","shortCitationAuthor":"Dragoo et al.","shortCitationYear":1990,"referenceCode":"A90DRA01NAUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T18:15:04.384636Z"},{"id":342612,"citation":"Egoscue, H. J. 1956. Preliminary studies of the kit fox in Utah. 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