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species is currently estimated to number over 500,000 globally.","grank":"G5","rankInfo":{"elementGlobalId":102944,"aooPercentGood":null,"enviromentalSpecificity":{"id":8,"enviromentalSpecificityDescEn":"Moderate.  Generalist or community with some key requirements scarce.","enviromentalSpecificityDescEs":"Moderado.  Generalista o comunidad con algunos requisitos claves escasos.","enviromentalSpecificityDescFr":"Modéré. Généralistes ou communautés répondant à certains critères clés sont rares."},"intrinsicVulnerability":{"id":4,"intrinsicVulnerabilityDescEn":"Moderately vulnerable","intrinsicVulnerabilityDescEs":"Moderadamente vulnerable","intrinsicVulnerabilityDescFr":"Moyennement vulnérable"},"longTermTrend":{"id":34,"longTermTrendDescEn":"Decline of <50% to increase of <25%","longTermTrendDescEs":"Disminución de <50% a aumento de <25%.","longTermTrendDescFr":"Diminution de <50 % à augmentation de <25 %"},"numberEos":{"id":15,"numberEosDescEn":"> 300","numberEosDescEs":"> 300","numberEosDescFr":"> 300"},"numberGoodEos":{"id":20,"numberGoodEosDescEn":"Many to very many (41 to >125)","numberGoodEosDescEs":"Muchos a muy muchos (41 a >125)","numberGoodEosDescFr":"De plusieurs à beaucoup (de 41 à >125)"},"numberProtEos":{"id":15,"numberProtEosDescEn":"Very many (>40) occurrences appropriately protected and managed","numberProtEosDescEs":"Muchas ocurrencias (>40) protegidas y controladas adecuadamente","numberProtEosDescFr":"Beaucoup d’occurrences (>40) protégées et contrôlées convenablement"},"popSize":{"id":34,"popSizeDescEn":"100,000 - 1,000,000 individuals","popSizeDescEs":"De 100.000 a 1.000.000 de individuos","popSizeDescFr":"De 100 000 à 1 000 000 individus"},"rangeExtent":{"id":35,"rangeExtentDescEn":">2,500,000 square km (greater than 1,000,000 square miles)","rangeExtentDescEs":">2.500.000 kilómetros cuadrados (más ","rangeExtentDescFr":">2 500 000 km carrés (plus de 1 000 000 miles carrés)"},"shortTermTrend":{"id":37,"shortTermTrendDescEn":"Decline of <30% to relatively stable","shortTermTrendDescEs":"Disminución de <30% a relativamente estable","shortTermTrendDescFr":"Diminution de <30 % à relativement stable"},"threatImpactAssigned":null,"rangeExtentComments":"Circumpolar. BREEDS: northern Alaska and Canadian arctic islands south to western Alaska, and Southhampton, Coats, and Mansel islands, probably also northern Mackenzie and northern Keewatin; Greenland, Iceland, Palearctic. NORTHERN WINTER: coast from central California, Gulf Coast, and New York south through West Indies to southern South America; Pacific islands (common in Hawaii August-May, a few stay all year); Australia, New Zealand, Old World. Nonbreeders may summer in winter range. In South America, by far the most important area is north-central coast of Brazil between Belem and Sao Luis; other important areas include Suriname and French Guiana as well as the northeast coast of Brazil (Morrison and Ross 1989).","areaOfOccupancy":null,"areaOfOccupancyComments":"Studies have shown about 3 to 4 pairs per square kilometer.  With a global population size of 500,000 birds or more, this easily translates to over 20,000 square kiolmeters.","numberEosComments":"This bird has a circumpolar distribution in the northern hemisphere and its population is estimated at over 500,000 individuals (Birdlife International, 2014).  There should be at least 300 EOs with those population numbers.","popSizeComments":"Morrison et al. (2001) estimated the global population at 449,000 and the North American population at 235,000.  More recently, the population has been estimated at 460,000 to 800,000 individuals (Birdlife International, 2014).  ","viabilityComments":"This bird has a circumpolar distribution in the northern hemisphere and its population is estimated at over 500,000 individuals (Birdlife International, 2014).  There should be at least 41 to over 125 good EOs with those population numbers.","threatImpactComments":"This species is known to be threatened from a number of sources at several locations in its wintering range but exact of impact is undocumented.  These  threats place turnstones at considerable risk of population declnie due to rapid loss of critical resources (Nettleship, 2000).","shortTermTrendComments":"Morrison (1993/1994) categorized the population trend in Canada as stable. Counts of fall migrants in southeastern Canada significantly increased from 1980 to 1985 but showed no significant trend from 1974 to 1979 or from 1986 to 1991 (Morrison et al. 1994).","longTermTrendComments":"The overall population is decreasing, although some populations have unknown trends and in North America the trend is increasing (Birdlife International, 2014).","inventoryNeeds":"A long-term monitoring program is needed to determine population size and status (Nettleship, 2000).","numberProtEosComments":"An estimate.  The state parks, national wildlife refuges and parks, and wildlife management-type areas throughout the northern hemisphere should have enough protected EOs.","protectionNeeds":"Protect migration and wintering areas from development, degradation and disturbances (Nettleship, 2000).","otherConsiderations":"None","intrinsicVulnerabilityComments":"Because this species is a long-distance migrant, both its northern breeding and southern wintering grounds need to be protected as well as each stopover site critical to linking the two end points (Nettleship, 2000).","enviromentalSpecificityComments":"The high arctic rocky coasts and tundra breeding areas may become scarcer with climate change."},"animalCharacteristics":{"elementGlobalId":102944,"majorHabitat":{"id":3,"majorHabitatDescEn":"Terrestrial","majorHabitatDescEs":"Terrestre","majorHabitatDescFr":"Terrestre"},"nonMigrant":false,"localMigrant":false,"longDistanceMigrant":true,"mobilityMigrationComments":"In U.S. migrates northward mainly in May, along Atlantic, Great Lakes, and Pacific coast; arrives in Beaufort Sea region beginning mid- to late May. Juveniles, are last to depart breeding areas, begin to migrate south during last half of August and early September; fall migrants common in s. Quebec, Newfoundland, and Maritime Provinces (Johnson and Herter 1989). Migrants common in Costa Rica late March-late May and August-October (Stiles and Skutch 1989). Arrives in northern South America by September, most depart by end of May (Hilty and Brown 1986). Usually flys high, in large flocks, during migration.","foodHabitsComments":"Feeds on crustaceans (amphipods, soft parts of barnacles, fiddler crabs, eggs, etc.) worms, insects and their larvae, and mollusks. Also known to eat berries, tern and spotted sandpiper eggs, and crumbs from picnic areas (Terres 1980). In spring at Delaware Bay, consumes large numbers of horseshoe crab eggs (Castro and Myers 1993, Botton et al. 1994). Forages mainly in intertidal zone; overturns shells, debris, digs into sand (Stiles and Skutch 1989).","animalPhenologyComments":"Rests at night and at high tide.","colonialBreeder":false,"length":24,"width":null,"weight":141,"animalPhenologies":[{"animalCagPhenologyId":102133,"animalPhenology":{"id":3,"animalPhenologyDescEn":"Diurnal","animalPhenologyDescEs":"Diurno","animalPhenologyDescFr":"Diurne","displayOrder":3},"adult":true,"immature":true}],"animalFoodHabits":[{"animalCagFoodHabitsId":103963,"foodHabits":{"id":3,"foodHabitsDescEn":"Invertivore","foodHabitsDescEs":"Invertívoro","foodHabitsDescFr":"Invertivore","displayOrder":3},"adult":true,"immature":true}]},"occurrenceDelineations":[{"eoSpecsDetailId":1211,"locationUseClass":{"id":2,"locationUseClassDescEn":"Breeding","locationUseClassDescEs":"En reproducción","locationUseClassDescFr":"Reproduction","displayOrder":2},"eoSpecGroupName":"Shorebirds","subtypes":"Breeding Site, Feeding Area","inferredExtentDistance":1.5,"inferredExtentNotes":"Based on a smaller 'typical' home ranges (see Separation Justification).","minimumEoCriteria":"Evidence of historical breeding, or current and likely recurring breeding, at a given location, minimally a reliable observation of one or more breeding pairs in appropriate habitat. Be cautious about creating EOs for observations that may represent single breeding events outside the normal breeding distribution.","mappingGuidance":"Breeding occurrences include nesting areas as well as foraging areas of nesting adults and broods. Because separations are based on nesting areas, the foraging areas of different occurrences may overlap if nesting birds are traveling to distant places to feed.","separationBarriers":"None.","separationDistanceUnsuitableHabitatat":5.0,"separationDistanceSuitableHabitatat":5.0,"altSeparationProcedure":null,"separationJustification":"Separation distance pertains specifically to nesting areas, not to locations of dispersed foraging individuals. For example, nesting areas separated by a gap of more than 5 km are different occurrences, regardless of the foraging locations of individuals from those nesting areas. <br /><br />The separation distance is an arbitrary value; it is impractical to attempt to delineate shorebird occurrences on the basis of dispersal patterns or metapopulation dynamics. Foraging ranges of some nesting shorebird species (see following) may suggest use of a larger separation distance, but this likely would result in occurrences that are too large and less effective for conservation planning. <br /><br />Separation distance based on larger 'typical' breeding home ranges with diameters of 1.5 to 3 kilometers. Semipalmated Plovers have breeding home ranges up to 3 square kilometers, i.e. a diameter of just under 2 kilometers (Nol and Blanken 1999). Red-necked Phalaropes have a core home range of 1-3 hectares, but occasionally travel 1.5 kilometers to feed (Rubega et al. 2000). Stilt Sandpipers can forage up to 8 kilometers from nest (Jehl 1973). Mountain Plovers have an average home range of 56.6 hectares (Knopf 1996) but broods typically move 1-2 kilometers shortly after hatching (Knopf and Rupert 1996).<br /><br />Territories: Common Snipe, 6.4-28.6 hectares (Mueller 1999); Long-billed Dowitcher, 100-300 meter diameter (Johnsgard 1981); golden-plovers, average 10-59 hectares (Johnson and Connors 1996); Long-billed Curlew, 6-20 hectares (Johnsgard 1981). <br /><br />Nesting densities: Black-bellied Plover, 0.3-2.3 pairs per square kilometer (44 ha per pair at latter density; Hussell and Page 1976, Parmelee et al. 1967); Marbled Godwit, maximum density 1 pair/32 hectares (Stewart and Kantrud 1972). <br /><br />Foraging distances: Greater and Lesser Yellowlegs, up to 13 kilometers from nest (Elphick and Tibbits 1998, Tibbits and Moskoff 1999).","versionDate":"2004-03-25","versionAuthor":"Hammerson, G., and S. Cannings","versionNotes":null,"lastModified":"2020-12-05T01:31:48.154475Z"},{"eoSpecsDetailId":1212,"locationUseClass":{"id":3,"locationUseClassDescEn":"Nonbreeding","locationUseClassDescEs":"No reproducción","locationUseClassDescFr":"Non-reproduction","displayOrder":3},"eoSpecGroupName":"Shorebirds","subtypes":"Roost, Winter Feeding Area","inferredExtentDistance":null,"inferredExtentNotes":null,"minimumEoCriteria":"Evidence of recurring presence of wintering flocks (including historical); and potential recurring presence at a given location, minimally a reliable observation of 25 birds in appropriate habitat. Occurrences should be locations where the species is resident for some time during the appropriate season; it is preferable to have observations documenting presence over at least 20 days annually. Be cautious about creating EOs for observations that may represent single events.","mappingGuidance":null,"separationBarriers":"None.","separationDistanceUnsuitableHabitatat":5.0,"separationDistanceSuitableHabitatat":5.0,"altSeparationProcedure":null,"separationJustification":"Separation distance somewhat arbitrary; set at 5 kilometers to define occurrences of manageable size for conservation purposes. Occurrences defined primarily on the basis of areas supporting concentrations of foraging or roosting birds, rather than on the basis of distinct populations.","versionDate":"2004-03-25","versionAuthor":"S. Cannings","versionNotes":null,"lastModified":"2020-12-05T01:31:48.154475Z"},{"eoSpecsDetailId":1213,"locationUseClass":{"id":4,"locationUseClassDescEn":"Migratory stopover","locationUseClassDescEs":"Parada migratoria","locationUseClassDescFr":"Halte migratoire","displayOrder":5},"eoSpecGroupName":"Shorebirds","subtypes":"Foraging concentration area, Roost","inferredExtentDistance":null,"inferredExtentNotes":null,"minimumEoCriteria":"Evidence of recurring presence of migrating flocks (including historical); and potential recurring presence at a given location, minimally a reliable observation of 25 birds in appropriate habitat (minimum can be reduced in the case of rarer species). Occurrences should be locations where the species is resident for some time during the appropriate season; it is preferable to have observations documenting presence over at least 7 days annually. Be cautious about creating EOs for observations that may represent single events.","mappingGuidance":null,"separationBarriers":"None.","separationDistanceUnsuitableHabitatat":5.0,"separationDistanceSuitableHabitatat":5.0,"altSeparationProcedure":null,"separationJustification":"Separation distance somewhat arbitrary; set at 5 kilometers to define occurrences of managable size for conservation purposes. Occurrences defined primarily on the basis of areas supporting concentrations of foraging or roosting birds, rather than on the basis of distinct populations.","versionDate":"2002-04-15","versionAuthor":"Cannings, S.","versionNotes":null,"lastModified":"2020-04-30T02:03:41.534695Z"}],"plantCharacteristics":null,"elementManagement":{"elementGlobalId":102944,"eoManagementGroupName":null,"stewardshipOverview":null,"impacts":null,"restorationPotential":null,"siteConservationPlansConsidered":null,"managementMethods":null,"monitoringMethods":null,"managementProgramContacts":null,"monitoringProgramContacts":null,"managementResearchPrograms":null,"managementResearchNeeds":null,"biologicalResearchNeeds":"Conducting long-term studies of breeding populations to determine key demographic parameters is high priority.  Much more also needs to be done on aspects of migration and the ecological requirements during migration and on wintering grounds (Nettleship, 2000).","additionalTopics":null},"occurrenceViabilities":[{"eoRankSpecsDetailId":104439,"eoRankSpecsGroupName":null,"locationUseClass":{"id":1,"locationUseClassDescEn":"Not applicable","locationUseClassDescEs":"No se aplica","locationUseClassDescFr":"Sans objet","displayOrder":1},"excellentViability":null,"goodViability":null,"fairViability":null,"poorViability":null,"viabilityJustification":"Use the Generic Guidelines for the Application of Occurrence Ranks (2008).<br>The Key for Ranking Species Occurrences Using the Generic Approach provides a step-wise process for implementing this method.","versionDate":null,"versionAuthor":null,"versionNotes":null,"lastModified":"2020-05-14T02:22:49.131497Z"}],"references":[{"id":133889,"citation":"Alberico, J. A. R., J. M. Reed, and L. W. Oring. 1991. 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Check-list of North American birds. Seventh edition. American Ornithologists' Union, Washington, D.C. [as modified by subsequent supplements and corrections published in <i>The Auk</i>]. Also available online: http://www.aou.org/.","shortCitationAuthor":"American Ornithologists' Union (AOU)","shortCitationYear":1998,"referenceCode":"B98AOU01NAUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T14:38:12.673494Z"},{"id":463505,"citation":"BirdLife International. 2004b. Threatened birds of the world 2004. CD ROM. BirdLife International, Cambridge, UK.","shortCitationAuthor":"BirdLife International","shortCitationYear":2004,"referenceCode":"N04BIR0100LA","lastModified":"2020-02-25T14:38:12.704742Z"},{"id":762528,"citation":"BirdLife International. (2013-2014). IUCN Red List for birds. 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