{"elementGlobalId":102919,"circumscripConfidence":{"id":1,"circumscripConfidenceDescEn":"1 - Strong","circumscripConfidenceDescEs":"1 - Fuerte","circumscripConfidenceDescFr":"1 – Forte"},"classificationLevel":{"id":7,"classificationLevelNameEn":"Species","classificationLevelNameEs":"Especies","classificationLevelNameFr":"Espèce"},"classificationStatus":{"id":1,"classificationStatusDescEn":"Standard","classificationStatusDescEs":"Estándar","classificationStatusDescFr":"Standard"},"iucn":{"id":11,"iucnDescEn":"Least concern","iucnDescEs":"Menos preocupante","iucnDescFr":"Moins préoccupante","iucnCode":"LC"},"nameCategory":{"id":1,"nameCategoryDescEn":"Vertebrate Animal","nameCategoryDescEs":"Animal vertebrado","nameCategoryDescFr":"Animal vertébré","nameTypeCd":"A","nameTypeDesc":"Zoological"},"rankMethodUsed":{"id":7,"rankMethodUsedDescEn":" Rank calculation - Biotics v2","rankMethodUsedDescEs":null,"rankMethodUsedDescFr":null,"rankMethodUsedExternalDescEn":"Ranked by calculator","rankMethodUsedExternalDescEs":null,"rankMethodUsedExternalDescFr":null},"formattedScientificName":"<i>Phoca largha</i>","scientificName":"Phoca largha","scientificNameAuthor":"Pallas, 1811","primaryCommonName":"Spotted Seal","relatedItisNames":"<i>Phoca largha</i> Pallas, 1811 (TSN 180642)","uniqueId":"ELEMENT_GLOBAL.2.102919","elcode":"AMAJG01020","conceptRefFullCitation":"Wilson, D. E., and D. M. Reeder (editors). 1993. Mammal species of the world: a taxonomic and geographic reference. Second edition. Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, DC. xviii + 1206 pp. Available online at: http://www.nmnh.si.edu/msw/.","conceptName":"<i>Phoca largha</i>","taxonomicComments":null,"roundedGRank":"G4","conservationStatusFactorsEditionDate":"2025-08-24","conservationStatusFactorsEditionAuthors":"Gundy, R. L. (2025)","primaryCommonNameLanguage":"EN","recordType":"SPECIES","elementNationals":[{"elementNationalId":168884,"classifConfidence":null,"nation":{"id":225,"nameEn":"United States","nameEs":"Estados Unidos","nameFr":"États-Unis","isoCode":"US","region":"United States"},"roundedNRank":"N4","elementSubnationals":[{"elementSubnationalId":358964,"subnation":{"id":1,"nameEn":"Alaska","nameEs":"Alaska","nameFr":"Alaska","subnationCode":"AK","dnationId":225},"roundedSRank":"S3","dataSensitive":{"id":2,"dataSensitiveDescEn":"No","dataSensitiveDescEs":null,"dataSensitiveDescFr":null,"dataSensitiveCode":"N"},"dataSensitiveCategory":null,"srank":"S3S4","speciesSubnational":{"elementSubnationalId":358964,"hybrid":false,"exotic":false,"native":true}}],"nrankReviewYear":1997,"nrank":"N4N5","speciesNational":{"elementNationalId":168884,"exotic":false,"native":true}}],"lastModified":"2026-10-03T03:02:24.97119Z","lastPublished":"2026-10-02T21:32:08.892226Z","promotionalDescription":null,"conceptLineageSummary":null,"nsxUrl":"/Taxon/ELEMENT_GLOBAL.2.102919/Phoca_largha","grankAdjustmentReasons":null,"grankChangeDate":"2025-08-24","grankReviewDate":"2025-08-24","grankReasons":"This species is widespread in the North Pacific Ocean of eastern Asia and northwestern North America. The population is large and apparently stable. Threats include loss of sea ice due to climate change, pollution from microplastics and pesticides, and food supply loss due to benthic habitat destruction.","grank":"G4","rankInfo":{"elementGlobalId":102919,"aooPercentGood":null,"enviromentalSpecificity":{"id":5,"enviromentalSpecificityDescEn":"Narrow.  Specialist or community with key requirements common.","enviromentalSpecificityDescEs":"Estrecho.  Especialista o comunidad con requisitos claves comunes.","enviromentalSpecificityDescFr":"Étroit. Spécialistes ou communautés répondant aux critères clés sont répandues."},"intrinsicVulnerability":null,"longTermTrend":{"id":36,"longTermTrendDescEn":"Decline of 10-30%","longTermTrendDescEs":"Disminución del 10 al 30%.","longTermTrendDescFr":"Diminution de 10 à 30 %"},"numberEos":{"id":13,"numberEosDescEn":"81 - 300","numberEosDescEs":"De 81 a 300","numberEosDescFr":"De 81 à 300"},"numberGoodEos":{"id":19,"numberGoodEosDescEn":"Many (41-125)","numberGoodEosDescEs":"Muchos (41-125)","numberGoodEosDescFr":"Plusieurs (de 41 à 125)"},"numberProtEos":{"id":15,"numberProtEosDescEn":"Very many (>40) occurrences appropriately protected and managed","numberProtEosDescEs":"Muchas ocurrencias (>40) protegidas y controladas adecuadamente","numberProtEosDescFr":"Beaucoup d’occurrences (>40) protégées et contrôlées convenablement"},"popSize":{"id":34,"popSizeDescEn":"100,000 - 1,000,000 individuals","popSizeDescEs":"De 100.000 a 1.000.000 de individuos","popSizeDescFr":"De 100 000 à 1 000 000 individus"},"rangeExtent":{"id":35,"rangeExtentDescEn":">2,500,000 square km (greater than 1,000,000 square miles)","rangeExtentDescEs":">2.500.000 kilómetros cuadrados (más ","rangeExtentDescFr":">2 500 000 km carrés (plus de 1 000 000 miles carrés)"},"shortTermTrend":{"id":40,"shortTermTrendDescEn":"Relatively Stable (<=10% change)","shortTermTrendDescEs":"Relativamente estable (variación = <10%)","shortTermTrendDescFr":"Relativement stable (variation = <10 %)"},"threatImpactAssigned":{"id":5,"threatImpactAssignedDescEn":"High","threatImpactAssignedDescEs":"Alto","threatImpactAssignedDescFr":"Élevé"},"rangeExtentComments":"This species occurs in the North Pacific Ocean from the Bohai Sea of eastern Asia north and east to the Beaufort Sea of northwestern North America. It is found in Po Hai Sea, Yellow Sea, Sea of Japan, coastal waters of Hokkaido and Honshu, Sea of Okhotsk, Kamchatka, Commander Islands, Bering Sea, Chukchi Sea, and eastern Aleutian Islands. In Alaska, it breeds in the southeastern Bering Sea. In the Bering Sea, the greatest densities occur in spring within approximately 25 km of the irregular and shifting southern margin (front) of the pack ice, where breeding and birthing occur (Reeves et al. 1992). Central Bering Sea stock occurs in the winter and spring south of Cape Navarin to St. Matthew Island, dispersing into Anadyr Gulf. Eastern Bering Sea stock is centered in the southeastern Bering Sea from the Pribilofs to outer Bristol Bay and disperses northward through Bering Strait and along the shores of the Chukchi Sea. About 2000 occupy Kasegaluk Lagoon near Point Lay, Alaska, from July to freeze-up each year (Reeves et al. 1992).","areaOfOccupancy":null,"areaOfOccupancyComments":null,"numberEosComments":"The exact number of breeding sites is highly variable due to sea ice conditions, though they are relatively numerous.","popSizeComments":"The Alaskan population was estimated to be 460,268 individuals in 2012 (Allen and Angliss 2015). The population in Peter the Great Bay (Sea of Japan) was estimated to be 3,200–3,600 individuals in 2017 (Trukhin 2018).","viabilityComments":"Most occurrences likely have good viability.","threatImpactComments":"The greatest threat to this species is likely a rapidly warming climate and loss of sea ice in the range. Threats to the food supply, such as intensive commercial fisheries for pandalid shrimps, pollock, and herring in the southern Bering Sea which can heavily damage benthic habitat, are likely negatively impact the population (Reeves et al. 1992, Quakenbush et al. 2009). Contemporary harvest rates of seals are likely only a minor threat to the population. Subsistence harvest from 1962-2018 by indigenous communities in northwestern North America was generally below 5,000 per year, a sustainable quantity not considered a threat to the population (Olnes et al. 2022). There is no commercial harvest in North America. Similarly, commercial harvest in the Sea of Okhotsk (Russia) from the 1970s to the 1990s was generally fewer than 5,000 individuals per year with an additional 30-35% of seals injured by hunting activities but not captured (Trukhanova et al. 2017). Pollution, particularly microplastics and organochlorine pesticides, is a growing threat with poorly understood impacts (Quakenbush et al. 2009, Trukhin and Boyarova 2020, Wang et al. 2021). Oil and gas exploration, extraction, and transport activities under way or scheduled in portions of winter range may impact seals or their food resources (Reeves et al. 1992).","shortTermTrendComments":"The relatively small population in Peter the Great Bay (Sea of Japan) appears to have nearly doubled from 2002 to 2017 and has expanded the number of breeding locations (Trukhin 2018, Trukhin 2022). Trends in other populations are not well-known but likely are stable.","longTermTrendComments":"This species has likely suffered at least minor declines but little trend data are available. From the 1940s to the 2000s, the population in the Bohai Sea (China) declined by 82% (Yan et al. 2018). Population trend is unknown in Alaska (Allen and Angliss 2018).","inventoryNeeds":"Continue range-wide monitoring and reporting of population sizes and trends.","numberProtEosComments":"Many occurrences are protected in marine protected areas and by the general isolation of their habitat.","protectionNeeds":"Greater protection is needed in China, where large-scale commercial fishing takes place in marine protected areas (Yan et al. 2018, Wang 2023, Zhuang et al. 2024, Chen et al. 2025).","otherConsiderations":null,"intrinsicVulnerabilityComments":"T","enviromentalSpecificityComments":"This species generally requires loose sea ice over the continental shelf as pup-rearing habitat, although this species has adapted to islands in the southernmost part of the range (Trukhin 2022)."},"animalCharacteristics":{"elementGlobalId":102919,"majorHabitat":{"id":1,"majorHabitatDescEn":"Marine","majorHabitatDescEs":"Marino","majorHabitatDescFr":"Marine"},"nonMigrant":false,"localMigrant":true,"longDistanceMigrant":true,"mobilityMigrationComments":"Migrates between summer littoral habitat and offshore winter habitat along edge of ice pack; compass direction and timing of migration varies regionally (Bigg 1981).","foodHabitsComments":"Young eats mainly small crustaceans, including amphipods, shrimps, and euphausiids. Older seals feed opportunistically on various fishes (e.g., walleye pollock, capelin, arctic cod, saffron cod, sand lance, herring, and rainbow smelt), and some cephalopods and crustaceans. Feeds during day; occurrence of night feeding uncertain. (Bigg 1981).","animalPhenologyComments":null,"colonialBreeder":false,"length":170,"width":null,"weight":136,"animalPhenologies":[],"animalFoodHabits":[{"animalCagFoodHabitsId":103941,"foodHabits":{"id":2,"foodHabitsDescEn":"Piscivore","foodHabitsDescEs":"Piscivore","foodHabitsDescFr":"Piscivore","displayOrder":2},"adult":true,"immature":true},{"animalCagFoodHabitsId":103942,"foodHabits":{"id":3,"foodHabitsDescEn":"Invertivore","foodHabitsDescEs":"Invertívoro","foodHabitsDescFr":"Invertivore","displayOrder":3},"adult":true,"immature":true}]},"occurrenceDelineations":[{"eoSpecsDetailId":1606,"locationUseClass":{"id":2,"locationUseClassDescEn":"Breeding","locationUseClassDescEs":"En reproducción","locationUseClassDescFr":"Reproduction","displayOrder":2},"eoSpecGroupName":null,"subtypes":null,"inferredExtentDistance":null,"inferredExtentNotes":null,"minimumEoCriteria":"Evidence of historical presence, or current and likely recurring presence, at a given location during the winter and spring  pupping, mating, and nursing season (approx. Februrary to May, depending on location). Such evidence minimally includes reliable observation and documentation of nursing females and their dependent young over several years. Breeding occurrences include both the pupping/nursing area and the surrounding waters used as feeding grounds.","mappingGuidance":null,"separationBarriers":"None.","separationDistanceUnsuitableHabitatat":30.0,"separationDistanceSuitableHabitatat":30.0,"altSeparationProcedure":null,"separationJustification":"Separation distance arbitrary. Family groups generally spaced about 200 meters apart. Separation distance may need to be revised in future, if variation in breeding locations becomes better known. Eight primary breeding concentrations (Perry, in Wilson and Ruff 1999).","versionDate":"2002-03-11","versionAuthor":"Cannings, S.","versionNotes":null,"lastModified":"2020-02-25T18:18:49.434929Z"},{"eoSpecsDetailId":1607,"locationUseClass":{"id":3,"locationUseClassDescEn":"Nonbreeding","locationUseClassDescEs":"No reproducción","locationUseClassDescFr":"Non-reproduction","displayOrder":3},"eoSpecGroupName":null,"subtypes":null,"inferredExtentDistance":null,"inferredExtentNotes":null,"minimumEoCriteria":"Evidence of historical presence, or current and likely recurring presence, at a given location during the summer nonbreeding season. Such evidence minimally includes reliable observation and documentation of a traditional haulout of seals over several years. Occurrence includes both the haulout area and the surrounding waters used for foraging.","mappingGuidance":null,"separationBarriers":"None.","separationDistanceUnsuitableHabitatat":30.0,"separationDistanceSuitableHabitatat":30.0,"altSeparationProcedure":null,"separationJustification":"Separation distance arbitrary. Little published information on the distribution of haulouts, or movements of individual seals.","versionDate":"2002-03-11","versionAuthor":"Cannings, S.","versionNotes":null,"lastModified":"2020-02-25T18:18:49.434929Z"}],"plantCharacteristics":null,"elementManagement":{"elementGlobalId":102919,"eoManagementGroupName":null,"stewardshipOverview":null,"impacts":null,"restorationPotential":null,"siteConservationPlansConsidered":null,"managementMethods":"Separate western, central, and eastern stocks have been proposed for management in the Bering Sea (Reeves et al. 1992).","monitoringMethods":null,"managementProgramContacts":null,"monitoringProgramContacts":null,"managementResearchPrograms":null,"managementResearchNeeds":null,"biologicalResearchNeeds":"Studies quantifying the impacts of microplastics, organochlorine pesticides, and aquatic habitat are needed. Studies based on indigenous knowledge should be undertaken to better understand this species (Gryba et al. 2021).","additionalTopics":null},"occurrenceViabilities":[{"eoRankSpecsDetailId":104415,"eoRankSpecsGroupName":null,"locationUseClass":{"id":1,"locationUseClassDescEn":"Not applicable","locationUseClassDescEs":"No se aplica","locationUseClassDescFr":"Sans objet","displayOrder":1},"excellentViability":null,"goodViability":null,"fairViability":null,"poorViability":null,"viabilityJustification":"Use the Generic Guidelines for the Application of Occurrence Ranks (2008).<br>The Key for Ranking Species Occurrences Using the Generic Approach provides a step-wise process for implementing this method.","versionDate":null,"versionAuthor":null,"versionNotes":null,"lastModified":"2020-05-14T02:22:44.506627Z"}],"references":[{"id":1156105,"citation":"Allen, B. M., and R. P. Angliss. 2014. Alaska marine mammal stock assessments, 2014. U.S. Dep. Commer., NOAA Tech. Memo. NMFS<br/> AFSC-301. 304 pp. doi:10.7289/V5NS0RTS.","shortCitationAuthor":"Allen and Angliss","shortCitationYear":2014,"referenceCode":"N14ALL01NAUS","lastModified":"2025-09-05T21:55:38.286991Z"},{"id":1151804,"citation":"American Society of Mammalogists (ASM). 2025. Mammal Diversity Database (Version 1.13) [Data set]. Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10595931. Online. Available: https://www.mammaldiversity.org/","shortCitationAuthor":"American Society of Mammalogists (ASM)","shortCitationYear":2025,"referenceCode":"W25ASM01NAUS","lastModified":"2025-04-04T21:45:15.526109Z"},{"id":235682,"citation":"Baker, R. J., L. C. Bradley, R. D. Bradley, J. W. Dragoo, M. D. Engstrom, R. S. Hoffman, C. A. Jones, F. Reid, D. W. Rice, and C. Jones. 2003a. Revised checklist of North American mammals north of Mexico, 2003. Museum of Texas Tech University Occasional Papers 229:1-23.","shortCitationAuthor":"Baker et al.","shortCitationYear":2003,"referenceCode":"B03BAK01NAUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T18:12:05.742349Z"},{"id":113788,"citation":"Bigg, M. A. 1981. Harbour seal. Pages 1-27 in Ridgway, S.H., and R. J. Harrison, editors. Handbook of marine mammals. Vol. 2. Seals. Academic Press, N.Y.","shortCitationAuthor":"Bigg","shortCitationYear":1981,"referenceCode":"A81BIG01NAUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T18:18:49.434929Z"},{"id":759420,"citation":"Bradley, R.D., L.K. Ammerman, R.J. Baker, L.C. Bradley, J.A. Cook. R.C. Dowler, C. Jones, D.J. Schmidly, F.B. Stangl Jr., R.A. Van den Bussche and B. Würsig. 2014. Revised checklist of North American mammals north of Mexico, 2014. Museum of Texas Tech University Occasional Papers 327:1-28. Available at: http://www.nsrl.ttu.edu/publications/opapers/ops/OP327.pdf","shortCitationAuthor":"Bradley et al.","shortCitationYear":2014,"referenceCode":"A14BRA01NACA","lastModified":"2020-02-25T14:38:17.880059Z"},{"id":1156108,"citation":"Chen, R., X. Wu, and L. Xu. 2025. Evaluating management effectiveness of marine protected areas in regulating fishing pressure on spotted seal (<i>Phoca largha</i>) habitats. Global Ecology and Conservation 62: e03755. doi: 10.1016/j.gecco.2025.e03755","shortCitationAuthor":"Chen et al.","shortCitationYear":2025,"referenceCode":"A25CHE01NAUS","lastModified":"2025-09-05T21:55:38.270998Z"},{"id":1152926,"citation":"Gryba, R., H. P. Huntington, A. L. Von Duyke, B. Adams, B. Frantz, J. Gatten, Q. Harcharek, H. Olemaun, R. Sarren, J. Skin, G. Henry, and M. Auger-Méthé. 2021. Indigenous Knowledge of bearded seal (<i>Erignathus barbatus</i>), ringed seal (<i>Pusa hispida</i>), and spotted seal (<i>Phoca largha)</i> behaviour and habitat use near Utqiagvik, Alaska, USA. Arctic Science 7: 832–858. doi: 10.1139/as-2020-0052","shortCitationAuthor":"Gryba et al.","shortCitationYear":2021,"referenceCode":"A21GRY01NAUS","lastModified":"2025-10-04T01:55:59.677865Z"},{"id":156383,"citation":"Jones, J. K., Jr., R. S. Hoffman, D. W. Rice, C. Jones, R. J. Baker, and M. D. Engstrom. 1992a. Revised checklist of North American mammals north of Mexico, 1991. Occasional Papers, The Museum, Texas Tech University, 146:1-23.","shortCitationAuthor":"Jones et al.","shortCitationYear":1992,"referenceCode":"B92JON01NAUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T14:38:17.880059Z"},{"id":138484,"citation":"King, J. E. 1983. Seals of the world. Second edition. Cornell Univ. Press, Ithaca.","shortCitationAuthor":"King","shortCitationYear":1983,"referenceCode":"B83KIN01NAUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T18:13:19.664475Z"},{"id":121960,"citation":"Mouchaty, S., J. A. Cook, and G. F. Shields. 1995. Phylogenetic analysis of northern hair seals based on nucleotide sequences of the mitochondrial cytochrome b gene. Journal of Mammalogy 76:1178-1185.","shortCitationAuthor":"Mouchaty et al.","shortCitationYear":1995,"referenceCode":"A95MOU01NAUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T18:12:59.382785Z"},{"id":662585,"citation":"National Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS). 2010. Endangered and threatened wildlife and plants; threatened status for southern distinct population segment of spotted seal. Federal Register 705(204):65239-65248.","shortCitationAuthor":"NMFS","shortCitationYear":2010,"referenceCode":"N10NMF08EHUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T18:18:49.434929Z"},{"id":1156101,"citation":"Olnes, J., L. Quakenbush, M. Nelson, Albert Simon, J. 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Changes in the breeding range of spotted seals, <i>Phoca largha</i> (Pallas, 1811) (Carnivora, Pinnipedia), in the western Sea of Japan: causes and effects. Russian Journal of Marine Biology 48(2): 101–107.","shortCitationAuthor":"Trukhin","shortCitationYear":2022,"referenceCode":"A22TRU01NAUS","lastModified":"2025-09-05T21:55:38.284995Z"},{"id":1156110,"citation":"Trukhin, A. M., and M. D. Boyarova. 2020. Organochlorine pesticides (HCH and DDT) in blubber of spotted seals (<i>Phoca largha</i>) from the western Sea of Japan. Marine Pollution Bulletin 150: 110738. doi: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2019.110738","shortCitationAuthor":"Trukhin and Boyarova","shortCitationYear":2020,"referenceCode":"A20TRU01NAUS","lastModified":"2025-09-05T21:55:38.281Z"},{"id":1156111,"citation":"Trukhin, A. M., P. A. Permyakov, S. D. Ryazanov, V. B. Lobanov, H. W. Kim, Y. M. Choi, and H. Sohn. 2021. 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