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NON-BREEDING: southwestern British Columbia south along Pacific coast to Chile; Atlantic coast from New Jersey south to northern Argentina; important wintering areas in South America are Suriname and north-central coast of Brazil between Belem and Sao Luis (see Johnson and Herter 1989, Morrison and Ross 1989; see latter for details on other South American sites); West Indies; British Isles, Mediterranean region, southern China, and Hawaii (uncommon, irregular) south to southern Africa, Australia, New Zealand (AOU 1983). Nonbreeders frequently summer in winter range (AOU 1983).","areaOfOccupancy":null,"areaOfOccupancyComments":"With an estimate of from 1 to a few pairs per square kilometer during breeding season (Paulson, 1995) and a population size estimate of 350,000 pairs (700,000 individuals total) (Birdlife International, 2014), this species would be expected to occupy more than 20,000 square kilometers based on population size.","numberEosComments":"Number of EOs is an estimate since this species has a circumpolar distribution and does not breed colonially.  This combination requires a large number of EOs to attain a ppopulation size estimate of almost 700,000 birds (Birdlife International, 2014).","popSizeComments":"Morrison et al. (2001) estimated the global population at 498,000 individuals, and that in North America at about 200,000.individuals (150,000 for P. S. CYNOSURAE and 50,000 for P. S. SQUATAROLAE).  Birdlife International (2014) estimated the global population at 692,000 according to WPE3 data.  ","viabilityComments":"An estimate based on the total number of individuals estimated","threatImpactComments":"Breeding habitat seems secure becasue it is far beyond most human occupation and development at this time (Paulson, 1995), although this may change with climate change.  Some nonbreeding habitats may be lost due to filling and dredging though.","shortTermTrendComments":"Morrison (1993/1994) categorized the Canadian population as \"declining?\"  Birdlife International (2014) notes that the overall population trend is decreasing although some popoulations have unknown trends.  ","longTermTrendComments":"Within the U.S., there has been no historic changein abundance from 1974 or so through at least the mid-1990's (Paulsen, 1995).  According to Birdlife International (20140, the species has had a stable population trends over the last 40 years in North American based on Breeding Bird Survey and / or Christmas Bird Counts.  Birdlife International does trend the overall global population trend as decreasing though.  ","inventoryNeeds":"Minimal needs at this time","numberProtEosComments":"an estimate based on the total number of individuals estimated.  At least in the United States and Canada, many of the breeding grounds are in either state, provincial, or federal protection.","protectionNeeds":"Any concentration pints for this species during its migration should be protected from habitat degradation.","otherConsiderations":"None","intrinsicVulnerabilityComments":"This ranking should be re-visited as global climate change may allow for the exploitation of some habitat for this species that is currently not feasible.","enviromentalSpecificityComments":"None"},"animalCharacteristics":{"elementGlobalId":102793,"majorHabitat":{"id":3,"majorHabitatDescEn":"Terrestrial","majorHabitatDescEs":"Terrestre","majorHabitatDescFr":"Terrestre"},"nonMigrant":false,"localMigrant":false,"longDistanceMigrant":true,"mobilityMigrationComments":"In U.S. migrates along Atlantic and Pacific coasts and the Mississippi River valley; more common in spring along inland routes in Canada. Migrates northward to arctic breeding grounds from s. U.S. in April; most arrive in Beaufort Sea area in early June, adults depart northern breeding areas around mid-August, young remain until late August or early September. Migrates through Costa Rica August-October and March-May (Stiles and Skutch 1989).","foodHabitsComments":"In tidal sand and mud flats and in salt marshes feeds on: marine worms, insects, mollusks, crustaceans. In plowed fields, wet meadows and pastures searches for adult insects and larvae, earthworms, some seeds and berries (Terres 1980).","animalPhenologyComments":"Foraged principally during daylight in northeastern Venezuela (Robert et al. 1989).","colonialBreeder":false,"length":29,"width":null,"weight":220,"animalPhenologies":[{"animalCagPhenologyId":102053,"animalPhenology":{"id":3,"animalPhenologyDescEn":"Diurnal","animalPhenologyDescEs":"Diurno","animalPhenologyDescFr":"Diurne","displayOrder":3},"adult":true,"immature":true}],"animalFoodHabits":[{"animalCagFoodHabitsId":103816,"foodHabits":{"id":3,"foodHabitsDescEn":"Invertivore","foodHabitsDescEs":"Invertívoro","foodHabitsDescFr":"Invertivore","displayOrder":3},"adult":true,"immature":true}]},"occurrenceDelineations":[{"eoSpecsDetailId":1211,"locationUseClass":{"id":2,"locationUseClassDescEn":"Breeding","locationUseClassDescEs":"En reproducción","locationUseClassDescFr":"Reproduction","displayOrder":2},"eoSpecGroupName":"Shorebirds","subtypes":"Breeding Site, Feeding Area","inferredExtentDistance":1.5,"inferredExtentNotes":"Based on a smaller 'typical' home ranges (see Separation Justification).","minimumEoCriteria":"Evidence of historical breeding, or current and likely recurring breeding, at a given location, minimally a reliable observation of one or more breeding pairs in appropriate habitat. Be cautious about creating EOs for observations that may represent single breeding events outside the normal breeding distribution.","mappingGuidance":"Breeding occurrences include nesting areas as well as foraging areas of nesting adults and broods. Because separations are based on nesting areas, the foraging areas of different occurrences may overlap if nesting birds are traveling to distant places to feed.","separationBarriers":"None.","separationDistanceUnsuitableHabitatat":5.0,"separationDistanceSuitableHabitatat":5.0,"altSeparationProcedure":null,"separationJustification":"Separation distance pertains specifically to nesting areas, not to locations of dispersed foraging individuals. For example, nesting areas separated by a gap of more than 5 km are different occurrences, regardless of the foraging locations of individuals from those nesting areas. <br /><br />The separation distance is an arbitrary value; it is impractical to attempt to delineate shorebird occurrences on the basis of dispersal patterns or metapopulation dynamics. Foraging ranges of some nesting shorebird species (see following) may suggest use of a larger separation distance, but this likely would result in occurrences that are too large and less effective for conservation planning. <br /><br />Separation distance based on larger 'typical' breeding home ranges with diameters of 1.5 to 3 kilometers. Semipalmated Plovers have breeding home ranges up to 3 square kilometers, i.e. a diameter of just under 2 kilometers (Nol and Blanken 1999). Red-necked Phalaropes have a core home range of 1-3 hectares, but occasionally travel 1.5 kilometers to feed (Rubega et al. 2000). Stilt Sandpipers can forage up to 8 kilometers from nest (Jehl 1973). Mountain Plovers have an average home range of 56.6 hectares (Knopf 1996) but broods typically move 1-2 kilometers shortly after hatching (Knopf and Rupert 1996).<br /><br />Territories: Common Snipe, 6.4-28.6 hectares (Mueller 1999); Long-billed Dowitcher, 100-300 meter diameter (Johnsgard 1981); golden-plovers, average 10-59 hectares (Johnson and Connors 1996); Long-billed Curlew, 6-20 hectares (Johnsgard 1981). <br /><br />Nesting densities: Black-bellied Plover, 0.3-2.3 pairs per square kilometer (44 ha per pair at latter density; Hussell and Page 1976, Parmelee et al. 1967); Marbled Godwit, maximum density 1 pair/32 hectares (Stewart and Kantrud 1972). <br /><br />Foraging distances: Greater and Lesser Yellowlegs, up to 13 kilometers from nest (Elphick and Tibbits 1998, Tibbits and Moskoff 1999).","versionDate":"2004-03-25","versionAuthor":"Hammerson, G., and S. 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Be cautious about creating EOs for observations that may represent single events.","mappingGuidance":null,"separationBarriers":"None.","separationDistanceUnsuitableHabitatat":5.0,"separationDistanceSuitableHabitatat":5.0,"altSeparationProcedure":null,"separationJustification":"Separation distance somewhat arbitrary; set at 5 kilometers to define occurrences of manageable size for conservation purposes. Occurrences defined primarily on the basis of areas supporting concentrations of foraging or roosting birds, rather than on the basis of distinct populations.","versionDate":"2004-03-25","versionAuthor":"S. 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Be cautious about creating EOs for observations that may represent single events.","mappingGuidance":null,"separationBarriers":"None.","separationDistanceUnsuitableHabitatat":5.0,"separationDistanceSuitableHabitatat":5.0,"altSeparationProcedure":null,"separationJustification":"Separation distance somewhat arbitrary; set at 5 kilometers to define occurrences of managable size for conservation purposes. Occurrences defined primarily on the basis of areas supporting concentrations of foraging or roosting birds, rather than on the basis of distinct populations.","versionDate":"2002-04-15","versionAuthor":"Cannings, S.","versionNotes":null,"lastModified":"2020-04-30T02:03:41.534695Z"}],"plantCharacteristics":null,"elementManagement":{"elementGlobalId":102793,"eoManagementGroupName":null,"stewardshipOverview":null,"impacts":null,"restorationPotential":null,"siteConservationPlansConsidered":null,"managementMethods":null,"monitoringMethods":null,"managementProgramContacts":null,"monitoringProgramContacts":null,"managementResearchPrograms":null,"managementResearchNeeds":null,"biologicalResearchNeeds":"Minimal research needs relative to improvement of conservation or management needs.  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