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The range extends from Labrador, Hudson Bay area, and central Manitoba south to northern Texas, Louisiana, central Alabama, northern Georgia, and North Carolina (Dodd Jr. 2023). It is absent from most of the Southeastern Coastal Plain.","areaOfOccupancy":null,"areaOfOccupancyComments":null,"numberEosComments":"Represented by many and/or large occurrences throughout most of the range.","popSizeComments":"Total adult population size is unknown but likely exceeds, 1,000,000.","viabilityComments":"Most occurrences likely have good viability.","threatImpactComments":"Dispersing juveniles tend to avoid open canopy habitat, so deforestation and fragmentation likely reduce dispersal rates between local populations and could negatively impact population persistence in altered landscapes (Rothermal and Semlitsch 2002). Chytrid fungus (<i>Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis</i>) is most severe for metamorphs, generally reducing survival and growth (Dodd Jr. 2023). Roads can also cause mortality from vehicle strikes during dispersal to and from breeding sites (Dodd Jr. 2023).","shortTermTrendComments":"There is anecdotal evidence from across the range that this species is declining (Dodd Jr. 2023).","longTermTrendComments":"Abundance is generally considered to have declined due to habitat loss.","inventoryNeeds":"Occasional surveys needed for long-term monitoring to assess population trends.","numberProtEosComments":"There are protected occurrences throughout the range.","protectionNeeds":null,"otherConsiderations":null,"intrinsicVulnerabilityComments":null,"enviromentalSpecificityComments":"This species occupies a variety of wetland and upland habitat types throughout the range (Dodd Jr. 2023)."},"animalCharacteristics":{"elementGlobalId":102753,"majorHabitat":null,"nonMigrant":false,"localMigrant":true,"longDistanceMigrant":false,"mobilityMigrationComments":"Adults migrate up to several hundred meters between breeding pools and nonbreeding terrestrial habitats.","foodHabitsComments":"Larvae eat suspended matter, organic debris, algae, and plant tissue. Metamorphosed toads eat various small terrestrial invertebrates.","animalPhenologyComments":"Hibernates in coldest winter months; may estivate during hot dry months of summer. Most active at night but also active diurnally when breeding and at other times in shady habitats.","colonialBreeder":true,"length":11,"width":null,"weight":null,"animalPhenologies":[{"animalCagPhenologyId":102033,"animalPhenology":{"id":1,"animalPhenologyDescEn":"Hibernates/aestivates","animalPhenologyDescEs":"Hibernación/Estivación","animalPhenologyDescFr":"Hiberne/estive","displayOrder":1},"adult":true,"immature":true},{"animalCagPhenologyId":102034,"animalPhenology":{"id":3,"animalPhenologyDescEn":"Diurnal","animalPhenologyDescEs":"Diurno","animalPhenologyDescFr":"Diurne","displayOrder":3},"adult":true,"immature":true},{"animalCagPhenologyId":102035,"animalPhenology":{"id":4,"animalPhenologyDescEn":"Nocturnal","animalPhenologyDescEs":"Nocturno","animalPhenologyDescFr":"Nocturne","displayOrder":4},"adult":true,"immature":true},{"animalCagPhenologyId":102036,"animalPhenology":{"id":5,"animalPhenologyDescEn":"Crepuscular","animalPhenologyDescEs":"Crepuscular","animalPhenologyDescFr":"Crépusculaire","displayOrder":5},"adult":true,"immature":true}],"animalFoodHabits":[{"animalCagFoodHabitsId":103775,"foodHabits":{"id":3,"foodHabitsDescEn":"Invertivore","foodHabitsDescEs":"Invertívoro","foodHabitsDescFr":"Invertivore","displayOrder":3},"adult":true,"immature":false},{"animalCagFoodHabitsId":103776,"foodHabits":{"id":4,"foodHabitsDescEn":"Herbivore","foodHabitsDescEs":"Herbívoro","foodHabitsDescFr":"Herbivore","displayOrder":4},"adult":false,"immature":true}]},"occurrenceDelineations":[{"eoSpecsDetailId":1018,"locationUseClass":{"id":1,"locationUseClassDescEn":"Not applicable","locationUseClassDescEs":"No se aplica","locationUseClassDescFr":"Sans objet","displayOrder":1},"eoSpecGroupName":"Bufonid Toads","subtypes":"Breeding Site","inferredExtentDistance":0.5,"inferredExtentNotes":null,"minimumEoCriteria":"Occurrences are based on evidence of historical presence, or current and likely recurring presence, at a given location. Such evidence minimally includes collection or reliable observation and documentation of one or more individuals (including larvae or eggs) in or near appropriate habitat where the species is presumed to be established and breeding.","mappingGuidance":null,"separationBarriers":"Busy major highway such that toads rarely if ever cross successfully; roads with nonpermeable barriers to toad movement; urbanized areas dominated by buildings and pavement.","separationDistanceUnsuitableHabitatat":1.0,"separationDistanceSuitableHabitatat":5.0,"altSeparationProcedure":null,"separationJustification":"Opportunistic observations of various toad species in lowland habitats indicate regular movements of up to at least several hundred meters from the closest known breeding site (G. Hammerson, pers. obs.). Sweet (1993) recorded movements of up to 1 km in <i>Bufo californicus</i>. In defining critical habitat for <i>B. californicus</i>, USFWS (2000) included breeding streams and upland areas within a 25-m elevational range of each essential stream reach and no more than 1.5 km away from the stream. In northwestern Utah, Thompson (2004) recorded movements of <i>Bufo boreas</i> of up to 5 km across upland habitat between two springs during the summer-fall season. Another toad moved 1.3 km between May of one year and May of the next year; the following June it was back at the original breeding location (Thompson 2004). Most studies of toad movements have not employed radiotelemetry and were not designed to detect long-range movements or dispersal. <br><br>The separation distance for unsuitable habitat reflects the nominal minimum value of 1 km. The separation distance for suitable habitat reflects the good vagility of toads, their ability to utilize ephemeral or newly created breeding sites, and the consequent likely low probability that two occupied locations separated by less than several kilometers of suitable habitat would represent truly independent populations over the long term.","versionDate":"2005-04-27","versionAuthor":"Hammerson, G.","versionNotes":null,"lastModified":"2020-04-30T02:04:19.878673Z"}],"plantCharacteristics":null,"elementManagement":{"elementGlobalId":102753,"eoManagementGroupName":null,"stewardshipOverview":null,"impacts":null,"restorationPotential":null,"siteConservationPlansConsidered":null,"managementMethods":null,"monitoringMethods":null,"managementProgramContacts":null,"monitoringProgramContacts":null,"managementResearchPrograms":null,"managementResearchNeeds":null,"biologicalResearchNeeds":"More <i>in situ</i> studies on the impacts of chytrid fungus are needed.","additionalTopics":null},"occurrenceViabilities":[{"eoRankSpecsDetailId":104256,"eoRankSpecsGroupName":null,"locationUseClass":{"id":1,"locationUseClassDescEn":"Not applicable","locationUseClassDescEs":"No se aplica","locationUseClassDescFr":"Sans objet","displayOrder":1},"excellentViability":null,"goodViability":null,"fairViability":null,"poorViability":null,"viabilityJustification":"Use the Generic Guidelines for the Application of Occurrence Ranks (2008).<br>The Key for Ranking Species Occurrences Using the Generic Approach provides a step-wise process for implementing this method.","versionDate":null,"versionAuthor":null,"versionNotes":null,"lastModified":"2020-05-14T02:22:20.552961Z"}],"references":[{"id":134853,"citation":"Barbour, R. 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Hundreds of adults may aggregate for breeding. Aquatic larvae hatch in about a week or less, metamorphose in about 2 months, in spring or summer (often June or July, but as early as mid-May in some areas). Larvae metamorphose into tiny toadlets within a couple months. Individuals become sexually mature in 2-3 years. Hundreds may aggregate for breeding.","ecologyComments":"Larvae are palatable to LEPOMIS fishes (Holomuzki 1995).","habitatComments":"American toads live on land except during the brief breeding season. They live in a wide variety of habitats, ranging from forests to prairies, wherever there is sufficient moisture, food, and a suitable breeding site. They emerge from winter dormancy on land and migrate up to several hundred meters to breeding sites. Breeding occurs in shallows of slow- or nonflowing bodies of water, including both permanent and temporary pools, generally in sites with few if any fishes (e.g., Holomuzki 1995). In northern Minnesota, successful reproduction in acidic bog water either does not occur or is a rare event (Karns 1992).","generalDescription":"Warty skin, generally with 1-2 warts in each of the largest dark dorsal spots; chest and adjacent abdomen usually dark spotted; large warts on lower hind leg; parotoid glands (lumps behind eyes) separate from cranial crests (bony ridges behind eyes) or connected only by a short spur; maximum snout-vent length of female around 11 cm. Mature male: dark throat; dark pads on thumbs and inner fingers during breeding season; breeding call is a long, musical trill lasting up to around 30 seconds. Larvae: blackish; low tail fin lacks spots; small eyes in dorsal position; tail muscles unpigmented along lower edge; oral disk indented at jaw edges; labial tooth rows: 2 upper, 3 lower; total length up to about 24 mm. 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