{"elementGlobalId":102714,"circumscripConfidence":{"id":1,"circumscripConfidenceDescEn":"1 - Strong","circumscripConfidenceDescEs":"1 - Fuerte","circumscripConfidenceDescFr":"1 – Forte"},"classificationLevel":{"id":7,"classificationLevelNameEn":"Species","classificationLevelNameEs":"Especies","classificationLevelNameFr":"Espèce"},"classificationStatus":{"id":1,"classificationStatusDescEn":"Standard","classificationStatusDescEs":"Estándar","classificationStatusDescFr":"Standard"},"iucn":{"id":11,"iucnDescEn":"Least concern","iucnDescEs":"Menos preocupante","iucnDescFr":"Moins préoccupante","iucnCode":"LC"},"nameCategory":{"id":1,"nameCategoryDescEn":"Vertebrate Animal","nameCategoryDescEs":"Animal vertebrado","nameCategoryDescFr":"Animal vertébré","nameTypeCd":"A","nameTypeDesc":"Zoological"},"rankMethodUsed":{"id":7,"rankMethodUsedDescEn":" Rank calculation - Biotics v2","rankMethodUsedDescEs":null,"rankMethodUsedDescFr":null,"rankMethodUsedExternalDescEn":"Ranked by calculator","rankMethodUsedExternalDescEs":null,"rankMethodUsedExternalDescFr":null},"formattedScientificName":"<i>Anaxyrus boreas</i>","scientificName":"Anaxyrus boreas","scientificNameAuthor":"(Baird and Girard, 1852)","primaryCommonName":"Western Toad","relatedItisNames":"<i>Anaxyrus boreas</i> (Baird and Girard, 1852) (TSN 773513)","uniqueId":"ELEMENT_GLOBAL.2.102714","elcode":"AAABB01030","conceptRefFullCitation":"Frost, D. R. 1985. Amphibian species of the world. A taxonomic and geographical reference. Allen Press, Inc., and The Association of  Systematics Collections, Lawrence, Kansas. v + 732 pp.","conceptName":"<i>Bufo boreas</i>","taxonomicComments":"The genus <i>Anaxyrus </i>was split from <i>Bufo </i>by Frost et al. (2006). However, taxonomy within the genus <i>Bufo </i>remains controversial and many references still use the long-established <i>Bufo</i>.<br/><br/>From Nicholson (2025): The English name of Boreal Toad is sometimes used broadly for this taxon, especially for populations sometimes referred to <i>A. b. boreas</i> (Baird and Girard, 1852), and refer Western Toad to<i> A. b. halophilus</i>. Two subspecies (<i>A. b. boreas</i>, <i>A. b. halophilus</i>) have been inconsistently recognized historically and we do not recognize them here given the substantial need for additional taxonomic work on this complex. The <i>A. boreas</i> group generally is considered to include a number of isolated populations that appear to be diagnosable as species. Some have been recognized as species and/or subspecies and others have no history of taxonomic recognition. From this complex, <i>A. canorus</i>, <i>A. exsul</i>, and<i> A. nelsoni</i> are now generally accepted, and three additional allopatric populations have been named as species (<i>A. monfontanus</i>, <i>A. nevadensis</i>, and <i>A. williamsi</i>) recently have been described. Nevertheless, issues raised in older works by Cook (1983), Goebel (2005), Pauly (2008), and Goebel et al. (2009), using genetics, morphology, and advertisement calls, suggest that additional diversity remains unrecognized. The published genetic data used to investigate this group has been restricted to mitochondrial sequences, which have proven to be problematic in general (Dufresnes and Jablonski 2022), and this complex is no exception. In such approaches, for example, the mitochondrial network and phylogenetic analyses by Gordon et al. (2017) found <i>A. boreas</i> to be paraphyletic with respect to <i>A. canorus</i>, <i>A. exsul</i>, and <i>A. nelsoni</i>. Their work also suggests that the subspecies <i>A. b. boreas</i> and <i>A. b. halophilus</i> may be valid species, but Goebel et al. (2009) found <i>A. b. halophilus</i> to be polyphyletic within the broader <i>A. boreas</i> group. A comprehensive review of the <i>A. boreas</i> group that includes nuclear DNA and dense geographic sampling is needed and likely will reveal a complex evolutionary history, and corresponding taxonomy, for this group that spans a considerably large and complex geographic region.","roundedGRank":"G4","conservationStatusFactorsEditionDate":"2025-06-22","conservationStatusFactorsEditionAuthors":"Gundy, R. L. (2025)","primaryCommonNameLanguage":"EN","recordType":"SPECIES","elementNationals":[{"elementNationalId":164396,"classifConfidence":null,"nation":{"id":38,"nameEn":"Canada","nameEs":"Canadá","nameFr":"Canada","isoCode":"CA","region":"Canada"},"roundedNRank":"N4","elementSubnationals":[{"elementSubnationalId":338975,"subnation":{"id":60,"nameEn":"Alberta","nameEs":"Alberta","nameFr":"Alberta","subnationCode":"AB","dnationId":38},"roundedSRank":"S3","dataSensitive":{"id":1,"dataSensitiveDescEn":"Yes","dataSensitiveDescEs":null,"dataSensitiveDescFr":null,"dataSensitiveCode":"Y"},"dataSensitiveCategory":{"id":2,"dataSensitiveCategoryDescEn":"Proprietary Data","dataSensitiveCategoryDescEs":null,"dataSensitiveCategoryDescFr":null,"nsStandardInd":true},"srank":"S3S4","speciesSubnational":{"elementSubnationalId":338975,"hybrid":false,"exotic":false,"native":true}},{"elementSubnationalId":395802,"subnation":{"id":61,"nameEn":"British Columbia","nameEs":"Columbia 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species is widespread through much of the western United States and western Canada. It is still locally common, but rapid losses and declines have occurred in many populations across the range. It is threatened by disease, pollution, habitat degradation, and climate change.","grankReviewDate":"2025-06-22","rankInfo":{"elementGlobalId":102714,"aooPercentGood":null,"enviromentalSpecificity":{"id":10,"enviromentalSpecificityDescEn":"Broad.  Generalist or community with all key requirements common.","enviromentalSpecificityDescEs":"Amplio.  Generalista o comunidad con todos los requisitos claves comunes.","enviromentalSpecificityDescFr":"Vaste. Généralistes ou communautés répondant à tous les critères clés sont répandus."},"intrinsicVulnerability":{"id":4,"intrinsicVulnerabilityDescEn":"Moderately vulnerable","intrinsicVulnerabilityDescEs":"Moderadamente vulnerable","intrinsicVulnerabilityDescFr":"Moyennement vulnérable"},"longTermTrend":{"id":25,"longTermTrendDescEn":"Decline of 50-70%","longTermTrendDescEs":"Disminución del 50 al 70%.","longTermTrendDescFr":"Diminution de 50 à 70 %"},"numberEos":{"id":15,"numberEosDescEn":"> 300","numberEosDescEs":"> 300","numberEosDescFr":"> 300"},"numberGoodEos":{"id":20,"numberGoodEosDescEn":"Many to very many (41 to >125)","numberGoodEosDescEs":"Muchos a muy muchos (41 a >125)","numberGoodEosDescFr":"De plusieurs à beaucoup (de 41 à >125)"},"numberProtEos":{"id":16,"numberProtEosDescEn":"Unknown whether any occurrences are appropriately protected and managed","numberProtEosDescEs":"Se desconoce si se protege y controla adecuadamente algúna ocurrencia","numberProtEosDescFr":"Nombre inconnu d’occurrences protégées et contrôlées convenablement"},"popSize":{"id":34,"popSizeDescEn":"100,000 - 1,000,000 individuals","popSizeDescEs":"De 100.000 a 1.000.000 de individuos","popSizeDescFr":"De 100 000 à 1 000 000 individus"},"rangeExtent":{"id":35,"rangeExtentDescEn":">2,500,000 square km (greater than 1,000,000 square miles)","rangeExtentDescEs":">2.500.000 kilómetros cuadrados (más ","rangeExtentDescFr":">2 500 000 km carrés (plus de 1 000 000 miles carrés)"},"shortTermTrend":{"id":36,"shortTermTrendDescEn":"Decline of 10-30%","shortTermTrendDescEs":"Disminución del 10 al 30%.","shortTermTrendDescFr":"Diminution de 10 à 30 %"},"threatImpactAssigned":{"id":5,"threatImpactAssignedDescEn":"High","threatImpactAssignedDescEs":"Alto","threatImpactAssignedDescFr":"Élevé"},"rangeExtentComments":"The range extends along the Pacific Coast from southern Alaska (Wiedmer and Hodge 1996) to Baja California, and eastward through the Rocky Mountains to west-central Alberta, Montana (Werner et al. 2004), Wyoming (Baxter and Stone 1985), Utah (Ross et al. 1995, Thompson et al. 2004), Colorado (Hammerson 1999), (formerly) northern New Mexico (Degenhardt et al. 1996), and Baja California, México. The species is absent from most of the desert Southwest (Stebbins 2003). Elevational range extends from sea level to more than 11,000 feet (3,355 meters) in some areas in the Rocky Mountains. Range extent is estimated to be 5.45 million km² (GBIF 2025, RARECAT 2025).","areaOfOccupancy":null,"areaOfOccupancyComments":null,"numberEosComments":"Represented by many and/or large occurrences throughout most of the range.","popSizeComments":"Total adult population size is unknown but likely exceeds 100,000. Still common in much of the range.","viabilityComments":"Most occurrences likely have good viability.","threatImpactComments":"This species is greatly affected by multiple diseases. Chytrid fungus (<i>Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis</i>), which attacks keratinized tissue and is especially detrimental to recently metamorphed toadlets, reduce survival rates and has been attributed to multiple population declines throughout the range (Daszak et al. 2000, Dodd Jr. 2023). Chytrid fungus has a temperature preference for moderately cold environments, thus is less prevalent at the coldest and warmest temperature extremes of this species’ range (Dodd Jr. 2023). Toad eggs and skin are highly susceptible to the pathogenic fungus <i>Saprolegnia ferax</i> (which may be introduced during fish stocking), and mortality of eggs due to this fungus has been documented in Oregon (Blaustein et al. 1994, Kiesecker and Blaustein 1997, Kiesecker et al. 2001, Dodd Jr. 2023). Immunosuppression, coupled with the apparent effect of cold body temperatures on the ability of the immune system to fight disease, may lead to infection by <i>Aeromonas hydrophila</i> bacteria (which causes \"red-leg\") or other infectious agents and subsequently to death of individuals and extirpation of populations (Carey 1993). Limb malformations in toads have been linked directly to trematode infections by Ribeiroia ondatrae, although the impacts seem to be very limited (Johnson et al. 2001, Johnson et al 2002, Dodd Jr. 2023).<br/><br/>A warming climate will almost certainly result in population decline and a northward range contraction, as survival of this species is greater in areas with high levels of snowpack during winter and ponds deep enough to support complete the cycle of metamorphosis (Dodd Jr. 2023). Habitat fragmentation from urbanization also causes local declines (Dodd Jr. 2023). Vehicle strikes, especially during movements to and from breeding ponds, can cause significant localized mortality rates (Dodd Jr. 2023).<br/><br/>Environmental contamination is another serious, but generally localized, threat. This species does not tolerate acidic aquatic environments with pH less than 4.0, and can be entirely eradicated by acid mine runoff (Corn and Vertucci 1992, Dodd Jr. 2023). Numerous pesticides reduce survival or cause direct mortality even at concentrations less than those recommended (Dodd Jr. 2023). Nitrites, but not nitrates, can be lethal to tadpoles (Dodd Jr. 2023).<br/><br/>Due to decreased levels of the enzyme photolyase, which is known to be involved in photo-damaged DNA repair, tadpoles of this species are more susceptible to UVB radiation than other anurans (Blaustein et al. 1994, Kiesecker et al. 2001, Dodd Jr. 2023). This is likely not solely due to UV radiation, but a complex interrelationship of pathogen susceptibility, temperature tolerance, water clarity, habitat quality, and UVB exposure (Corn and Muths 2002, Palen et al. 2002, Dodd Jr. 2023).","shortTermTrendComments":"This species continues to decline throughout the range, primarily due to disease (Dodd Jr. 2023).","longTermTrendComments":"There has been a significant decline in area of occupancy due to localized sites becoming extirpated, and there have been serious declines in abundance throughout most of the range even in protected areas (Dodd Jr. 2023). Range extent has remained relatively stable. Rocky Mountain populations in Colorado and Wyoming have undergone a drastic decline since the 1970s (Corn et al. 1989, Hammerson 1989, Hammerson 1992, Hammerson 1999, Carey 1993). Similarly, populations have declined greatly in the Yosemite area of the Sierra Nevada, California (Drost and Fellers 1996). Additionally, the species declined in Yellowstone National Park (Peterson et al. 1992), Montana (Reichel and Flath 1995), and locally elsewhere (Olson 1989). This species is generally considered stable in most of British Columbia and Alberta, although declines have been documnted at Vancouver Island, British Columbia (Green 1997, Davis and Gregory 2003, Dodd Jr. 2023).","inventoryNeeds":"Many museum records are not specific enough for resurveying. Precise locations of breeding sites are needed for long-term monitoring. Regular monitoring needed to determine and quantify population trends.","numberProtEosComments":"This species occurs in many national parks, wildlife refuges, and wilderness areas in the U.S. and Canada. In Mexico it is found within San Pedro Martir National Park. However, protection of land has not protected the species from disease, or other causes (Dodd Jr. 2023).","protectionNeeds":"Protection needs depend on causes of decline. At present in the Southern Rockies, efforts are being made to reduce the probability of chytrid fungus contamination of currently fungus-free breeding areas.","otherConsiderations":null,"intrinsicVulnerabilityComments":"This species has limited dispersal ability across arid unsuitable habitats (Dodd Jr. 2023).","enviromentalSpecificityComments":"This species utilizes a wide variety of wetland breeding habitats and occupies a broad range open habitats with low canopy cover (Dodd Jr. 2023)."},"animalCharacteristics":{"elementGlobalId":102714,"majorHabitat":{"id":3,"majorHabitatDescEn":"Terrestrial","majorHabitatDescEs":"Terrestre","majorHabitatDescFr":"Terrestre"},"nonMigrant":false,"localMigrant":true,"longDistanceMigrant":false,"mobilityMigrationComments":"Migrates seasonally between aquatic breeding and terrestrial nonbreeding habitats.<br/><br/>In Colorado, Muths (2003) found that radio-tracked toads moved up to about 2 km from their breeding sites. Average maximum distance from the breeding site was 905 m in six females and 462 m in 8 males; mean distance of all locations was 721 m in females and 218 m in males; mean minimum distance was 392 m in females and 131 m in males. The longest distance was by a female that moved 2,324 m from her breeding site.<br/><br/>In Idaho, males moved an average of 581 m from the breeding pond and females moved an average of 1,105 m; the greatest total seasonal distances traveled by a male and a female toad were 0.94 km and 2.44 km, respectively (Bartelt et al. 2004). Some individuals remained in the breeding pond area, even after the pond dried.<br/><br/>In northwestern Utah, Thompson (2004) recorded movements of up to 5 km across upland habitat between two springs; the movement occurred between June of one year and January of the next year. Another toad moved 1.3 km between May of one year and May of the next year; the following June it was back at the original breeding location (Thompson 2004).<br/><br/>In Montana, individuals moved along stream corridors; based on recaptures (not radio-tagging), the longest documented movement was 1.5 km upstream in 6 days (Adams et al. 2005).","foodHabitsComments":"Metamorphosed individuals feed on various small terrestrial invertebrates. Larvae filter suspended plant material or feed on bottom detritus (Nussbaum et al. 1983).","animalPhenologyComments":"Activity varies seasonally and geographically. At low elevations, western toads are active in daylight during cool weather of late winter and spring, but most activity is at night during warmer weather. They are active day or night in summer in the mountains, depending on conditions. They remain secluded in winter in cold climates.","colonialBreeder":true,"length":13,"width":null,"weight":null,"animalPhenologies":[{"animalCagPhenologyId":102002,"animalPhenology":{"id":1,"animalPhenologyDescEn":"Hibernates/aestivates","animalPhenologyDescEs":"Hibernación/Estivación","animalPhenologyDescFr":"Hiberne/estive","displayOrder":1},"adult":true,"immature":true},{"animalCagPhenologyId":102003,"animalPhenology":{"id":3,"animalPhenologyDescEn":"Diurnal","animalPhenologyDescEs":"Diurno","animalPhenologyDescFr":"Diurne","displayOrder":3},"adult":true,"immature":true},{"animalCagPhenologyId":102004,"animalPhenology":{"id":4,"animalPhenologyDescEn":"Nocturnal","animalPhenologyDescEs":"Nocturno","animalPhenologyDescFr":"Nocturne","displayOrder":4},"adult":true,"immature":true},{"animalCagPhenologyId":102005,"animalPhenology":{"id":5,"animalPhenologyDescEn":"Crepuscular","animalPhenologyDescEs":"Crepuscular","animalPhenologyDescFr":"Crépusculaire","displayOrder":5},"adult":true,"immature":true}],"animalFoodHabits":[{"animalCagFoodHabitsId":103724,"foodHabits":{"id":3,"foodHabitsDescEn":"Invertivore","foodHabitsDescEs":"Invertívoro","foodHabitsDescFr":"Invertivore","displayOrder":3},"adult":true,"immature":false},{"animalCagFoodHabitsId":103725,"foodHabits":{"id":4,"foodHabitsDescEn":"Herbivore","foodHabitsDescEs":"Herbívoro","foodHabitsDescFr":"Herbivore","displayOrder":4},"adult":false,"immature":true}]},"occurrenceDelineations":[{"eoSpecsDetailId":1018,"locationUseClass":{"id":1,"locationUseClassDescEn":"Not applicable","locationUseClassDescEs":"No se aplica","locationUseClassDescFr":"Sans objet","displayOrder":1},"eoSpecGroupName":"Bufonid Toads","subtypes":"Breeding Site","inferredExtentDistance":0.5,"inferredExtentNotes":null,"minimumEoCriteria":"Occurrences are based on evidence of historical presence, or current and likely recurring presence, at a given location. Such evidence minimally includes collection or reliable observation and documentation of one or more individuals (including larvae or eggs) in or near appropriate habitat where the species is presumed to be established and breeding.","mappingGuidance":null,"separationBarriers":"Busy major highway such that toads rarely if ever cross successfully; roads with nonpermeable barriers to toad movement; urbanized areas dominated by buildings and pavement.","separationDistanceUnsuitableHabitatat":1.0,"separationDistanceSuitableHabitatat":5.0,"altSeparationProcedure":null,"separationJustification":"Opportunistic observations of various toad species in lowland habitats indicate regular movements of up to at least several hundred meters from the closest known breeding site (G. Hammerson, pers. obs.). Sweet (1993) recorded movements of up to 1 km in <i>Bufo californicus</i>. In defining critical habitat for <i>B. californicus</i>, USFWS (2000) included breeding streams and upland areas within a 25-m elevational range of each essential stream reach and no more than 1.5 km away from the stream. In northwestern Utah, Thompson (2004) recorded movements of <i>Bufo boreas</i> of up to 5 km across upland habitat between two springs during the summer-fall season. Another toad moved 1.3 km between May of one year and May of the next year; the following June it was back at the original breeding location (Thompson 2004). Most studies of toad movements have not employed radiotelemetry and were not designed to detect long-range movements or dispersal. <br><br>The separation distance for unsuitable habitat reflects the nominal minimum value of 1 km. The separation distance for suitable habitat reflects the good vagility of toads, their ability to utilize ephemeral or newly created breeding sites, and the consequent likely low probability that two occupied locations separated by less than several kilometers of suitable habitat would represent truly independent populations over the long term.","versionDate":"2005-04-27","versionAuthor":"Hammerson, G.","versionNotes":null,"lastModified":"2020-04-30T02:04:19.878673Z"}],"plantCharacteristics":null,"elementManagement":{"elementGlobalId":102714,"eoManagementGroupName":null,"stewardshipOverview":null,"impacts":null,"restorationPotential":null,"siteConservationPlansConsidered":null,"managementMethods":null,"monitoringMethods":null,"managementProgramContacts":null,"monitoringProgramContacts":null,"managementResearchPrograms":null,"managementResearchNeeds":null,"biologicalResearchNeeds":"Further research on causes of declines is critical.","additionalTopics":null},"occurrenceViabilities":[{"eoRankSpecsDetailId":104219,"eoRankSpecsGroupName":null,"locationUseClass":{"id":1,"locationUseClassDescEn":"Not applicable","locationUseClassDescEs":"No se aplica","locationUseClassDescFr":"Sans objet","displayOrder":1},"excellentViability":null,"goodViability":null,"fairViability":null,"poorViability":null,"viabilityJustification":"Use the Generic Guidelines for the Application of Occurrence Ranks (2008).<br>The Key for Ranking Species Occurrences Using the Generic Approach provides a step-wise process for implementing this method.","versionDate":null,"versionAuthor":null,"versionNotes":null,"lastModified":"2020-05-14T02:22:14.240956Z"}],"references":[{"id":463260,"citation":"Adams, S. 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