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There remains uncertainty about the status of those targets in the Southern Hemisphere Conservation Unit. Overall identified threats to the Sei whale have been reduced however uncertainty regarding the severity of some threat factors (e.g., anthropogenic noise sources, entanglement) remain.","grankReviewDate":"2022-07-21","grank":"G5?","grankAdjustmentReasons":null,"rankInfo":{"elementGlobalId":102708,"aooPercentGood":null,"enviromentalSpecificity":null,"intrinsicVulnerability":null,"longTermTrend":{"id":18,"longTermTrendDescEn":"Decline of 70-80%","longTermTrendDescEs":"Disminución del 70 al 80%.","longTermTrendDescFr":"Diminution de 70 à 80 %"},"numberEos":{"id":17,"numberEosDescEn":"Unknown","numberEosDescEs":"Desconocido","numberEosDescFr":"Inconnu"},"numberGoodEos":null,"numberProtEos":{"id":6,"numberProtEosDescEn":"Few (1-3) occurrences appropriately protected and managed","numberProtEosDescEs":"Pocos casos (1 a 3) están adecuadamente protegidos y controlados","numberProtEosDescFr":"Peu d’occurrences (de 1 à 3) protégées et contrôlées convenablement"},"popSize":{"id":33,"popSizeDescEn":"10,000 to >1,000,000 individuals","popSizeDescEs":"De 10.000 a >1.000.000 de individuos","popSizeDescFr":"De 10 000 à >1 000 000 individus"},"rangeExtent":{"id":35,"rangeExtentDescEn":">2,500,000 square km (greater than 1,000,000 square miles)","rangeExtentDescEs":">2.500.000 kilómetros cuadrados (más ","rangeExtentDescFr":">2 500 000 km carrés (plus de 1 000 000 miles carrés)"},"shortTermTrend":{"id":40,"shortTermTrendDescEn":"Relatively Stable (<=10% change)","shortTermTrendDescEs":"Relativamente estable (variación = <10%)","shortTermTrendDescFr":"Relativement stable (variation = <10 %)"},"threatImpactAssigned":{"id":10,"threatImpactAssignedDescEn":"Low","threatImpactAssignedDescEs":"Bajo","threatImpactAssignedDescFr":"Faible"},"rangeExtentComments":"The Sei whale is divided into two subspecies: the northern Sei whale (<i>Balaenoptera borealis borealis</i>), generally including those populations in the northern hemisphere, and southern Sei whale (<i>Balaenoptera borealis schlegelii</i>), including most populations in the southern hemisphere (Wilson and Reeder 2005). The nominate species occupies offshore waters in all world oceans and adjoining seas, except polar and tropical regions using temperate and subpolar regions in the summer and sub-tropical ocean waters during the winter. There is some evidence in the North Atlantic that this species migrates between feeding and calving grounds using specific migratory pathways (Pietro et al 2014).","areaOfOccupancy":null,"areaOfOccupancyComments":"The Area of Occupancy of this species is unknown.","numberEosComments":"The number of occurrences for this species is unknown because calving areas are poorly documented and high year-to-year geographic variability of feeding areas (Pietro et al 2012) confound accurate occurrence estimation.","popSizeComments":"NMFS (2021) interpreted data from the most current Stack Assessment Reports (NOAA 2022) to arrive at an estimate of about 3,700 in the northern hemisphere (North Pacific and North Atlantic Conservation Units) although estimates for the North Atlantic are coarse. NMFS (2011) cites studies that conclude Southern Hemisphere populations (Southern Hemisphere Conservation Unit) may be between 9,000 and 12,000. Therefore, the total population size is likely greater than 15,000.","viabilityComments":null,"threatImpactComments":"Harvest of this species remains a primary threat factor (NMFS 2011). The International Whaling Commission (IWC) banned the take of Sei whales in 1986 which likely prevented extinction of the species. However, a few countries continue to harvest Sei whales. Often take has been authorized under IWC permits but tracking has lacked rigor leading to unknown levels of take in recent years. NMFS (2011) also identify ship strikes, ship noise, other anthropogenic noise sources, pollution, disease, research efforts, and entanglement with fishing gear as potential threats but identify each of these threats as either low or unknown citing Sei whales use of deep ocean waters where these and other threats are minimal. The effects of climate change on prey abundance and availability is considered a medium risk threat factor (NMFS 2021).","shortTermTrendComments":"Based on the modest recovery potential for this species (NMFS 2021) and comparison of recent Stock Assessment Reports from recent years (NOAA 2022), the short-term trend for this species is likely stable to slightly decreasing.","longTermTrendComments":"The long-term trend of this species reflects decline. NMFS (2021) describes estimates of Sei whale populations from the North Pacific (42,000 in 1963 and 8,600 in 1974) and Southern Hemisphere (65,000 pre-exploitation) suggesting dramatic population declines prior to cessation of whaling activities. NMFS (2011) notes harvest was particularly acute from the 1950’s to the 1970’s presumably following the depletion of other baleen whale populations.","inventoryNeeds":"Identification of high use areas and recurring calving areas should be an inventory priority.","numberProtEosComments":"Designation and enforcement of marine protected areas on most continents likely benefits this species even though it usually uses deeper ocean waters beyond typical protected areas. Cessation of whaling in most countries imparted the greatest benefit to this species populations.","protectionNeeds":"Continue to support and enforce the ban on harvest set by the IWC and of the MMPA and ESA.","otherConsiderations":null,"intrinsicVulnerabilityComments":null,"enviromentalSpecificityComments":null},"animalCharacteristics":{"elementGlobalId":102708,"majorHabitat":{"id":1,"majorHabitatDescEn":"Marine","majorHabitatDescEs":"Marino","majorHabitatDescFr":"Marine"},"nonMigrant":false,"localMigrant":false,"longDistanceMigrant":true,"mobilityMigrationComments":"The Sei whale migrates between lower-latitude wintering grounds and higher-latitude feeding grounds. Movements in specific areas may be unpredictable (Leatherwood and Reeves 1983) but have been more recently documented in northern latitudes as possibly predictable )Pietro et al 2012).","foodHabitsComments":"The Sei whale eats copepods, euphausiids, squid, and various small schooling fishes. May skim feed on copepods at surface or gulp feed on krill and small fishes (Leatherwood and Reeves 1983, Katona et al. 1983).","animalPhenologyComments":null,"colonialBreeder":false,"length":1860,"width":null,"weight":20000000,"animalPhenologies":[],"animalFoodHabits":[{"animalCagFoodHabitsId":103720,"foodHabits":{"id":2,"foodHabitsDescEn":"Piscivore","foodHabitsDescEs":"Piscivore","foodHabitsDescFr":"Piscivore","displayOrder":2},"adult":true,"immature":true},{"animalCagFoodHabitsId":103721,"foodHabits":{"id":3,"foodHabitsDescEn":"Invertivore","foodHabitsDescEs":"Invertívoro","foodHabitsDescFr":"Invertivore","displayOrder":3},"adult":true,"immature":true}]},"occurrenceDelineations":[{"eoSpecsDetailId":1183,"locationUseClass":{"id":1,"locationUseClassDescEn":"Not applicable","locationUseClassDescEs":"No se aplica","locationUseClassDescFr":"Sans objet","displayOrder":1},"eoSpecGroupName":"Rorquals","subtypes":"Foraging Concentration Area","inferredExtentDistance":null,"inferredExtentNotes":"Not applicable.","minimumEoCriteria":"An area that  is, or was, occupied by a recurring concentration of foraging whales. Minimally, at least two and preferably several years of observation should be used to reliably identify significant concentrations (i.e., those occupied by feeding whales more than 10 days per year). In most cases, occurrences should not be extensive areas, but rather portions of such areas that stand out as strongly meeting the occurrence criteria. Year-to-year changes in prey distribution may mean that some key sites are not occupied every year; however, occurrences should still be delineated where data indicate that the sites are important over the longer term.","mappingGuidance":"All known sightings over a period of time in an area should be collectively mapped as a single polygon feature, or multiple polygons if there are individual areas separated by more than 5 km. Individual sightings could also be mapped as source feature points within this principal EO, although this may be impractical over time. If useful, year-to-year variation in areas could be mapped as separate source feature polygons within a larger multi-year principal EO.","separationBarriers":"None.","separationDistanceUnsuitableHabitatat":30.0,"separationDistanceSuitableHabitatat":30.0,"altSeparationProcedure":null,"separationJustification":"Whales can travel significant distances daily. However, occurrences are defined primarily on the basis of areas predictably supporting concentrations of prey (e.g., small fish or krill) and feeding whales, rather than on the basis of distinct whale populations or specific feeding groups. Separation distance similarly refers to areas of concentrated foraging; arbitrarily set such that occurrences are manageable for conservation of prey resource.","versionDate":"2002-02-07","versionAuthor":"Cannings, S.","versionNotes":"Contains all members of Balenopteridae, with the exception of MEGAPTERA NOVAEANGLIAE.","lastModified":"2020-04-30T02:11:36.353936Z"}],"plantCharacteristics":null,"elementManagement":{"elementGlobalId":102708,"eoManagementGroupName":null,"stewardshipOverview":null,"impacts":null,"restorationPotential":null,"siteConservationPlansConsidered":null,"managementMethods":"A draft recovery plan for the North Pacific and North Atlantic stocks was available in August 1998 (www.nmfs.gov/tmcintyr/prot_res.html/).","monitoringMethods":null,"managementProgramContacts":null,"monitoringProgramContacts":null,"managementResearchPrograms":null,"managementResearchNeeds":null,"biologicalResearchNeeds":null,"additionalTopics":null},"occurrenceViabilities":[{"eoRankSpecsDetailId":104213,"eoRankSpecsGroupName":null,"locationUseClass":{"id":1,"locationUseClassDescEn":"Not applicable","locationUseClassDescEs":"No se aplica","locationUseClassDescFr":"Sans objet","displayOrder":1},"excellentViability":null,"goodViability":null,"fairViability":null,"poorViability":null,"viabilityJustification":"Use the Generic Guidelines for the Application of Occurrence Ranks (2008).<br>The Key for Ranking Species Occurrences Using the Generic Approach provides a step-wise process for implementing this method.","versionDate":null,"versionAuthor":null,"versionNotes":null,"lastModified":"2020-05-14T02:22:13.0373Z"}],"references":[{"id":1151804,"citation":"American Society of Mammalogists (ASM). 2025. 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Committee on the Status of Endangered Wildlife in Canada, Ottawa, Canada. 48 pp. https://wildlife-species.canada.ca/species-risk-registry/virtual_sara/files/cosewic/Sr-SeiWhaleRorqualBoreal-v00-2019-Eng.pdf","shortCitationAuthor":"COSEWIC","shortCitationYear":2019,"referenceCode":"N19COS01NAUS","lastModified":"2026-09-04T21:58:27.799939Z"},{"id":158561,"citation":"Falklands Conservation. 2000. Falkland Islands wildlife. Falklands Conservation. http://www.falklands-nature.demon.co.uk/wildlife/chklst.html","shortCitationAuthor":"Falklands Conservation","shortCitationYear":2000,"referenceCode":"W00FAL0100LA","lastModified":"2020-02-25T18:13:54.883582Z"},{"id":810394,"citation":"Hebda, A.J. 2011. List of mammals of Nova Scotia (including synonyms used in the literature relating to Nova Scotia) (revision 2) 24 July 2011. Nova Scotia Museum Collections Unit, Halifax, Nova Scotia. 24 pp. Online. Available: https://naturalhistory.novascotia.ca/sites/default/files/inline/images/names_and_synonyms_ver3.pdf","shortCitationAuthor":"Hebda","shortCitationYear":2011,"referenceCode":"N11HEB01EHUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T18:12:30.726311Z"},{"id":135058,"citation":"Horwood, J. 1987. The sei whale: population biology, ecology & management. Croom Helm, N.Y. 375 pp.","shortCitationAuthor":"Horwood","shortCitationYear":1987,"referenceCode":"B87HOR01NAUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T18:18:17.168869Z"},{"id":106833,"citation":"IUCN (World Conservation Union). 1991. Dolphins, Porpoises and Whales of the World: the IUCN Red Data Book. M. Klinowska (compiler). IUCN, Gland, Switzerland, and Cambridge, United Kingdom. viii + 429 pp.","shortCitationAuthor":"IUCN (World Conservation Union)","shortCitationYear":1991,"referenceCode":"B91IUC01NAUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T14:38:17.880059Z"},{"id":156383,"citation":"Jones, J. K., Jr., R. S. Hoffman, D. W. Rice, C. Jones, R. J. Baker, and M. D. 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