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central Alaska and most of forested Canada south to northern California, central Idaho, central Utah, western South Dakota, Minnesota, central Arkansas, northern Georgia, and northeastern Virginia; introduced and established in Iowa, Newfoundland, Nevada, and part of Michigan (Godfrey 1966, AOU 1983, Crawford 1986). See Crawford (1986) for a map of distribution by subspecies.  Was virtually extirpated from Indiana, Missouri, and Illinois, and populations were greatly reduced in Kentucky, Ohio, Tennessee, and parts of Montana, Saskatchewan, and Alberta. Reintroduced into Missouri and Indiana. Populations are limited in Illinois, Missouri, Nevada, and South Dakota.","areaOfOccupancy":null,"areaOfOccupancyComments":null,"numberEosComments":null,"popSizeComments":null,"viabilityComments":null,"threatImpactComments":null,"shortTermTrendComments":null,"longTermTrendComments":null,"inventoryNeeds":null,"numberProtEosComments":null,"protectionNeeds":null,"otherConsiderations":null,"intrinsicVulnerabilityComments":null,"enviromentalSpecificityComments":null},"animalCharacteristics":{"elementGlobalId":102687,"majorHabitat":{"id":3,"majorHabitatDescEn":"Terrestrial","majorHabitatDescEs":"Terrestre","majorHabitatDescFr":"Terrestre"},"nonMigrant":true,"localMigrant":false,"longDistanceMigrant":false,"mobilityMigrationComments":null,"foodHabitsComments":"Young eat mainly insects and spiders. During summer insects may comprise about 30% of diet of adults. Adults also eat many herbaceous plants (especially in spring and summer), seeds, fruits (especially in fall and winter), nuts, flowers, buds, and leaves of trees and shrubs. In many areas, aspen (in boreal region, especially staminate buds and catkins), willow, and/or Rosaceae, or birch, alder, and hazelnut buds and catkins, are important food resources in winter and spring. See Crawford (1986) for further details.","animalPhenologyComments":null,"colonialBreeder":false,"length":43,"width":null,"weight":621,"animalPhenologies":[{"animalCagPhenologyId":101984,"animalPhenology":{"id":3,"animalPhenologyDescEn":"Diurnal","animalPhenologyDescEs":"Diurno","animalPhenologyDescFr":"Diurne","displayOrder":3},"adult":true,"immature":true}],"animalFoodHabits":[{"animalCagFoodHabitsId":103685,"foodHabits":{"id":3,"foodHabitsDescEn":"Invertivore","foodHabitsDescEs":"Invertívoro","foodHabitsDescFr":"Invertivore","displayOrder":3},"adult":true,"immature":true},{"animalCagFoodHabitsId":103686,"foodHabits":{"id":4,"foodHabitsDescEn":"Herbivore","foodHabitsDescEs":"Herbívoro","foodHabitsDescFr":"Herbivore","displayOrder":4},"adult":true,"immature":true},{"animalCagFoodHabitsId":103687,"foodHabits":{"id":5,"foodHabitsDescEn":"Granivore","foodHabitsDescEs":"Granívoro","foodHabitsDescFr":"Granivore","displayOrder":5},"adult":true,"immature":true},{"animalCagFoodHabitsId":103688,"foodHabits":{"id":6,"foodHabitsDescEn":"Frugivore","foodHabitsDescEs":"Frugívoro","foodHabitsDescFr":"Frugivore","displayOrder":6},"adult":true,"immature":true}]},"occurrenceDelineations":[{"eoSpecsDetailId":1092,"locationUseClass":{"id":1,"locationUseClassDescEn":"Not applicable","locationUseClassDescEs":"No se aplica","locationUseClassDescFr":"Sans objet","displayOrder":1},"eoSpecGroupName":"Grouse and Ptarmigan","subtypes":"Lek, Nesting Area, Nesting Season Foraging Area, Nonbreeding Habitat, Year-round Habitat","inferredExtentDistance":null,"inferredExtentNotes":null,"minimumEoCriteria":"Evidence of historical presence, or current and likely recurring presence, at a given location, minimally a reliable observation of one or more birds in appropriate habitat.","mappingGuidance":"To the extent possible and practicable, occurrences should encompass the annual range of a population. If winter and summer ranges are distinctly separate, map using separate polygons. If they are more than 15 kilometers apart, separate breeding and nonbreeding occurrences should be created.","separationBarriers":"None.","separationDistanceUnsuitableHabitatat":5.0,"separationDistanceSuitableHabitatat":15.0,"altSeparationProcedure":null,"separationJustification":"Unsuitable habitat includes open water as well as other habitats through or over which birds may travel but in which they do not nest or forage much if at all.<br /><br />Occurrences are difficult to circumscribe because most species are partially migratory (i.e., some individuals migrate small or large distances whereas others are relatively sedentary) (see Schroeder and Braun 1993). Migrations may extend up to 12 kilometers in Blue Grouse (Pelren 1996), up to about 40 km (usually less than 25 km) in Greater Prairie-Chickens in Colorado (Schroeder and Braun 1993), and up to 170 km in Greater Prairie-Chickens in Wisconsin. <br /><br />Adult male (and probably adult female) Lesser Prairie-Chickens have high fidelity to breeding leks (Giesen 1998), and some leks have persisted more than 30 to 40 years (Copelin 1963, Giesen 1998). Largest individual home ranges recorded are of males in winter; in Texas, these ranged from 331-1945 hectares (n = 4; Taylor and Guthery 1980a). Maximum movements between spring leks and late-fall relocations was 20.8 kilometers for subadults and 3.2 kilometers for adults (Campbell 1970). Combined home ranges of males and females associated with breeding leks ranged from 25.2 to 61.9 square kilometers (minimum convex polygon) in Colorado (n = 4 leks; Giesen 1991). <br /><br />Female Greater Prairie-Chickens (T. c. attwateri) had winter home ranges as large as 910 hectares (Horkel 1979). Median female home range in late spring was 266 hectares (Schroeder 1991).<br /><br />Summer home ranges of sharp-tailed grouse range from 13 to 406 hectares (summarized by Connelly 1998). Individuals generally fly less than 5 kilometers to a winter range (Giesen and Connelly 1993), but can fly up to 20 kilometers (Meints 1991). Some ptarmigan (e.g. Rock in northern North America) can be considered migratory.<br /><br />Greater Sage-Grouse: average nest to lek distance about 3 kilometers (Connelly et al. 2000). <br /><br />Separation distance is somewhat arbitrary and is less than the extent of known seasonal movements of some species. However, a longer separation distance in many cases likely would yield unreasonably large occurrences or, for some species, might join separate populations as single occurrences. Note that locations separated by a gap exceeding the separation distance should be treated as the same occurrence if there is evidence indicating that such patches encompass the same population (e.g., individuals are known to migrate between the patches).","versionDate":"2004-04-26","versionAuthor":"Hammerson, G., and S. Cannings","versionNotes":null,"lastModified":"2020-04-30T02:08:12.382135Z"},{"eoSpecsDetailId":156437,"locationUseClass":{"id":2,"locationUseClassDescEn":"Breeding","locationUseClassDescEs":"En reproducción","locationUseClassDescFr":"Reproduction","displayOrder":2},"eoSpecGroupName":"Grouse and Ptarmigan","subtypes":null,"inferredExtentDistance":null,"inferredExtentNotes":null,"minimumEoCriteria":"Evidence of historical presence, or current and likely recurring presence, at a given location, minimally a reliable observation of one or more birds in appropriate habitat.","mappingGuidance":"To the extent possible and practicable, occurrences should encompass the annual range of a population. If winter and summer ranges are distinctly separate, map using separate polygons. If they are more than 15 kilometers apart, separate breeding and nonbreeding occurrences should be created.","separationBarriers":null,"separationDistanceUnsuitableHabitatat":5.0,"separationDistanceSuitableHabitatat":15.0,"altSeparationProcedure":null,"separationJustification":"Unsuitable habitat includes open water as well as other habitats through or over which birds may travel but in which they do not nest or forage much if at all.<br /><br />Occurrences are difficult to circumscribe because most species are partially migratory (i.e., some individuals migrate small or large distances whereas others are relatively sedentary) (see Schroeder and Braun 1993). Migrations may extend up to 12 kilometers in Blue Grouse (Pelren 1996), up to about 40 km (usually less than 25 km) in Greater Prairie-Chickens in Colorado (Schroeder and Braun 1993), and up to 170 km in Greater Prairie-Chickens in Wisconsin.<br /><br />Adult male (and probably adult female) Lesser Prairie-Chickens have high fidelity to breeding leks (Giesen 1998), and some leks have persisted more than 30 to 40 years (Copelin 1963, Giesen 1998). Largest individual home ranges recorded are of males in winter; in Texas, these ranged from 331-1945 hectares (n = 4; Taylor and Guthery 1980a). Maximum movements between spring leks and late-fall relocations was 20.8 kilometers for subadults and 3.2 kilometers for adults (Campbell 1970). Combined home ranges of males and females associated with breeding leks ranged from 25.2 to 61.9 square kilometers (minimum convex polygon) in Colorado (n = 4 leks; Giesen 1991).<br /><br />Female Greater Prairie-Chickens (T. c. attwateri) had winter home ranges as large as 910 hectares (Horkel 1979). Median female home range in late spring was 266 hectares (Schroeder 1991).<br /><br />Summer home ranges of sharp-tailed grouse range from 13 to 406 hectares (summarized by Connelly 1998). Individuals generally fly less than 5 kilometers to a winter range (Giesen and Connelly 1993), but can fly up to 20 kilometers (Meints 1991). Some ptarmigan (e.g. Rock in northern North America) can be considered migratory.<br /><br />Greater Sage-Grouse: average nest to lek distance about 3 kilometers (Connelly et al. 2000).<br /><br />Separation distance is somewhat arbitrary and is less than the extent of known seasonal movements of some species. However, a longer separation distance in many cases likely would yield unreasonably large occurrences or, for some species, might join separate populations as single occurrences. Note that locations separated by a gap exceeding the separation distance should be treated as the same occurrence if there is evidence indicating that such patches encompass the same population (e.g., individuals are known to migrate between the patches).","versionDate":"2019-11-05","versionAuthor":"Ormes, M.","versionNotes":"Mostly a copy of the \"not applicable LUC\", which notes that if summer and winter ranges are 15 kilometers apart, separate breeding and nonbreeding occurrences should be created.","lastModified":"2020-04-30T02:08:12.382135Z"}],"plantCharacteristics":null,"elementManagement":{"elementGlobalId":102687,"eoManagementGroupName":null,"stewardshipOverview":null,"impacts":null,"restorationPotential":null,"siteConservationPlansConsidered":"A management unit for providing total food and cover needs should be at least 10-16 ha (25-40 acres).","managementMethods":"Healthy populations may be able to withstand a 50% harvest without affecting spring density (Crawford 1986). See Williamson (no date), Crawford (1986), and Atwater and Schnell (1989) for information on habitat management (e.g., cutting, plantings, burning, grazing, etc.).","monitoringMethods":"See Crawford (1986) and Wakeley et al. (1990) for information on census techniques (census of drumming males, roadside drumming counts, brood counts, etc.) and trapping and marking methods.","managementProgramContacts":null,"monitoringProgramContacts":null,"managementResearchPrograms":null,"managementResearchNeeds":null,"biologicalResearchNeeds":null,"additionalTopics":null},"occurrenceViabilities":[{"eoRankSpecsDetailId":104193,"eoRankSpecsGroupName":null,"locationUseClass":{"id":1,"locationUseClassDescEn":"Not applicable","locationUseClassDescEs":"No se aplica","locationUseClassDescFr":"Sans objet","displayOrder":1},"excellentViability":null,"goodViability":null,"fairViability":null,"poorViability":null,"viabilityJustification":"Use the Generic Guidelines for the Application of Occurrence Ranks (2008).<br>The Key for Ranking Species Occurrences Using the Generic Approach provides a step-wise process for implementing this method.","versionDate":null,"versionAuthor":null,"versionNotes":null,"lastModified":"2020-05-14T02:22:10.990308Z"}],"references":[{"id":153779,"citation":"American Ornithologists' Union (AOU). 1983. 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Stackpole Wildlife Series. xiii + 370 pp.","shortCitationAuthor":"Atwater and Schnell","shortCitationYear":1989,"referenceCode":"B89ATW01NAUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T18:18:16.137536Z"},{"id":153864,"citation":"Bergerud, A. T., and M. W. Gratson, editors. 1987. Adaptive strategies and population ecology of northern grouse. Univ. Minnesoat Press. 785 pp.","shortCitationAuthor":"Bergerud and Gratson","shortCitationYear":1987,"referenceCode":"B87BER01NAUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T18:18:05.528024Z"},{"id":154352,"citation":"Bump, G. et. al. 1947. The ruffed grouse: life history, propagation and management. New York State Conservation Department. 1947. 915 pp.","shortCitationAuthor":"Bump et al.","shortCitationYear":1947,"referenceCode":"B47BUM01NAUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T18:18:16.153162Z"},{"id":101391,"citation":"Connelly, J. W., M. A. Schroeder, A. R. Sands, and C. E. Braun. 2000. Guidelines to manage sage grouse populations and their habitats. Wildlife Society Bulletin 28:967-985.","shortCitationAuthor":"Connelly et al.","shortCitationYear":2000,"referenceCode":"A00CON02NACA","lastModified":"2020-02-25T18:14:04.008746Z"},{"id":101058,"citation":"Copelin, F. F. 1963. The Lesser Prairie Chicken in Oklahoma. Oklahoma Wildlife Conservation Department Technical Bulletin 6.","shortCitationAuthor":"Copelin","shortCitationYear":1963,"referenceCode":"N63COP01EHUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T18:14:04.02435Z"},{"id":115541,"citation":"Crawford, J. A. 1986. Ruffed grouse (BONASA UMBELLUS). Section 4.1.1, US Army Corps of Engineers Wildlife Resources Management Manual. Tech. Rep. EL-86-4. US Army Corps of Engineers Waterways Expt. Sta., Vicksburg, Mississippi. 42 pp.","shortCitationAuthor":"Crawford","shortCitationYear":1986,"referenceCode":"B86CRA02NAUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T18:18:16.137536Z"},{"id":144746,"citation":"Edminster, F.C. 1947. The ruffled grouse -- its life story, ecology, and management. Macmillan, New York. 385 pp.","shortCitationAuthor":"Edminster","shortCitationYear":1947,"referenceCode":"B47EDM01NAUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T18:18:16.137536Z"},{"id":153881,"citation":"Ellsworth, D. L., R. L. Honeycut, and N. J. Silvy. 1995. Phylogenetic relationships among North American grouse inferred from restriction endonuclease analysis of mitochondrial DNA. Condor 97:492-502.","shortCitationAuthor":"Ellsworth et al.","shortCitationYear":1995,"referenceCode":"A95ELL01NAUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T18:18:05.528024Z"},{"id":106213,"citation":"Giesen, K. M. 1991. Population inventory and habitat use by Lesser Prairie-Chickens in southeast Colorado. Federal Aid in Wildlife Restoration Report W-152-R, Colorado Division of Wildlife.","shortCitationAuthor":"Giesen","shortCitationYear":1991,"referenceCode":"N91GIE01NACA","lastModified":"2020-02-25T18:14:04.02435Z"},{"id":129069,"citation":"Giesen, K.M. 1998. Lesser prairie-chicken (<i>Typanuchus pallidicinctus</i>). In A. Poole and F. Gill, editors. The Birds of North America, No. 364. The Birds of North America, Inc., Philadelphia, PA. 20 pp.","shortCitationAuthor":"Giesen","shortCitationYear":1998,"referenceCode":"N98GIE01NAUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T18:14:04.040009Z"},{"id":103790,"citation":"Godfrey, W.E. 1966. The birds of Canada. National Museums of Canada. Ottawa. 428 pp.","shortCitationAuthor":"Godfrey","shortCitationYear":1966,"referenceCode":"B66GOD01NAUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T14:38:14.361032Z"},{"id":135863,"citation":"Gullion, G. 1989. The ruffed grouse. NorthWord. 144 pp.","shortCitationAuthor":"Gullion","shortCitationYear":1989,"referenceCode":"B89GUL01NAUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T18:18:16.153162Z"},{"id":100210,"citation":"Harrison, C. 1978. A Field Guide to the Nests, Eggs and Nestlings of North American Birds. Collins, Cleveland, Ohio.","shortCitationAuthor":"Harrison","shortCitationYear":1978,"referenceCode":"B78HAR01NAUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T14:38:12.657866Z"},{"id":142698,"citation":"Horkel, J. D. 1979. Cover and space requirements of Attwater's prairie chicken (TYMPANUCHUS CUPIDO ATTWATERI) in Refugio County, Texas. Ph.D. Thesis. Texas A&M University, College Station. 96 pp.","shortCitationAuthor":"Horkel","shortCitationYear":1979,"referenceCode":"N79HOR01NACA","lastModified":"2020-02-25T18:14:04.008746Z"},{"id":102455,"citation":"Johnsgard, P. A. 1973. Grouse and quails of North America. University of Nebraska, Lincoln. 553 pp.","shortCitationAuthor":"Johnsgard","shortCitationYear":1973,"referenceCode":"B73JOH01NAUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T18:16:12.213789Z"},{"id":115603,"citation":"Johnsgard, P.A. 1983b. The grouse of the world. 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Dispersal of a lesser prairie chicken (TYMPANUCHUS PALLIDICINCTUS). Southwestern Naturalist 25:124-125.","shortCitationAuthor":"Taylor and Guthery","shortCitationYear":1980,"referenceCode":"A80TAY03EHUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T18:14:04.008746Z"},{"id":148565,"citation":"Terres, J. K. 1980. The Audubon Society encyclopedia of North American birds. Alfred A. Knopf, New York.","shortCitationAuthor":"Terres","shortCitationYear":1980,"referenceCode":"B80TER01NAUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T14:38:12.657866Z"},{"id":106460,"citation":"Thompson, F.R., III and E.K. Fritzell. 1989. Habitat use, home range, and survival of territorial male ruffed grouse. J. of Wildlife Management 53:15-21.","shortCitationAuthor":"Thompson and Fritzell","shortCitationYear":1989,"referenceCode":"A89THO02NAUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T18:18:16.137536Z"},{"id":100480,"citation":"Wakeley, J. S., T. H. Roberts, and C. O. Martin. 1990. Auditory survey methods. Section 6.3.5, U.S. Army Corps of Engineers Wildlife Resources Management Manual. Tech. Rep. EL-90-7. Waterways Expt. Station, Vicksburg, Mississippi. 34 pp.","shortCitationAuthor":"Wakeley et al.","shortCitationYear":1990,"referenceCode":"B90WAK01NAUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T18:18:16.137536Z"},{"id":109392,"citation":"Williamson, S. J. No date. Forester's guide to wildlife habitat improvement. Cooperative Extension Service, Univ. of New Hampshire. 56 pp.","shortCitationAuthor":"Williamson","shortCitationYear":null,"referenceCode":"BNDWIL01NAUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T18:13:27.586622Z"}],"otherCommonNames":[{"id":113857,"name":"Gélinotte huppée","language":"FR"},{"id":144298,"name":"ruffed grouse","language":"EN"}],"speciesGlobal":{"elementGlobalId":102687,"cites":null,"cosewic":null,"fwsRegion":null,"genusSize":{"id":1,"genusSizeDescEn":"Monotypic genus","genusSizeDescEs":"Género monotípico","genusSizeDescFr":"Genre monotypique"},"jurisEndem":{"id":5,"jurisEndemDescEn":"occurs (regularly, as a native taxon) in multiple nations","jurisEndemDescEs":"Se encuentra en varias naciones (de manera regular, como un taxón nativo)","jurisEndemDescFr":"Se trouve dans plusieurs nations (de façon régulière, tel un taxon indigène)"},"nomenclaturallyEst":null,"usesa":null,"informalTaxonomy":{"informalTaxonomyId":4,"level1":"Animals","level2":"Vertebrates","level3":"Birds","level":3,"hasChildren":false,"parentId":2,"distributionStatus":"complete","displayOrder":1070},"parentSpecies":null,"infraspecies":false,"kingdom":"Animalia","phylum":"Craniata","taxclass":"Aves","taxorder":"Galliformes","family":"Phasianidae","genus":"Bonasa","americanFisheriesStatus":null,"americanFisheriesStatusDate":null,"saraStatus":null,"saraStatusDate":null,"cosewicDate":null,"interpretedCosewic":null,"cosewicComments":null,"usesaDate":null,"interpretedUsesa":null,"usesaComments":null,"completeDistribution":true,"synonyms":[],"infraspeciesList":[{"infraspeciesId":835505,"uniqueId":"ELEMENT_GLOBAL.2.835505","formattedScientificName":"<i>Bonasa umbellus monticola</i>","scientificName":"Bonasa umbellus monticola","primaryCommonName":"Ruffed Grouse","nsxUrl":null}],"ebarId":null,"ebarCanadianScope":null,"ebarGlobalScope":null,"ebarKbaGroup":"Birds","caGeneralStatusId":"GS001090"},"speciesCharacteristics":{"elementGlobalId":102687,"reproductionComments":"Drumming and mating peak in mid-March in Missouri, early April in Indiana, and late April in Minnesota, early May in far north. The first eggs are laid in April or May, depending on the location (latitude). Clutch size is 4-19 (generally 9-12). Incubation, by female, lasts 23-24 days. Nestlings are precocial, downy; can fly in 10-12 days. Young are tended by female. Broods break up in fall when young about 84 days old; young disperse (Terres 1980), at about 120-125 days in Wisconsin (Small and Rusch 1989). In Alberta, about 50% of young survived from fall to spring (Rusch and Keith 1971). Single-brooded, but females may renest of first nesting attempt is unsuccessful. Sexually mature in one year; uncommonly lives more than 5 years. Cold wet weather in May/June may cause high losses among broods.","ecologyComments":"Population densities may fluctuate dramatically. Some populations exhibit an approximately 10-year cycle of abundance. Spring density generally about 2-10/40ha; fall density up to 20-55/ha; densities highest in boreal forest region (Crawford 1986). Good habitats support densities better than 1 breeding male per 8 ha (Atwater and Schnell 1989). <br><br>Home range of brood about 6-19 ha, averages about 16 ha (40 acres). In Missouri, mean home range of adult males was 104 ha in fall-winter, 67 ha in spring-summer (Thompson and Fritzell 1989); Crawford 1986 reported examples of male and female home ranges that ranged from 2-12 ha. Mature and some immature males may defend a territory. <br><br>In Wisconsin, juvenile females in fall dispersed average of 4.8 km to winter range, males 2.1 km; in other areas dispersal distance often less than 2 km; juvenile males may wander extensively in spring (Small and Rusch 1989). <br><br>Usually roosts in small groups in winter. Fox predation often is an important cause of nesting failure. Other important predators include great horned owl and, in north, goshawk. In Alberta, predation by great horned owl declined when snowshoe hares were abundant (Rusch and Keith 1971). Shallow snow cover or icy crust on snow may reduce survival in winter by precluding access to subnivean shelter.","habitatComments":"Dense forest with some deciduous trees, in both wet and relatively dry situations from boreal forest (especially early seral stages dominated by aspen) and northern hardwood ecotone to eastern deciduous forest and oak-savanna woodland (AOU 1983). Young forest provides optimum conditions. See Crawford (1986) for additional information on habitat and cover requirements. Nests in forests or woodlands with some deciduous trees. Nest usually at base of tree, bush or stump. Drumming areas and broods usually in areas with high density of woody stems. Broods select habitats with abundant ground cover. In Wisconsin, females nested in areas in which they wintered following natal dispersal (Small and Rusch 1989).","generalDescription":null,"diagnosticCharacteristics":null,"speciesMarineHabitats":[],"speciesTerrestrialHabitats":[{"cagTerrHabId":-108200,"terrestrialHabitat":{"id":1,"terrestrialHabitatDescEn":"Forest - Hardwood","terrestrialHabitatDescEs":"Bosque - Madera dura","terrestrialHabitatDescFr":"Forêt — Feuillu","displayOrder":2}},{"cagTerrHabId":-108201,"terrestrialHabitat":{"id":2,"terrestrialHabitatDescEn":"Forest - Conifer","terrestrialHabitatDescEs":"Bosque - Conífera","terrestrialHabitatDescFr":"Forêt — Résineux","displayOrder":3}},{"cagTerrHabId":-108202,"terrestrialHabitat":{"id":3,"terrestrialHabitatDescEn":"Forest - Mixed","terrestrialHabitatDescEs":"Bosque - Mixto","terrestrialHabitatDescFr":"Forêt — Mixte","displayOrder":4}},{"cagTerrHabId":-108203,"terrestrialHabitat":{"id":4,"terrestrialHabitatDescEn":"Woodland - Hardwood","terrestrialHabitatDescEs":"Lote de madera - Madera dura","terrestrialHabitatDescFr":"Terrain boisé — Feuillu","displayOrder":6}},{"cagTerrHabId":-108204,"terrestrialHabitat":{"id":5,"terrestrialHabitatDescEn":"Woodland - Conifer","terrestrialHabitatDescEs":"Lote de madera - Conífera","terrestrialHabitatDescFr":"Terrain boisé — Résineux","displayOrder":7}},{"cagTerrHabId":-108205,"terrestrialHabitat":{"id":6,"terrestrialHabitatDescEn":"Woodland - Mixed","terrestrialHabitatDescEs":"Lote de madera - Mixto","terrestrialHabitatDescFr":"Terrain boisé — Mixte","displayOrder":8}},{"cagTerrHabId":-108199,"terrestrialHabitat":{"id":10,"terrestrialHabitatDescEn":"Old field","terrestrialHabitatDescEs":"Terreno baldío","terrestrialHabitatDescFr":"Friche","displayOrder":12}}],"speciesRiverineHabitats":[],"speciesPalustrineHabitats":[{"cagPalusHabId":-102216,"palustrineHabitat":{"id":6,"palustrineHabitatDescEn":"Riparian","palustrineHabitatDescEs":"Ribereño","palustrineHabitatDescFr":"Riverain","displayOrder":6}}],"speciesLacustrineHabitats":[],"speciesSubterraneanHabitats":[],"speciesEstuarineHabitats":[]},"primaryReference":{"id":134424,"citation":"American Ornithologists' Union (AOU). 1998. Check-list of North American birds. Seventh edition. American Ornithologists' Union, Washington, D.C. [as modified by subsequent supplements and corrections published in <i>The Auk</i>]. Also available online: http://www.aou.org/.","shortCitationAuthor":"American Ornithologists' Union (AOU)","shortCitationYear":1998,"referenceCode":"B98AOU01NAUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T14:38:12.673494Z"},"predecessors":[],"elementGlobalThreatAssessments":[]}