{"elementGlobalId":102642,"circumscripConfidence":{"id":1,"circumscripConfidenceDescEn":"1 - Strong","circumscripConfidenceDescEs":"1 - Fuerte","circumscripConfidenceDescFr":"1 – Forte"},"classificationLevel":{"id":7,"classificationLevelNameEn":"Species","classificationLevelNameEs":"Especies","classificationLevelNameFr":"Espèce"},"classificationStatus":{"id":1,"classificationStatusDescEn":"Standard","classificationStatusDescEs":"Estándar","classificationStatusDescFr":"Standard"},"iucn":{"id":3,"iucnDescEn":"Critically endangered","iucnDescEs":"En peligro crítico","iucnDescFr":"Gravement menacée d’extinction","iucnCode":"CR"},"nameCategory":{"id":1,"nameCategoryDescEn":"Vertebrate Animal","nameCategoryDescEs":"Animal vertebrado","nameCategoryDescFr":"Animal vertébré","nameTypeCd":"A","nameTypeDesc":"Zoological"},"rankMethodUsed":{"id":7,"rankMethodUsedDescEn":" Rank calculation - Biotics v2","rankMethodUsedDescEs":null,"rankMethodUsedDescFr":null,"rankMethodUsedExternalDescEn":"Ranked by calculator","rankMethodUsedExternalDescEs":null,"rankMethodUsedExternalDescFr":null},"formattedScientificName":"<i>Eretmochelys imbricata</i>","scientificName":"Eretmochelys imbricata","scientificNameAuthor":"(Linnaeus, 1766)","primaryCommonName":"Hawksbill Sea Turtle","relatedItisNames":"<i>Eretmochelys imbricata</i> (Linnaeus, 1766) (TSN 173836)","uniqueId":"ELEMENT_GLOBAL.2.102642","elcode":"ARAAA03010","conceptRefFullCitation":"King, F. W., and R. L. Burke, editors. 1989. Crocodilian, tuatara, and turtle species of the world: a taxonomic and geographic reference. Association of Systematics Collections, Washington, D.C. 216 pp.","conceptName":"<i>Eretmochelys imbricata</i>","taxonomicComments":"The Pacific Hawksbill Sea Turtle, <i>Eretmochelys imbricata bissa</i>, is synonymized with <i>E. imbricata</i> by the Turtle Taxonomy Working Group (2021). They state, \"Fritz and Havas (2006, 2007) did not list <i>bissa </i>as a valid taxon, but no argumentation for this opinion was given. Genetic data (Okayama et al. 1999) have suggested significant separation of Atlantic from Pacific stocks.\" Crother (2017), citing Okayama et al. (1999), retains subspecies <i>brissa </i>and <i>imbricata </i>pending further study.<br/><br/>Numerous genetic and phylogeographic studies of hawksbill turtles have been performed (e.g. Bass et al. 1996, Bowen et al. 1996, Okayama et al. 1999, Meylan 2006, Bowen et al. 2007, Bowen and Karl 2007, Arantes et al. 2020). Genetic results indicate two highly divergent major lineages split between Atlantic and Indo-Pacific rookeries, and there is also a more recent Atlantic Ocean colonization from the Indo-Pacific Ocean. Meylan (2006), and Bowen and Karl (2007) have abandoned use of Atlantic versus Pacific Indo-Pacific Ocean subspecies.<br/><br/>Crother et al. (2008) has returned to the use of \"sea turtles\" (rather than \"seaturtles\") as part of the standard English name for marine turtles. The combined name has not been used recently in the literature.","roundedGRank":"G3","conservationStatusFactorsEditionDate":"2025-10-14","conservationStatusFactorsEditionAuthors":"Hammerson, G., and D. R. Jackson (2011); rev. R. L. Gundy (2025)","primaryCommonNameLanguage":"EN","recordType":"SPECIES","elementNationals":[{"elementNationalId":164558,"classifConfidence":null,"nation":{"id":225,"nameEn":"United States","nameEs":"Estados Unidos","nameFr":"États-Unis","isoCode":"US","region":"United States"},"roundedNRank":"N1B","elementSubnationals":[{"elementSubnationalId":285094,"subnation":{"id":23,"nameEn":"Louisiana","nameEs":"Louisiana","nameFr":"Louisiane","subnationCode":"LA","dnationId":225},"roundedSRank":"SNA","dataSensitive":{"id":2,"dataSensitiveDescEn":"No","dataSensitiveDescEs":null,"dataSensitiveDescFr":null,"dataSensitiveCode":"N"},"dataSensitiveCategory":null,"srank":"SNA","speciesSubnational":{"elementSubnationalId":285094,"hybrid":false,"exotic":false,"native":true}},{"elementSubnationalId":843772,"subnation":{"id":38,"nameEn":"New Jersey","nameEs":"Nueva Jersey","nameFr":"New Jersey","subnationCode":"NJ","dnationId":225},"roundedSRank":"S1M","dataSensitive":{"id":2,"dataSensitiveDescEn":"No","dataSensitiveDescEs":null,"dataSensitiveDescFr":null,"dataSensitiveCode":"N"},"dataSensitiveCategory":null,"srank":"S1M","speciesSubnational":{"elementSubnationalId":843772,"hybrid":false,"exotic":false,"native":true}},{"elementSubnationalId":815918,"subnation":{"id":47,"nameEn":"Rhode Island","nameEs":"Rhode Island","nameFr":"Rhode Island","subnationCode":"RI","dnationId":225},"roundedSRank":"SNR","dataSensitive":{"id":2,"dataSensitiveDescEn":"No","dataSensitiveDescEs":null,"dataSensitiveDescFr":null,"dataSensitiveCode":"N"},"dataSensitiveCategory":null,"srank":"SNR","speciesSubnational":{"elementSubnationalId":815918,"hybrid":false,"exotic":false,"native":true}},{"elementSubnationalId":315528,"subnation":{"id":7,"nameEn":"California","nameEs":"California","nameFr":"Californie","subnationCode":"CA","dnationId":225},"roundedSRank":"SNA","dataSensitive":{"id":2,"dataSensitiveDescEn":"No","dataSensitiveDescEs":null,"dataSensitiveDescFr":null,"dataSensitiveCode":"N"},"dataSensitiveCategory":null,"srank":"SNA","speciesSubnational":{"elementSubnationalId":315528,"hybrid":false,"exotic":false,"native":true}},{"elementSubnationalId":350477,"subnation":{"id":32,"nameEn":"Mississippi","nameEs":"Mississippi","nameFr":"Mississippi","subnationCode":"MS","dnationId":225},"roundedSRank":"SNA","dataSensitive":{"id":2,"dataSensitiveDescEn":"No","dataSensitiveDescEs":null,"dataSensitiveDescFr":null,"dataSensitiveCode":"N"},"dataSensitiveCategory":null,"srank":"SNA","speciesSubnational":{"elementSubnationalId":350477,"hybrid":false,"exotic":false,"native":true}},{"elementSubnationalId":393219,"subnation":{"id":11,"nameEn":"Delaware","nameEs":"Delaware","nameFr":"Delaware","subnationCode":"DE","dnationId":225},"roundedSRank":"SNA","dataSensitive":{"id":2,"dataSensitiveDescEn":"No","dataSensitiveDescEs":null,"dataSensitiveDescFr":null,"dataSensitiveCode":"N"},"dataSensitiveCategory":null,"srank":"SNA","speciesSubnational":{"elementSubnationalId":393219,"hybrid":false,"exotic":false,"native":true}},{"elementSubnationalId":319200,"subnation":{"id":48,"nameEn":"South Carolina","nameEs":"Carolina del Sur","nameFr":"Caroline du Sud","subnationCode":"SC","dnationId":225},"roundedSRank":"S1N","dataSensitive":{"id":2,"dataSensitiveDescEn":"No","dataSensitiveDescEs":null,"dataSensitiveDescFr":null,"dataSensitiveCode":"N"},"dataSensitiveCategory":null,"srank":"S1N","speciesSubnational":{"elementSubnationalId":319200,"hybrid":false,"exotic":false,"native":true}},{"elementSubnationalId":317971,"subnation":{"id":16,"nameEn":"Hawaii","nameEs":"Hawai","nameFr":"Hawaï","subnationCode":"HI","dnationId":225},"roundedSRank":"S1","dataSensitive":{"id":2,"dataSensitiveDescEn":"No","dataSensitiveDescEs":null,"dataSensitiveDescFr":null,"dataSensitiveCode":"N"},"dataSensitiveCategory":null,"srank":"S1","speciesSubnational":{"elementSubnationalId":317971,"hybrid":false,"exotic":false,"native":true}},{"elementSubnationalId":368779,"subnation":{"id":51,"nameEn":"Texas","nameEs":"Texas","nameFr":"Texas","subnationCode":"TX","dnationId":225},"roundedSRank":"S2","dataSensitive":{"id":2,"dataSensitiveDescEn":"No","dataSensitiveDescEs":null,"dataSensitiveDescFr":null,"dataSensitiveCode":"N"},"dataSensitiveCategory":null,"srank":"S2","speciesSubnational":{"elementSubnationalId":368779,"hybrid":false,"exotic":false,"native":true}},{"elementSubnationalId":317671,"subnation":{"id":12,"nameEn":"Florida","nameEs":"Florida","nameFr":"Floride","subnationCode":"FL","dnationId":225},"roundedSRank":"S1","dataSensitive":{"id":2,"dataSensitiveDescEn":"No","dataSensitiveDescEs":null,"dataSensitiveDescFr":null,"dataSensitiveCode":"N"},"dataSensitiveCategory":null,"srank":"S1","speciesSubnational":{"elementSubnationalId":317671,"hybrid":false,"exotic":false,"native":true}}],"nrankReviewYear":1996,"nrank":"N1B","speciesNational":{"elementNationalId":164558,"exotic":false,"native":true}}],"lastModified":"2026-10-02T21:39:38.416172Z","lastPublished":"2026-10-02T21:32:08.892226Z","promotionalDescription":null,"conceptLineageSummary":null,"nsxUrl":"/Taxon/ELEMENT_GLOBAL.2.102642/Eretmochelys_imbricata","grankAdjustmentReasons":null,"grankChangeDate":"1996-10-21","grankReviewDate":"2025-10-14","grankReasons":"This species is distributed across the globe in tropical and subtropical oceans. The population suffered steep historical declines of over 50% rangewide. Most populations across the range are continuing to decline. The population is threatened by harvest of adults and eggs, habitat loss,and habitat degradation.","grank":"G3","rankInfo":{"elementGlobalId":102642,"aooPercentGood":null,"enviromentalSpecificity":null,"intrinsicVulnerability":{"id":1,"intrinsicVulnerabilityDescEn":"Highly vulnerable","intrinsicVulnerabilityDescEs":"Altamente vulnerable","intrinsicVulnerabilityDescFr":"Très vulnérable"},"longTermTrend":{"id":12,"longTermTrendDescEn":"Decline of 50-90%","longTermTrendDescEs":"Disminución de 50 a 90%.","longTermTrendDescFr":"Diminution de 50 à 90 %"},"numberEos":{"id":13,"numberEosDescEn":"81 - 300","numberEosDescEs":"De 81 a 300","numberEosDescFr":"De 81 à 300"},"numberGoodEos":{"id":16,"numberGoodEosDescEn":"Some (13-40)","numberGoodEosDescEs":"Algunos (13-40)","numberGoodEosDescFr":"Quelques-uns (de 13 à 40)"},"numberProtEos":{"id":10,"numberProtEosDescEn":"Several (4-12) occurrences appropriately protected and managed","numberProtEosDescEs":"Unos pocos casos (4 a 12) protegidos y debidamente controlados","numberProtEosDescFr":"Quelques occurrences (de 4 à 12) protégées et contrôlées convenablement"},"popSize":{"id":31,"popSizeDescEn":"10,000 - 100,000 individuals","popSizeDescEs":"De 10.000 a 100.000 individuos","popSizeDescFr":"De 10 000 à 100 000 individus"},"rangeExtent":{"id":35,"rangeExtentDescEn":">2,500,000 square km (greater than 1,000,000 square miles)","rangeExtentDescEs":">2.500.000 kilómetros cuadrados (más ","rangeExtentDescFr":">2 500 000 km carrés (plus de 1 000 000 miles carrés)"},"shortTermTrend":{"id":26,"shortTermTrendDescEn":"Decline of 30-70%","shortTermTrendDescEs":"Disminución del 30 al 70%.","shortTermTrendDescFr":"Diminution de 30 à 70 %"},"threatImpactAssigned":{"id":5,"threatImpactAssignedDescEn":"High","threatImpactAssignedDescEs":"Alto","threatImpactAssignedDescFr":"Élevé"},"rangeExtentComments":"Pantropical and warm-temperate regions, rarely venturing into higher latitudes; Atlantic, Pacific, and Indian oceans. Nests on beaches generally between 25 degrees latitude north and south, including tropical Gulf Coast of Mexico, West Indies, Bahamas, and the Americas. Nesting in U.S. waters: Virgin Islands, Puerto Rico (including Isla Vieques, Isla Mona, and the Culebra group); infrequently on the Atlantic coast of central and southern Florida and the Florida Keys (Meylan 1992, Lund 1985) and in the southeastern Hawaiian chain (Hawaii, Molokai; Balazs 1982).","areaOfOccupancy":null,"areaOfOccupancyComments":null,"numberEosComments":"Number of distinct occurrences based on nesting areas is unknown but likely falls within the indicated range. NMFS and USFWS (2007) mapped 83 nesting concentrations for which data were available; these nesting areas are a subset of the global total but include most major nesting areas. Nesting occurs in at least 70 nations (NMFS and USFWS 2007). Many occurrences include only a very few individuals.","popSizeComments":"Better data are needed, though clearly this species is not as abundant as <i>Caretta </i>or <i>Chelonia</i>. For a sample of 88 nesting sites with available data, population size was estimated to be 22,004-29,035 nesting females (NMFS and USFWS 2013). This is broken down into 3,626-6,108 in the Atlantic; 8,184-10,157 in the Indian; and 10,194-12,770 in the Pacific (NMFS and USFWS 2013). Assuming an equal number of males, population size is estimated to be 44,000-60,000 adults.","viabilityComments":"Only 10 of 41 nesting sites with available data have increasing populations (NMFS and USFWS 2013). Other populations have large numbers of nesting females and may have good viability in the short-term (NMFS and USFWS 2013).","threatImpactComments":"The greatest threat is harvest for commercial and subsistence (meat, eggs) purposes (NMFS and USFWS 2007, NMFS and USFWS 2013). Over the past 100 years, millions of hawksbills have been killed to supply the \"tortoise\" shell trade and this trade continues in some countries (NMFS and USFWS 2013). Due to extensive movements of this species, significant harvests in one location can affect populations in other locations (NMFS and USFWS 2007). Human harvest of eggs is another major threat, particularly in Asian countries (NMFS and USFWS 2013). Other significant threats include destruction/degradation of breeding locations by beach development, dune vegetation removal, lights at night, incidental take in fisheries, increased exposure to heavy metals and other contaminants (e.g., from oil tanker discharges) in some regions, entanglement in persistent marine debris (Meylan 1992), and hybridization with other sea turtle species in some areas (NMFS and USFWS 2007). Also, climate warming and imperfect egg hatchery strategies may be increasing bias in sex ratios (NMFS and USFWS 2007), but the overall severity of this threat is uncertain.<br/><br/>See NMFS and USFWS (2013) for detailed information on threats.","shortTermTrendComments":"For 41 nesting sites rangewide for which recent trend (1992-2012) could be determined, 10 were increasing, 3 were stable, and 28 were declining (NMFS and USFWS 2013). All 10 increasing sites were in the Atlantic and each site included fewer than 600 females; none of the Indian or Pacific sites were increasing (NMFS and USFWS 2013). An additional 47 sites (for a total of 88 assessed) had unknown trends (NMFS and USFWS 2013). The increasing sites have relatively low numbers of nesting females (600 or less) (NMFS and USFWS 2013). This data is virtually identical to the findings for 1987-2007 (NMFS and USFWS 2007).","longTermTrendComments":"Extent of occurrence has been reduced to a small degree over the long term, but much larger reductions have occurred in population size and condition of occurrences (NMFS and USFWS 2007, NMFS and USFWS 2013). For 63 sites rangewide for which long-term trend (>20 to 100 years) could be assessed, all showed a declining trend (NMFS and USFWS 2007, NMFS and USFWS 2013).","inventoryNeeds":"Population estimates; identification of nesting beaches as well as non-nesting habitats. Long-term monitoring is particularly needed for populations in the Indian and Pacific oceans.","numberProtEosComments":"A small percentage of nesting sites are adequately protected. NMFS (1998) designated critical habitat in the vicinity of Isla Mona and Isla Monito, Puerto Rico, seaward to 5.6 km.","protectionNeeds":"This species would benefit from a ban on international commercial trade of shells. Most nesting beaches and adjacent land and waters need better protection from human disturbance. Year-round use of turtle excluder devices (TEDs) would be beneficial in some areas.<br/><br/>Frazer (1992) emphasized the primary need for clean and productive marine and coastal environments; installation of turtle excluder devices in shrimp trawl nets and use of low pressure sodium lighting on beaches were suggested as appropriate sea turtle conservation technologies, whereas headstarting, captive breeding, and hatcheries were regarded as ineffective at best. In Florida, marine pollution control and protection of coral reefs are needed (Meylan 1992). Mrosovsky (2000) argued that allowing sustainable trade would promote conservation better than would protection, but Robinson and Thorbjarnarson (2000) reported that Mrosovsky did not provide convincing support for a sustainable-use program.<br/><br/>See recovery plans for Atlantic and Pacific populations.","otherConsiderations":"Listed as Endangered by US, CITES Appendix I. Dispersed nesting has prevented (1) adequate assessment of abundance and (2) protection through the establishment of nesting preserves.","intrinsicVulnerabilityComments":"Females take 20 or more years to mature (NMFS and USFWS 2013). Nesting occurs on the same beaches during the same seasonal period each year, leaving the species vulnerable to poaching.","enviromentalSpecificityComments":null},"animalCharacteristics":{"elementGlobalId":102642,"majorHabitat":{"id":1,"majorHabitatDescEn":"Marine","majorHabitatDescEs":"Marino","majorHabitatDescFr":"Marine"},"nonMigrant":false,"localMigrant":true,"longDistanceMigrant":true,"mobilityMigrationComments":"Adults may migrate hundreds or thousands of kilometers between nesting beaches and marine feeding areas (Plotkin 2003). In the Caribbean region, 19 adults traveled minimum distances of 110-1,936 kilometers, 9 immatures 46-900 kilometers; recapture of immatures suggest long-term residency in developmental habitats (Meylan 1999). Adult females that nested in Barbados traveled 200-435 kilometers (straight-line distance) over 7-18 days to foraging areas in Dominica, Grenada, Trinidad, and Venezuela (Horrocks et al. 2001). A female tagged on a nesting beach at Buck Island Reef National Monument near St. Croix, U.S. Virgin Islands, was recovered at Miskito Cays, Nicaragua (Hillis, 1995, Park Science 15(2):25). A feeding population at Isla Mona (Puerto Rico) included individuals from nesting populations throughout the Caribbean region (Bowen et al. 1996).<br><br>MtDNA data from the Caribbean region indicate that a natal homing mechanism predominates and that nesting populations should be considered separate stocks; foraging populations evidently are composed of cohorts from multiple regional nesting colonies (Bass 1999).<br><br>Foraging home range sizes of individuals in the West Indies were 1.96-49.5 square kilometers and were positively correlated with average water depth (Horrocks et al. 2001).","foodHabitsComments":"Diet consist primarily of invertebrates (crabs, sea urchins, shellfish, jellyfish, etc.) but also includes plant material and fishes. This species generally has been regarded as a generalist, but recent research indicates specialization on demosponges in Florida and the Caribbean. Foraging microhabitats include the bottom and reef faces, close to shore.","animalPhenologyComments":"Nests usually at night.","colonialBreeder":true,"length":81,"width":null,"weight":75000,"animalPhenologies":[],"animalFoodHabits":[{"animalCagFoodHabitsId":103634,"foodHabits":{"id":3,"foodHabitsDescEn":"Invertivore","foodHabitsDescEs":"Invertívoro","foodHabitsDescFr":"Invertivore","displayOrder":3},"adult":true,"immature":true}]},"occurrenceDelineations":[{"eoSpecsDetailId":1189,"locationUseClass":{"id":7,"locationUseClassDescEn":"Hibernaculum","locationUseClassDescEs":"Hibernáculo","locationUseClassDescFr":"Gîte d’hibernation","displayOrder":8},"eoSpecGroupName":"Sea Turtles (Cheloniidae and Dermochelyidae)","subtypes":null,"inferredExtentDistance":null,"inferredExtentNotes":null,"minimumEoCriteria":"Reliable observation of multiple dormant individuals. Multiple years of information should be used to reliably identify significant, persistent occurrences.","mappingGuidance":null,"separationBarriers":null,"separationDistanceUnsuitableHabitatat":10.0,"separationDistanceSuitableHabitatat":10.0,"altSeparationProcedure":null,"separationJustification":"Separation distance refers to known concentrations of dormant individuals.  In most cases, occurrences should not be extensive areas such as the Atlantic coast of Florida but rather portions of such areas that stand out as strongly meeting the occurrence criteria.  <br><br>Analyses of mitochondrial DNA variation have increased our understanding of the phylogenetic relationships among certain populations of sea turtles and have allowed the recognition of some evolutionarily distinctive units. However, available information on genetics, dispersion, and movement patterns of most sea turtle populations generally is insufficient to determine biologically meaningful separation distances for the different kinds of occurrences covered by the specifications. The separation distances used here do not attempt to identify biologically distinct populations but rather are arbitrary values that attempt to identify relatively distinct geographic areas that have frequent or concentrated activity and that are of practical size for conservation use. Additionally, these specifications assume that it is best to have uniform occurrence standards for all sea turtle species, placing greater emphasis on the general similarity of their life history patterns than on specific biological differences among species.","versionDate":"2004-10-20","versionAuthor":"Hammerson, G.","versionNotes":null,"lastModified":"2020-04-30T02:04:22.159951Z"},{"eoSpecsDetailId":1191,"locationUseClass":{"id":15,"locationUseClassDescEn":"Adult foraging area","locationUseClassDescEs":"Zona de alimentación de adultos","locationUseClassDescFr":"Aire d’alimentation adulte","displayOrder":15},"eoSpecGroupName":"Sea Turtles (Cheloniidae and Dermochelyidae)","subtypes":null,"inferredExtentDistance":null,"inferredExtentNotes":null,"minimumEoCriteria":"Reliable observation of multiple adults in an area that supports productive populations of appropriate food organisms. Multiple years of information should be used to reliably identify significant, persistent occurrences.","mappingGuidance":null,"separationBarriers":"None.","separationDistanceUnsuitableHabitatat":10.0,"separationDistanceSuitableHabitatat":10.0,"altSeparationProcedure":null,"separationJustification":"Separation distance refers to known areas of concentrated foraging activity. In most cases, occurrences should not be extensive areas such as the entirety of Long Island Sound or Chesapeake Bay but rather portions of such areas that stand out as strongly meeting the occurrence criteria.  <br><br>Analyses of mitochondrial DNA variation have increased our understanding of the phylogenetic relationships among certain populations of sea turtles and have allowed the recognition of some evolutionarily distinctive units. However, available information on genetics, dispersion, and movement patterns of most sea turtle populations generally is insufficient to determine biologically meaningful separation distances for the different kinds of occurrences covered by the specifications. The separation distances used here do not attempt to identify biologically distinct populations but rather are arbitrary values that attempt to identify relatively distinct geographic areas that have frequent or concentrated activity and that are of practical size for conservation use. Additionally, these specifications assume that it is best to have uniform occurrence standards for all sea turtle species, placing greater emphasis on the general similarity of their life history patterns than on specific biological differences among species.<br><br>Foraging home range sizes of individual hawksbill turtles in the West Indies were 1.96-49.5 sq km and were positively correlated with average water depth (Horrocks et al. 2001). <br>","versionDate":"2004-10-20","versionAuthor":"Hammerson, G.","versionNotes":null,"lastModified":"2020-04-30T02:04:22.159951Z"},{"eoSpecsDetailId":1192,"locationUseClass":{"id":17,"locationUseClassDescEn":"Juvenile foraging area","locationUseClassDescEs":"Zona de alimentación de los jóvenes","locationUseClassDescFr":"Aire d’alimentation juvénile","displayOrder":16},"eoSpecGroupName":"Sea Turtles (Cheloniidae and Dermochelyidae)","subtypes":null,"inferredExtentDistance":null,"inferredExtentNotes":null,"minimumEoCriteria":"Reliable observation of multiple juveniles in an area that supports productive populations of appropriate food organisms. Multiple years of information should be used to reliably identify significant, persistent occurrences.","mappingGuidance":null,"separationBarriers":null,"separationDistanceUnsuitableHabitatat":10.0,"separationDistanceSuitableHabitatat":10.0,"altSeparationProcedure":null,"separationJustification":"Separation distance refers to known areas of concentrated foraging activity. In most cases, occurrences should not be extensive areas such as the entirety of Long Island Sound or Chesapeake Bay but rather portions of such areas that stand out as strongly meeting the occurrence criteria.  <br><br>Analyses of mitochondrial DNA variation have increased our understanding of the phylogenetic relationships among certain populations of sea turtles and have allowed the recognition of some evolutionarily distinctive units. However, available information on genetics, dispersion, and movement patterns of most sea turtle populations generally is insufficient to determine biologically meaningful separation distances for the different kinds of occurrences covered by the specifications. The separation distances used here do not attempt to identify biologically distinct populations but rather are arbitrary values that attempt to identify relatively distinct geographic areas that have frequent or concentrated activity and that are of practical size for conservation use. Additionally, these specifications assume that it is best to have uniform occurrence standards for all sea turtle species, placing greater emphasis on the general similarity of their life history patterns than on specific biological differences among species.<br>","versionDate":"2004-10-20","versionAuthor":"Hammerson, G.","versionNotes":null,"lastModified":"2020-04-30T02:04:22.159951Z"},{"eoSpecsDetailId":1190,"locationUseClass":{"id":16,"locationUseClassDescEn":"Nesting area","locationUseClassDescEs":"Zona de anidación","locationUseClassDescFr":"Aire de nidification","displayOrder":17},"eoSpecGroupName":"Sea Turtles (Cheloniidae and Dermochelyidae)","subtypes":null,"inferredExtentDistance":null,"inferredExtentNotes":null,"minimumEoCriteria":"Occurrences are based on evidence of historical presence, or current and likely recurring presence, at a given location. Such evidence minimally includes collection or reliable observation and documentation of one or more nesting individuals or nests with eggs.","mappingGuidance":null,"separationBarriers":"None.","separationDistanceUnsuitableHabitatat":10.0,"separationDistanceSuitableHabitatat":10.0,"altSeparationProcedure":null,"separationJustification":"Analyses of mitochondrial DNA variation have increased our understanding of the phylogenetic relationships among certain populations of sea turtles and have allowed the recognition of some evolutionarily distinctive units. However, available information on genetics, dispersion, and movement patterns of most sea turtle populations generally is insufficient to determine biologically meaningful separation distances for the different kinds of occurrences covered by the specifications. The separation distances used here do not attempt to identify biologically distinct populations but rather are arbitrary values that attempt to identify relatively distinct geographic areas that have frequent or concentrated activity and that are of practical size for conservation use. Additionally, these specifications assume that it is best to have uniform occurrence standards for all sea turtle species, placing greater emphasis on the general similarity of their life history patterns than on specific biological differences among species.<br><br>Nesting populations on separate islands or mainland areas within the separation distance should be treated as parts of the same occurrence. However, each distinct nesting location can be treated as a distinct sub-occurrence (sub-EO) or source feature for which specific data can be recorded.","versionDate":"2004-04-26","versionAuthor":"Hammerson, G.","versionNotes":null,"lastModified":"2020-04-30T02:04:22.159951Z"}],"plantCharacteristics":null,"elementManagement":{"elementGlobalId":102642,"eoManagementGroupName":null,"stewardshipOverview":"See NMFS and USFWS (2007) for a summary of international and and national regulations and conventions that may provide a degree of protection to this species.","impacts":null,"restorationPotential":null,"siteConservationPlansConsidered":null,"managementMethods":"Some basic needs are as follows: conduct population monitoring; protect, manage, and restore nesting populations and habitats; enforce laws to eliminate poaching and harassment; prevent egg and hatchling predation on beaches, including control or elimination of exotic nuisance species; ensure that beach nourishment and coastal construction activities are planned to avoid disruption of nesting and hatching; enact stronger restrictions on beachfront lighting, OCS oil drilling, etc. See recovery plan for U.S. Pacific populations (NMFS 1998). <br><br>See NMFS (Federal Register, 19 December 1996, pp. 66933-66947) for recent amendments to regulations pertaining to the use of turtle excluder devices along the Gulf and Atlantic coasts of the southeastern U.S. <br><br>See USFWS (1998) for detailed information on recovery and management needs.","monitoringMethods":null,"managementProgramContacts":"The Wider Carribbean Sea Turtle Conservation Network (WIDECAST) is a United Nations-sponsored program devoted to the recovery of endangered Caribbean sea turtles.","monitoringProgramContacts":null,"managementResearchPrograms":null,"managementResearchNeeds":"Investigate life history, including movement patterns.","biologicalResearchNeeds":"In many parts of the range, better information is needed on age to maturity, reproductive output, oceanic phase of small juveniles, and at-sea mortality in fisheries (NMFS and USFWS 2007).","additionalTopics":null},"occurrenceViabilities":[{"eoRankSpecsDetailId":104149,"eoRankSpecsGroupName":null,"locationUseClass":{"id":1,"locationUseClassDescEn":"Not applicable","locationUseClassDescEs":"No se aplica","locationUseClassDescFr":"Sans objet","displayOrder":1},"excellentViability":null,"goodViability":null,"fairViability":null,"poorViability":null,"viabilityJustification":"Use the Generic Guidelines for the Application of Occurrence Ranks (2008).<br>The Key for Ranking Species Occurrences Using the Generic Approach provides a step-wise process for implementing this method.","versionDate":null,"versionAuthor":null,"versionNotes":null,"lastModified":"2020-05-14T02:22:04.193514Z"}],"references":[{"id":1108689,"citation":"Arantes, L. S., S. M. Vargas, and F. R. Santos. 2020. Global phylogeography of the critically endangered hawksbill turtle (<i>Eretmochelys imbricata</i>). Genetics and Molecular Biology 43(2):1-12.","shortCitationAuthor":"Arantes et al.","shortCitationYear":2020,"referenceCode":"A20ARA01NAUS","lastModified":"2022-01-11T02:27:27.416409Z"},{"id":134998,"citation":"Balazs, G. H. 1982. Status of sea turtles in the Central Pacific Ocean. Pages 243-252 in Bjorndahl, K. A., editor. Biology and conservation of sea turtles. Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, D.C. *Copyright date; 1981 on title page.","shortCitationAuthor":"Balazs","shortCitationYear":1982,"referenceCode":"A82BAL01NAUS","lastModified":"2022-01-11T02:27:27.416409Z"},{"id":144904,"citation":"Bass, A. L. 1999. Genetic analysis to elucidate the natural history and behavior of hawksbill turtles (<i>Eretmochelys imbricata</i>) in the wider Caribbean: a review and re-analysis. 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