{"elementGlobalId":102633,"circumscripConfidence":{"id":1,"circumscripConfidenceDescEn":"1 - Strong","circumscripConfidenceDescEs":"1 - Fuerte","circumscripConfidenceDescFr":"1 – Forte"},"classificationLevel":{"id":7,"classificationLevelNameEn":"Species","classificationLevelNameEs":"Especies","classificationLevelNameFr":"Espèce"},"classificationStatus":{"id":1,"classificationStatusDescEn":"Standard","classificationStatusDescEs":"Estándar","classificationStatusDescFr":"Standard"},"iucn":{"id":11,"iucnDescEn":"Least concern","iucnDescEs":"Menos preocupante","iucnDescFr":"Moins préoccupante","iucnCode":"LC"},"nameCategory":{"id":1,"nameCategoryDescEn":"Vertebrate Animal","nameCategoryDescEs":"Animal vertebrado","nameCategoryDescFr":"Animal vertébré","nameTypeCd":"A","nameTypeDesc":"Zoological"},"rankMethodUsed":{"id":7,"rankMethodUsedDescEn":" Rank calculation - Biotics v2","rankMethodUsedDescEs":null,"rankMethodUsedDescFr":null,"rankMethodUsedExternalDescEn":"Ranked by calculator","rankMethodUsedExternalDescEs":null,"rankMethodUsedExternalDescFr":null},"formattedScientificName":"<i>Conepatus leuconotus</i>","scientificName":"Conepatus leuconotus","scientificNameAuthor":"(Lichtenstein, 1832)","primaryCommonName":"American Hog-nosed Skunk","relatedItisNames":"<i>Conepatus leuconotus</i> (Lichtenstein, 1832) (TSN 180567)","uniqueId":"ELEMENT_GLOBAL.2.102633","elcode":"AMAJF07020","conceptRefFullCitation":"Wilson, D. E., and D. M. Reeder (editors). 2005. Mammal species of the world: a taxonomic and geographic reference. Third edition. The Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore. Two volumes. 2,142 pp. [As modified by ASM the Mammal Diversity Database (MDD) at https://www.mammaldiversity.org/index.html]","conceptName":"<i>Conepatus leuconotus</i>","taxonomicComments":"<i>Conepatus leuconotus</i> and <i>C. mesoleucus</i> formerly were regarded as distinct species (Jones et al. 1992, Wilson and Reeder 1993). Wozencraft (in Wilson and Reeder 2005) included <i>mesoleucus </i>in <i>C. leuconotus</i>.","roundedGRank":"G4","conservationStatusFactorsEditionDate":"2025-08-25","conservationStatusFactorsEditionAuthors":"Hammerson, G. (2005); rev. R. L. Gundy (2025)","primaryCommonNameLanguage":"EN","recordType":"SPECIES","elementNationals":[{"elementNationalId":166165,"classifConfidence":null,"nation":{"id":225,"nameEn":"United States","nameEs":"Estados Unidos","nameFr":"États-Unis","isoCode":"US","region":"United States"},"roundedNRank":"N3","elementSubnationals":[{"elementSubnationalId":319255,"subnation":{"id":39,"nameEn":"New Mexico","nameEs":"Nuevo México","nameFr":"Nouveau-Mexique","subnationCode":"NM","dnationId":225},"roundedSRank":"S4","dataSensitive":{"id":2,"dataSensitiveDescEn":"No","dataSensitiveDescEs":null,"dataSensitiveDescFr":null,"dataSensitiveCode":"N"},"dataSensitiveCategory":null,"srank":"S4","speciesSubnational":{"elementSubnationalId":319255,"hybrid":false,"exotic":false,"native":true}},{"elementSubnationalId":394980,"subnation":{"id":8,"nameEn":"Colorado","nameEs":"Colorado","nameFr":"Colorado","subnationCode":"CO","dnationId":225},"roundedSRank":"S1","dataSensitive":{"id":2,"dataSensitiveDescEn":"No","dataSensitiveDescEs":null,"dataSensitiveDescFr":null,"dataSensitiveCode":"N"},"dataSensitiveCategory":null,"srank":"S1","speciesSubnational":{"elementSubnationalId":394980,"hybrid":false,"exotic":false,"native":true}},{"elementSubnationalId":370941,"subnation":{"id":51,"nameEn":"Texas","nameEs":"Texas","nameFr":"Texas","subnationCode":"TX","dnationId":225},"roundedSRank":"S4","dataSensitive":{"id":2,"dataSensitiveDescEn":"No","dataSensitiveDescEs":null,"dataSensitiveDescFr":null,"dataSensitiveCode":"N"},"dataSensitiveCategory":null,"srank":"S4","speciesSubnational":{"elementSubnationalId":370941,"hybrid":false,"exotic":false,"native":true}},{"elementSubnationalId":323141,"subnation":{"id":43,"nameEn":"Oklahoma","nameEs":"Oklahoma","nameFr":"Oklahoma","subnationCode":"OK","dnationId":225},"roundedSRank":"S1","dataSensitive":{"id":2,"dataSensitiveDescEn":"No","dataSensitiveDescEs":null,"dataSensitiveDescFr":null,"dataSensitiveCode":"N"},"dataSensitiveCategory":null,"srank":"S1","speciesSubnational":{"elementSubnationalId":323141,"hybrid":false,"exotic":false,"native":true}},{"elementSubnationalId":284297,"subnation":{"id":6,"nameEn":"Arizona","nameEs":"Arizona","nameFr":"Arizona","subnationCode":"AZ","dnationId":225},"roundedSRank":"S3","dataSensitive":{"id":2,"dataSensitiveDescEn":"No","dataSensitiveDescEs":null,"dataSensitiveDescFr":null,"dataSensitiveCode":"N"},"dataSensitiveCategory":null,"srank":"S3","speciesSubnational":{"elementSubnationalId":284297,"hybrid":false,"exotic":false,"native":true}}],"nrankReviewYear":1997,"nrank":"N3","speciesNational":{"elementNationalId":166165,"exotic":false,"native":true}}],"lastModified":"2026-10-02T21:39:28.272149Z","lastPublished":"2026-10-02T21:32:08.892226Z","promotionalDescription":null,"conceptLineageSummary":null,"nsxUrl":"/Taxon/ELEMENT_GLOBAL.2.102633/Conepatus_leuconotus","grankAdjustmentReasons":null,"grankChangeDate":"1997-10-06","grankReviewDate":"2025-08-25","grankReasons":"Relatively large range extending from the southwestern U.S. to Nicaragua; apparently has declined drastically in recent decades in the north and is now very rare in Texas.","grank":"G4","rankInfo":{"elementGlobalId":102633,"aooPercentGood":null,"enviromentalSpecificity":null,"intrinsicVulnerability":null,"longTermTrend":{"id":32,"longTermTrendDescEn":"Decline of 10-50%","longTermTrendDescEs":"Disminución del 10 al 50%.","longTermTrendDescFr":"Diminution de 10 à 50 %"},"numberEos":{"id":14,"numberEosDescEn":"81 to >300","numberEosDescEs":"De 81 a >300","numberEosDescFr":"De 81 à >300"},"numberGoodEos":{"id":19,"numberGoodEosDescEn":"Many (41-125)","numberGoodEosDescEs":"Muchos (41-125)","numberGoodEosDescFr":"Plusieurs (de 41 à 125)"},"numberProtEos":{"id":15,"numberProtEosDescEn":"Very many (>40) occurrences appropriately protected and managed","numberProtEosDescEs":"Muchas ocurrencias (>40) protegidas y controladas adecuadamente","numberProtEosDescFr":"Beaucoup d’occurrences (>40) protégées et contrôlées convenablement"},"popSize":{"id":37,"popSizeDescEn":"Unknown","popSizeDescEs":"Desconocido","popSizeDescFr":"Inconnu"},"rangeExtent":{"id":35,"rangeExtentDescEn":">2,500,000 square km (greater than 1,000,000 square miles)","rangeExtentDescEs":">2.500.000 kilómetros cuadrados (más ","rangeExtentDescFr":">2 500 000 km carrés (plus de 1 000 000 miles carrés)"},"shortTermTrend":{"id":36,"shortTermTrendDescEn":"Decline of 10-30%","shortTermTrendDescEs":"Disminución del 10 al 30%.","shortTermTrendDescFr":"Diminution de 10 à 30 %"},"threatImpactAssigned":{"id":8,"threatImpactAssignedDescEn":"Medium","threatImpactAssignedDescEs":"Medio","threatImpactAssignedDescFr":"Moyen"},"rangeExtentComments":"This species occurs from the southwestern United States south to northern Nicaragua (Fitzgerald et al. 1994, Dragoo and Honeycut 1995). In the U.S., it is found in southeastern Colorado, extreme northwestern Oklahoma, Arizona, New Mexico, and the western half of Texas (Dragoo and Honeycut 1995, Holbrook et al. 2012, Holton et al. 2022, Castillo and Caruso 2024, Kleeberg et al. 2024). Using Global Biodiversity Information Facility (GBIF) (2025) records from 2000-2025, range extent is estimated to be 3.781 million km² (RARECAT 2025).<br/><br/>Subspecies <i>telmalestes</i> of southeastern Texas is presumed extinct as it has not observed since the early 1900s (Dragoo and Honeycut 1995). Subspecies <i>figginsi</i> (encompassing also former subspecies <i>fremonti</i>) of Colorado (and adjacent areas) has not been seen since the 1920s or 1930s, although a 2022 records from Oklahoma could represent this subspecies (Fitzgerald et al. 1994, Dragoo and Honeycut 1995, Kleeberg et al. 2024).","areaOfOccupancy":null,"areaOfOccupancyComments":null,"numberEosComments":"There are many occurrences throughout the range.","popSizeComments":"Solitary and secretive, difficult to census, even through trapping. The species could be more numerous than available evidence indicates.","viabilityComments":"Most occurrences likely have good viability.","threatImpactComments":"Natural brushland habitat has been lost to agricultural development and habitat fragmentation is likely negatively impacting the population (Espinosa Flores 2014). Mortality from vehicle strikes is a serious threat where roads cut through suitable habitat (Ríos Solís et al. 2025). Pesticide use could be detrimental, either directly or indirectly through impacts on food resources.","shortTermTrendComments":"This species is likely declining due to threats.","longTermTrendComments":"Subspecies <i>telmalestes</i> of southeastern Texas was considered extinct by the early 1900s (Dragoo and Honeycut 1995). Subspecies <i>figginsi</i> at the northern end of the range of the species may also have become extinct by the first half of the 20th century (Fitzgerald et al. 1994, Dragoo and Honeycut 1995, Kleeberg et al. 2024). This species appears to have declined drastically in the remaining extant range within Texas at the end of the 20th century (Davis and Schmidly 1994, Dragoo et al. 2003). No trend data is available from other parts of the range.","inventoryNeeds":"Population size and trends assessments are needed.","numberProtEosComments":"This species is protected on conservation lands throughout the range.","protectionNeeds":null,"otherConsiderations":"Classified as a \"fur-bearing animal\" by the state of Texas.","intrinsicVulnerabilityComments":null,"enviromentalSpecificityComments":null},"animalCharacteristics":{"elementGlobalId":102633,"majorHabitat":{"id":3,"majorHabitatDescEn":"Terrestrial","majorHabitatDescEs":"Terrestre","majorHabitatDescFr":"Terrestre"},"nonMigrant":true,"localMigrant":false,"longDistanceMigrant":false,"mobilityMigrationComments":null,"foodHabitsComments":"Feeds mainly on insects, especially larval forms. Also eats other invertebrates, reptiles, small mammals, and some vegetation (fruits, etc.). Digs with long claws, roots in soil with snout, overturns rocks and logs.","animalPhenologyComments":"Active throughout the year. Primarily nocturnal but may be active during the day, especially in the winter.","colonialBreeder":false,"length":825,"width":null,"weight":null,"animalPhenologies":[{"animalCagPhenologyId":101940,"animalPhenology":{"id":4,"animalPhenologyDescEn":"Nocturnal","animalPhenologyDescEs":"Nocturno","animalPhenologyDescFr":"Nocturne","displayOrder":4},"adult":true,"immature":true}],"animalFoodHabits":[{"animalCagFoodHabitsId":103618,"foodHabits":{"id":1,"foodHabitsDescEn":"Carnivore","foodHabitsDescEs":"Carnívoro","foodHabitsDescFr":"Carnivore","displayOrder":1},"adult":true,"immature":true},{"animalCagFoodHabitsId":103619,"foodHabits":{"id":3,"foodHabitsDescEn":"Invertivore","foodHabitsDescEs":"Invertívoro","foodHabitsDescFr":"Invertivore","displayOrder":3},"adult":true,"immature":true},{"animalCagFoodHabitsId":103620,"foodHabits":{"id":4,"foodHabitsDescEn":"Herbivore","foodHabitsDescEs":"Herbívoro","foodHabitsDescFr":"Herbivore","displayOrder":4},"adult":true,"immature":true},{"animalCagFoodHabitsId":103621,"foodHabits":{"id":6,"foodHabitsDescEn":"Frugivore","foodHabitsDescEs":"Frugívoro","foodHabitsDescFr":"Frugivore","displayOrder":6},"adult":true,"immature":true}]},"occurrenceDelineations":[{"eoSpecsDetailId":1198,"locationUseClass":{"id":1,"locationUseClassDescEn":"Not applicable","locationUseClassDescEs":"No se aplica","locationUseClassDescFr":"Sans objet","displayOrder":1},"eoSpecGroupName":"Skunks","subtypes":"Winter Den","inferredExtentDistance":2.5,"inferredExtentNotes":"Based on a home range of 500 hectares (see Separation Justification).","minimumEoCriteria":"Evidence of historical presence, or current and likely recurring presence, at a given location. Such evidence minimally includes collection or reliable observation and documentation of one or more individuals in appropriate habitat where the species is presumed to be established and breeding.","mappingGuidance":null,"separationBarriers":"Large rivers and long lakes, arbitrarily set at greater than 200 meters across.","separationDistanceUnsuitableHabitatat":10.0,"separationDistanceSuitableHabitatat":10.0,"altSeparationProcedure":null,"separationJustification":"Home range size of skunks can be quite large: <i>Spilogale putorius</i>, 518-1036 hectares in Iowa (Crabb 1948); <i>Mephitis mephitis</i>, 34-753 ha in Illinois (Storm 1972). Skunks may move from one area to another, depending on available food resources, and they commonly traverse all kinds of habitats. Thus a large separation distance is appropriate (roughly three times the diameter of a large home range), and the separation distance is the same for both suitable and unsuitable habitat.","versionDate":"2004-03-24","versionAuthor":"Cannings, S., and G. Hammerson","versionNotes":null,"lastModified":"2023-02-03T23:33:35.445744Z"}],"plantCharacteristics":null,"elementManagement":{"elementGlobalId":102633,"eoManagementGroupName":null,"stewardshipOverview":null,"impacts":null,"restorationPotential":null,"siteConservationPlansConsidered":null,"managementMethods":null,"monitoringMethods":null,"managementProgramContacts":null,"monitoringProgramContacts":null,"managementResearchPrograms":null,"managementResearchNeeds":null,"biologicalResearchNeeds":"More life history studies are needed, especially in the southern portion of the range. 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Available at: http://www.nsrl.ttu.edu/publications/opapers/ops/OP327.pdf","shortCitationAuthor":"Bradley et al.","shortCitationYear":2014,"referenceCode":"A14BRA01NACA","lastModified":"2020-02-25T14:38:17.880059Z"},{"id":102597,"citation":"Caire, W., J. D. Tyler, B. P. Glass, and M. A. Mares. 1989. Mammals of Oklahoma. University of Oklahoma Press, Norman. Oklahoma. 567 pp.","shortCitationAuthor":"Caire et al.","shortCitationYear":1989,"referenceCode":"B89CAI01NAUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T18:12:05.975685Z"},{"id":1156115,"citation":"Castillo, D. F., and N. C. Caruso. 2024. Potential distribution and conservation of the hog-nosed skunk (genus <i>Conepatus</i>, Mammalia: Mephitidae). Journal for Nature Conservation 77: 126519. doi: 10.1016/j.jnc.2023.126519","shortCitationAuthor":"Castillo and Caruso","shortCitationYear":2024,"referenceCode":"A24CAS01NAUS","lastModified":"2025-09-05T21:54:48.527018Z"},{"id":129008,"citation":"Crabb, W. D. 1948. 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