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(1995) examined phylogenetic relationships among North American grouse based on mtDNA data and found that <i>Falcipennis canadensis</i> is more closely related to <i>Bonasa umbellus</i> (ruffed grouse) than to <i>Dendragapus obscurus</i> (blue grouse), which is allied with <i>Lagopus </i>(ptarmigan) and <i>Tetrao </i>(capercaillie, a European grouse).","roundedGRank":"G5","conservationStatusFactorsEditionDate":null,"conservationStatusFactorsEditionAuthors":null,"primaryCommonNameLanguage":"EN","recordType":"SPECIES","elementNationals":[{"elementNationalId":166732,"classifConfidence":null,"nation":{"id":38,"nameEn":"Canada","nameEs":"Canadá","nameFr":"Canada","isoCode":"CA","region":"Canada"},"roundedNRank":"N5","elementSubnationals":[{"elementSubnationalId":305735,"subnation":{"id":65,"nameEn":"Northwest Territories","nameEs":"Territorios del Noroeste","nameFr":"Territoires du 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If winter and summer ranges are distinctly separate, map using separate polygons. If they are more than 15 kilometers apart, separate breeding and nonbreeding occurrences should be created.","separationBarriers":"None.","separationDistanceUnsuitableHabitatat":5.0,"separationDistanceSuitableHabitatat":15.0,"altSeparationProcedure":null,"separationJustification":"Unsuitable habitat includes open water as well as other habitats through or over which birds may travel but in which they do not nest or forage much if at all.<br /><br />Occurrences are difficult to circumscribe because most species are partially migratory (i.e., some individuals migrate small or large distances whereas others are relatively sedentary) (see Schroeder and Braun 1993). Migrations may extend up to 12 kilometers in Blue Grouse (Pelren 1996), up to about 40 km (usually less than 25 km) in Greater Prairie-Chickens in Colorado (Schroeder and Braun 1993), and up to 170 km in Greater Prairie-Chickens in Wisconsin. <br /><br />Adult male (and probably adult female) Lesser Prairie-Chickens have high fidelity to breeding leks (Giesen 1998), and some leks have persisted more than 30 to 40 years (Copelin 1963, Giesen 1998). Largest individual home ranges recorded are of males in winter; in Texas, these ranged from 331-1945 hectares (n = 4; Taylor and Guthery 1980a). Maximum movements between spring leks and late-fall relocations was 20.8 kilometers for subadults and 3.2 kilometers for adults (Campbell 1970). Combined home ranges of males and females associated with breeding leks ranged from 25.2 to 61.9 square kilometers (minimum convex polygon) in Colorado (n = 4 leks; Giesen 1991). <br /><br />Female Greater Prairie-Chickens (T. c. attwateri) had winter home ranges as large as 910 hectares (Horkel 1979). Median female home range in late spring was 266 hectares (Schroeder 1991).<br /><br />Summer home ranges of sharp-tailed grouse range from 13 to 406 hectares (summarized by Connelly 1998). Individuals generally fly less than 5 kilometers to a winter range (Giesen and Connelly 1993), but can fly up to 20 kilometers (Meints 1991). Some ptarmigan (e.g. Rock in northern North America) can be considered migratory.<br /><br />Greater Sage-Grouse: average nest to lek distance about 3 kilometers (Connelly et al. 2000). <br /><br />Separation distance is somewhat arbitrary and is less than the extent of known seasonal movements of some species. However, a longer separation distance in many cases likely would yield unreasonably large occurrences or, for some species, might join separate populations as single occurrences. Note that locations separated by a gap exceeding the separation distance should be treated as the same occurrence if there is evidence indicating that such patches encompass the same population (e.g., individuals are known to migrate between the patches).","versionDate":"2004-04-26","versionAuthor":"Hammerson, G., and S. Cannings","versionNotes":null,"lastModified":"2020-04-30T02:08:12.382135Z"},{"eoSpecsDetailId":156437,"locationUseClass":{"id":2,"locationUseClassDescEn":"Breeding","locationUseClassDescEs":"En reproducción","locationUseClassDescFr":"Reproduction","displayOrder":2},"eoSpecGroupName":"Grouse and Ptarmigan","subtypes":null,"inferredExtentDistance":null,"inferredExtentNotes":null,"minimumEoCriteria":"Evidence of historical presence, or current and likely recurring presence, at a given location, minimally a reliable observation of one or more birds in appropriate habitat.","mappingGuidance":"To the extent possible and practicable, occurrences should encompass the annual range of a population. If winter and summer ranges are distinctly separate, map using separate polygons. If they are more than 15 kilometers apart, separate breeding and nonbreeding occurrences should be created.","separationBarriers":null,"separationDistanceUnsuitableHabitatat":5.0,"separationDistanceSuitableHabitatat":15.0,"altSeparationProcedure":null,"separationJustification":"Unsuitable habitat includes open water as well as other habitats through or over which birds may travel but in which they do not nest or forage much if at all.<br /><br />Occurrences are difficult to circumscribe because most species are partially migratory (i.e., some individuals migrate small or large distances whereas others are relatively sedentary) (see Schroeder and Braun 1993). Migrations may extend up to 12 kilometers in Blue Grouse (Pelren 1996), up to about 40 km (usually less than 25 km) in Greater Prairie-Chickens in Colorado (Schroeder and Braun 1993), and up to 170 km in Greater Prairie-Chickens in Wisconsin.<br /><br />Adult male (and probably adult female) Lesser Prairie-Chickens have high fidelity to breeding leks (Giesen 1998), and some leks have persisted more than 30 to 40 years (Copelin 1963, Giesen 1998). Largest individual home ranges recorded are of males in winter; in Texas, these ranged from 331-1945 hectares (n = 4; Taylor and Guthery 1980a). Maximum movements between spring leks and late-fall relocations was 20.8 kilometers for subadults and 3.2 kilometers for adults (Campbell 1970). Combined home ranges of males and females associated with breeding leks ranged from 25.2 to 61.9 square kilometers (minimum convex polygon) in Colorado (n = 4 leks; Giesen 1991).<br /><br />Female Greater Prairie-Chickens (T. c. attwateri) had winter home ranges as large as 910 hectares (Horkel 1979). Median female home range in late spring was 266 hectares (Schroeder 1991).<br /><br />Summer home ranges of sharp-tailed grouse range from 13 to 406 hectares (summarized by Connelly 1998). Individuals generally fly less than 5 kilometers to a winter range (Giesen and Connelly 1993), but can fly up to 20 kilometers (Meints 1991). Some ptarmigan (e.g. Rock in northern North America) can be considered migratory.<br /><br />Greater Sage-Grouse: average nest to lek distance about 3 kilometers (Connelly et al. 2000).<br /><br />Separation distance is somewhat arbitrary and is less than the extent of known seasonal movements of some species. However, a longer separation distance in many cases likely would yield unreasonably large occurrences or, for some species, might join separate populations as single occurrences. Note that locations separated by a gap exceeding the separation distance should be treated as the same occurrence if there is evidence indicating that such patches encompass the same population (e.g., individuals are known to migrate between the patches).","versionDate":"2019-11-05","versionAuthor":"Ormes, M.","versionNotes":"Mostly a copy of the \"not applicable LUC\", which notes that if summer and winter ranges are 15 kilometers apart, separate breeding and nonbreeding occurrences should be created.","lastModified":"2020-04-30T02:08:12.382135Z"}],"plantCharacteristics":null,"elementManagement":{"elementGlobalId":102622,"eoManagementGroupName":null,"stewardshipOverview":null,"impacts":null,"restorationPotential":null,"siteConservationPlansConsidered":null,"managementMethods":null,"monitoringMethods":null,"managementProgramContacts":null,"monitoringProgramContacts":null,"managementResearchPrograms":null,"managementResearchNeeds":null,"biologicalResearchNeeds":null,"additionalTopics":null},"occurrenceViabilities":[{"eoRankSpecsDetailId":104129,"eoRankSpecsGroupName":null,"locationUseClass":{"id":1,"locationUseClassDescEn":"Not applicable","locationUseClassDescEs":"No se aplica","locationUseClassDescFr":"Sans objet","displayOrder":1},"excellentViability":null,"goodViability":null,"fairViability":null,"poorViability":null,"viabilityJustification":"Use the Generic Guidelines for the Application of Occurrence Ranks (2008).<br>The Key for Ranking Species Occurrences Using the Generic Approach provides a step-wise process for implementing this method.","versionDate":null,"versionAuthor":null,"versionNotes":null,"lastModified":"2020-05-14T02:22:00.58392Z"}],"references":[{"id":153779,"citation":"American Ornithologists' Union (AOU). 1983. 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The Auk 121(3):985-995.","shortCitationAuthor":"American Ornithologists' Union (AOU)","shortCitationYear":2004,"referenceCode":"A04AOU01EHUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T18:13:10.382916Z"},{"id":153864,"citation":"Bergerud, A. T., and M. W. Gratson, editors. 1987. Adaptive strategies and population ecology of northern grouse. Univ. Minnesoat Press. 785 pp.","shortCitationAuthor":"Bergerud and Gratson","shortCitationYear":1987,"referenceCode":"B87BER01NAUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T18:18:05.528024Z"},{"id":101391,"citation":"Connelly, J. W., M. A. Schroeder, A. R. Sands, and C. E. Braun. 2000. Guidelines to manage sage grouse populations and their habitats. Wildlife Society Bulletin 28:967-985.","shortCitationAuthor":"Connelly et al.","shortCitationYear":2000,"referenceCode":"A00CON02NACA","lastModified":"2020-02-25T18:14:04.008746Z"},{"id":101058,"citation":"Copelin, F. F. 1963. The Lesser Prairie Chicken in Oklahoma. Oklahoma Wildlife Conservation Department Technical Bulletin 6.","shortCitationAuthor":"Copelin","shortCitationYear":1963,"referenceCode":"N63COP01EHUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T18:14:04.02435Z"},{"id":153881,"citation":"Ellsworth, D. L., R. L. Honeycut, and N. J. Silvy. 1995. Phylogenetic relationships among North American grouse inferred from restriction endonuclease analysis of mitochondrial DNA. Condor 97:492-502.","shortCitationAuthor":"Ellsworth et al.","shortCitationYear":1995,"referenceCode":"A95ELL01NAUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T18:18:05.528024Z"},{"id":150386,"citation":"Frederick, G. P., and R. J. Gutierrez. 1992. Habitat use and population characteristics of the white-tailed ptarmigan in the Sierra Nevada, California. Condor 94:889-902.","shortCitationAuthor":"Frederick and Gutierrez","shortCitationYear":1992,"referenceCode":"A92FRE01NAUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T18:18:05.528024Z"},{"id":106213,"citation":"Giesen, K. M. 1991. Population inventory and habitat use by Lesser Prairie-Chickens in southeast Colorado. Federal Aid in Wildlife Restoration Report W-152-R, Colorado Division of Wildlife.","shortCitationAuthor":"Giesen","shortCitationYear":1991,"referenceCode":"N91GIE01NACA","lastModified":"2020-02-25T18:14:04.02435Z"},{"id":129069,"citation":"Giesen, K.M. 1998. Lesser prairie-chicken (<i>Typanuchus pallidicinctus</i>). In A. Poole and F. Gill, editors. The Birds of North America, No. 364. The Birds of North America, Inc., Philadelphia, PA. 20 pp.","shortCitationAuthor":"Giesen","shortCitationYear":1998,"referenceCode":"N98GIE01NAUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T18:14:04.040009Z"},{"id":150387,"citation":"Giesen, K. M., and C. E. Braun. 1992. Winter home range and habitat characteristics of white-tailed ptarmigan in Colorado. Wilson Bull. 104:263-272.","shortCitationAuthor":"Giesen and Braun","shortCitationYear":1992,"referenceCode":"A92GIE01NAUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T18:18:05.528024Z"},{"id":100210,"citation":"Harrison, C. 1978. A Field Guide to the Nests, Eggs and Nestlings of North American Birds. Collins, Cleveland, Ohio.","shortCitationAuthor":"Harrison","shortCitationYear":1978,"referenceCode":"B78HAR01NAUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T14:38:12.657866Z"},{"id":107135,"citation":"Hoffman, R. W., and K. M. Giesen. 1983. Demography of an introduced population of white-tailed ptarmigan. Can. J. Zool. 61:1758-1764.","shortCitationAuthor":"Hoffman and Giesen","shortCitationYear":1983,"referenceCode":"A83HOF02NAUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T18:18:05.528024Z"},{"id":142698,"citation":"Horkel, J. D. 1979. Cover and space requirements of Attwater's prairie chicken (TYMPANUCHUS CUPIDO ATTWATERI) in Refugio County, Texas. Ph.D. Thesis. Texas A&M University, College Station. 96 pp.","shortCitationAuthor":"Horkel","shortCitationYear":1979,"referenceCode":"N79HOR01NACA","lastModified":"2020-02-25T18:14:04.008746Z"},{"id":115603,"citation":"Johnsgard, P.A. 1983b. The grouse of the world. University of Nebraska Press, Lincoln, NE. xvi + 413 pp.","shortCitationAuthor":"Johnsgard","shortCitationYear":1983,"referenceCode":"B83JOH02NAUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T18:16:12.198143Z"},{"id":1124384,"citation":"Langin, K.M., C.L. Aldridge, J.A. Fike, R.S. Cornman, K. Martin, G.T. Wann, A.E. Seglund, M.A. Schroeder, C.E. Braun, D.P. Benson, B.C. Fedy, J.R. Young, S. Wilson, D.H. Wolfe, and S.J. Oyler-McCance. 2018. Characterizing range-wide divergence in an alpine-endemic bird: a comparison of genetic and genomic approaches. 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Dispersal of a lesser prairie chicken (TYMPANUCHUS PALLIDICINCTUS). Southwestern Naturalist 25:124-125.","shortCitationAuthor":"Taylor and Guthery","shortCitationYear":1980,"referenceCode":"A80TAY03EHUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T18:14:04.008746Z"},{"id":148565,"citation":"Terres, J. K. 1980. The Audubon Society encyclopedia of North American birds. Alfred A. Knopf, New York.","shortCitationAuthor":"Terres","shortCitationYear":1980,"referenceCode":"B80TER01NAUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T14:38:12.657866Z"},{"id":1068805,"citation":"U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (USFWS). 2020. Endangered and Threatened Wildlife and Plants; Eleven Species Not Warranted for Listing as Endangered or Threatened Species. Federal Register 85(233):78029-78038.","shortCitationAuthor":"USFWS","shortCitationYear":2020,"referenceCode":"N20FWS13HQUS","lastModified":"2020-12-05T00:19:43.123457Z"},{"id":1124324,"citation":"U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (USFWS). 2021. Endangered and Threatened Wildlife and Plants; Threatened Species Status for Mount Rainier White-Tailed Ptarmigan With a Section 4(d) Rule. Federal Register 86(113): 31668-31692.","shortCitationAuthor":"U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (USFWS)","shortCitationYear":2021,"referenceCode":"N21FWS53NAUS","lastModified":"2023-03-04T04:57:29.375901Z"},{"id":1124326,"citation":"U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (USFWS). 2021. Species status assessment report for Mount Rainier White-tailed Ptarmigan (<i>Lagopus leucura rainierensis</i>). Version 1. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Department of Interior Region 9. 157 pp.","shortCitationAuthor":"U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (USFWS)","shortCitationYear":2021,"referenceCode":"N21FWS54NAUS","lastModified":"2023-03-04T04:57:29.375901Z"},{"id":1114047,"citation":"U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (USFWS). 2022. Review of Species That Are Candidates for Listing as Endangered or Threatened; Annual Notification of Findings on Resubmitted Petitions; Annual Description of Progress on Listing Actions. Notification of Review Federal Register 87(85): 26152-26178.","shortCitationAuthor":"USFWS","shortCitationYear":2022,"referenceCode":"N22FWS09HQUS","lastModified":"2022-06-03T23:02:08.899148Z"},{"id":1143268,"citation":"U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (USFWS). 2024. Endangered and Threatened Wildlife and Plants; Threatened Species Status for Mount Rainier White-Tailed Ptarmigan With a Section 4(d) Rule. Final rule. Federal Register 89(128): 55091-55113.","shortCitationAuthor":"USFWS","shortCitationYear":2024,"referenceCode":"N24FWS14NAUS","lastModified":"2024-10-05T00:18:18.607493Z"}],"otherCommonNames":[{"id":112400,"name":"Lagopède à queue blanche","language":"FR"},{"id":144834,"name":"white-tailed ptarmigan","language":"EN"}],"speciesGlobal":{"elementGlobalId":102622,"cites":null,"cosewic":null,"fwsRegion":null,"genusSize":{"id":2,"genusSizeDescEn":"Very small genus","genusSizeDescEs":"Un género muy pequeño","genusSizeDescFr":"Très petit genre"},"jurisEndem":{"id":5,"jurisEndemDescEn":"occurs (regularly, as a native taxon) in multiple nations","jurisEndemDescEs":"Se encuentra en varias naciones (de manera regular, como un taxón nativo)","jurisEndemDescFr":"Se trouve dans plusieurs nations (de façon régulière, tel un taxon indigène)"},"nomenclaturallyEst":null,"usesa":null,"informalTaxonomy":{"informalTaxonomyId":4,"level1":"Animals","level2":"Vertebrates","level3":"Birds","level":3,"hasChildren":false,"parentId":2,"distributionStatus":"complete","displayOrder":1070},"parentSpecies":null,"infraspecies":false,"kingdom":"Animalia","phylum":"Craniata","taxclass":"Aves","taxorder":"Galliformes","family":"Phasianidae","genus":"Lagopus","americanFisheriesStatus":null,"americanFisheriesStatusDate":null,"saraStatus":null,"saraStatusDate":null,"cosewicDate":null,"interpretedCosewic":null,"cosewicComments":null,"usesaDate":null,"interpretedUsesa":"PS:T","usesaComments":"USFWS (2024) determined threatened status for subspecies<i> rainierensis</i> (Washington and British Columbia). This rule was published in the Federal Register on July 3, 2024 and is effective August 2, 2024. It was proposed threatened on June 15, 2021 (USFWS 2021). Subspecies <i>altipetens</i> does not warrant listing as an endangered or threatened species under the Endangered Species Act (USFWS 2020).","completeDistribution":true,"synonyms":[{"id":110087,"synonym":"Lagopus leucurus","synonymAuthor":"(Richardson, 1831)","formattedSynonym":"<i>Lagopus leucurus</i>"}],"infraspeciesList":[{"infraspeciesId":101403,"uniqueId":"ELEMENT_GLOBAL.2.101403","formattedScientificName":"<i>Lagopus leucura saxatilis</i>","scientificName":"Lagopus leucura saxatilis","primaryCommonName":"Vancouver Island White-tailed Ptarmigan","nsxUrl":"/Taxon/ELEMENT_GLOBAL.2.101403/Lagopus_leucura_saxatilis"},{"infraspeciesId":104900,"uniqueId":"ELEMENT_GLOBAL.2.104900","formattedScientificName":"<i>Lagopus leucura altipetens</i>","scientificName":"Lagopus leucura altipetens","primaryCommonName":"Southern White-tailed Ptarmigan","nsxUrl":"/Taxon/ELEMENT_GLOBAL.2.104900/Lagopus_leucura_altipetens"},{"infraspeciesId":1270011,"uniqueId":"ELEMENT_GLOBAL.2.1270011","formattedScientificName":"<i>Lagopus leucura rainierensis</i>","scientificName":"Lagopus leucura rainierensis","primaryCommonName":"Mount Rainier White-tailed Ptarmigan","nsxUrl":"/Taxon/ELEMENT_GLOBAL.2.1270011/Lagopus_leucura_rainierensis"}],"ebarId":null,"ebarCanadianScope":false,"ebarGlobalScope":false,"ebarKbaGroup":"Birds","caGeneralStatusId":"GS001095"},"speciesCharacteristics":{"elementGlobalId":102622,"reproductionComments":"Female incubates 4-7, sometimes 3-9, eggs for 22-23 days (Harrison 1978). Nestlings are precocial and downy. Brood size in Sierra Nevada averaged 2.6-2.8; brood size in five areas in Colorado was 3.2-4.5; brood size at flight age in Montana was 3.3-3.5. Young are guarded by both parents, capable of flying in about 10 days. Monogamous. In the Sierra Nevada, reproductive success decreased with increasing spring snow depth (Condor 94:622-627).","ecologyComments":"Broods stay together in family groups until following spring (Harrison 1978). Sedentary. In the Sierra Nevada, overall density was 4.4-5.7/100 ha in breeding season, 4.7-7.1/100 ha postbreeding; density within occupied habitat was 10.5-14.2/100 ha in breeding season, 21.8-27.7/100 ha postbreeding; number of breeding pairs was 1.8/100 ha and 2.8/100 ha in two areas (Frederick and Gutierrez 1992). Overall breeding density at Logan Pass, Montana, was 6.8/100 ha; density within suitable habitat was 19.3/100 ha; 10.6/100 ha postbreeding. In Colorado, breeding density in three unhunted populations was 9.6-11.9/100 ha; 15.7-23.4 postbreeding (see Frederick and Gutierrez 1992). In Colorado, winter home ranges of 17 females averaged 1.62 sq km (4 of these averaged 2.44 sq km); those of 2 males averaged 0.44 sq km; winter density averaged 10-20 birds/sq km (Giesen and Braun 1992).","habitatComments":"Alpine tundra, especially in rocky areas with sparse vegetation (AOU 1983). Summer habitats in the Rocky Mountains consistently include moist, low-growing alpine vegetation. In Colorado, percent canopy cover of willow was higher at winter feeding sites than at random sites (Giesen and Braun 1992). In the Sierra Nevada, breeding season habitats were in areas of tall (>30 cm) willow shrubs and contained more subshrub, moss, and boulder cover than in unused habitats; in postbreeding season, used topographic depressions within breeding territories; brooding hens used moist meadows, while flocks occupied sites with abundant boulders; primarily used the <i>Salix anglorum antiplasta</i> vegetation alliance on rocky, north-facing slopes; willow abundance and proximity to water were important habitat factors (Frederick and Gutierrez 1992). Nests in alpine tundra, in rocky areas or sparsely vegetated, grassy slopes. Tends to search for vacant territory in natal area. High fidelity to breeding territory in successive years.","generalDescription":null,"diagnosticCharacteristics":null,"speciesMarineHabitats":[],"speciesTerrestrialHabitats":[{"cagTerrHabId":-108019,"terrestrialHabitat":{"id":12,"terrestrialHabitatDescEn":"Alpine","terrestrialHabitatDescEs":"Alpino","terrestrialHabitatDescFr":"Alpin","displayOrder":14}},{"cagTerrHabId":-108020,"terrestrialHabitat":{"id":17,"terrestrialHabitatDescEn":"Bare rock/talus/scree","terrestrialHabitatDescEs":"Roca viva/pendiente de roca/piedras sueltas","terrestrialHabitatDescFr":"Éboulis","displayOrder":20}}],"speciesRiverineHabitats":[],"speciesPalustrineHabitats":[],"speciesLacustrineHabitats":[],"speciesSubterraneanHabitats":[],"speciesEstuarineHabitats":[]},"primaryReference":{"id":341459,"citation":"American Ornithologists' Union (AOU). 2004. Forty-fifth supplement to the American Ornithologists' Union Check-list of North American Birds. The Auk 121(3):985-995.","shortCitationAuthor":"American Ornithologists' Union (AOU)","shortCitationYear":2004,"referenceCode":"A04AOU01EHUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T18:13:10.382916Z"},"predecessors":[],"elementGlobalThreatAssessments":[]}