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species or habitat","dataSensitiveCategoryDescEs":null,"dataSensitiveCategoryDescFr":null,"nsStandardInd":true},"srank":"SH","speciesSubnational":{"elementSubnationalId":349918,"hybrid":false,"exotic":false,"native":true}},{"elementSubnationalId":282058,"subnation":{"id":33,"nameEn":"Montana","nameEs":"Montana","nameFr":"Montana","subnationCode":"MT","dnationId":225},"roundedSRank":"S1","dataSensitive":{"id":2,"dataSensitiveDescEn":"No","dataSensitiveDescEs":null,"dataSensitiveDescFr":null,"dataSensitiveCode":"N"},"dataSensitiveCategory":null,"srank":"S1S2","speciesSubnational":{"elementSubnationalId":282058,"hybrid":false,"exotic":false,"native":true}},{"elementSubnationalId":328234,"subnation":{"id":47,"nameEn":"Rhode Island","nameEs":"Rhode Island","nameFr":"Rhode Island","subnationCode":"RI","dnationId":225},"roundedSRank":"S2","dataSensitive":{"id":2,"dataSensitiveDescEn":"No","dataSensitiveDescEs":null,"dataSensitiveDescFr":null,"dataSensitiveCode":"N"},"dataSensitiveCategory":null,"srank":"S2","speciesSubnational":{"elementSubnationalId":328234,"hybrid":false,"exotic":false,"native":true}},{"elementSubnationalId":364567,"subnation":{"id":36,"nameEn":"Nebraska","nameEs":"Nebraska","nameFr":"Nebraska","subnationCode":"NE","dnationId":225},"roundedSRank":"S1","dataSensitive":{"id":3,"dataSensitiveDescEn":"Conditional","dataSensitiveDescEs":null,"dataSensitiveDescFr":null,"dataSensitiveCode":"C"},"dataSensitiveCategory":null,"srank":"S1S2","speciesSubnational":{"elementSubnationalId":364567,"hybrid":false,"exotic":false,"native":true}},{"elementSubnationalId":358222,"subnation":{"id":42,"nameEn":"Ohio","nameEs":"Ohio","nameFr":"Ohio","subnationCode":"OH","dnationId":225},"roundedSRank":"S1","dataSensitive":{"id":2,"dataSensitiveDescEn":"No","dataSensitiveDescEs":null,"dataSensitiveDescFr":null,"dataSensitiveCode":"N"},"dataSensitiveCategory":null,"srank":"S1","speciesSubnational":{"elementSubnationalId":358222,"hybrid":false,"exotic":false,"native":true}},{"elementSubnationalId":309861,"subnation":{"id":25,"nameEn":"Maryland","nameEs":"Maryland","nameFr":"Maryland","subnationCode":"MD","dnationId":225},"roundedSRank":"S1","dataSensitive":{"id":2,"dataSensitiveDescEn":"No","dataSensitiveDescEs":null,"dataSensitiveDescFr":null,"dataSensitiveCode":"N"},"dataSensitiveCategory":null,"srank":"S1","speciesSubnational":{"elementSubnationalId":309861,"hybrid":false,"exotic":false,"native":true}}],"nrankReviewYear":null,"nrank":"NNR","speciesNational":{"elementNationalId":162070,"exotic":false,"native":true}}],"lastModified":"2026-10-02T21:39:26.097145Z","lastPublished":"2026-10-02T21:32:08.892226Z","promotionalDescription":"Recognizable by its long ears and glossy brown fur, the northern myotis, also known as the northern long-eared bat, is a small, insect-eating bat species native to North America. This species has a long tail and a broad wingspan, which help it to maneuver while hunting for insects in slow flight. Unfortunately, a rapidly spreading fungal disease known as white-nose syndrome has caused an estimated 90% decline in northern long-eared bat populations. Consequently, the northern myotis is now recognized as Endangered under the U.S. Endangered Species Act and by the Committee on the Status of Endangered Wildlife in Canada.","conceptLineageSummary":null,"nsxUrl":"/Taxon/ELEMENT_GLOBAL.2.102615/Myotis_septentrionalis","grankAdjustmentReasons":null,"grankChangeDate":"2021-12-02","grankReviewDate":"2021-12-02","grankReasons":"Large range in the eastern and north-central United States and much of southern Canada; many hibernacula and maternity roost sites; does not form large colonies; severe recent declines in abundance associated with rapidly spreading white-nose syndrome have occurred in eastern North America, and the disease is expected to spread across the species' range; threats from wind-energy development, winter and summer habitat modification, destruction and disturbance of habitat (e.g., vandalism to hibernacula, roost tree removal), climate change, and contaminants may be significant for WNS-reduced populations.","grank":"G2G3","rankInfo":{"elementGlobalId":102615,"aooPercentGood":null,"enviromentalSpecificity":null,"intrinsicVulnerability":null,"longTermTrend":{"id":3,"longTermTrendDescEn":"Decline of >70%","longTermTrendDescEs":"Disminución de >70%.","longTermTrendDescFr":"Diminution de >70 %"},"numberEos":null,"numberGoodEos":null,"numberProtEos":null,"popSize":{"id":31,"popSizeDescEn":"10,000 - 100,000 individuals","popSizeDescEs":"De 10.000 a 100.000 individuos","popSizeDescFr":"De 10 000 à 100 000 individus"},"rangeExtent":{"id":35,"rangeExtentDescEn":">2,500,000 square km (greater than 1,000,000 square miles)","rangeExtentDescEs":">2.500.000 kilómetros cuadrados (más ","rangeExtentDescFr":">2 500 000 km carrés (plus de 1 000 000 miles carrés)"},"shortTermTrend":{"id":3,"shortTermTrendDescEn":"Decline of >70%","shortTermTrendDescEs":"Disminución de >70%.","shortTermTrendDescFr":"Diminution de >70 %"},"threatImpactAssigned":{"id":2,"threatImpactAssignedDescEn":"Very high - high","threatImpactAssignedDescEs":"Muy alto - alto","threatImpactAssignedDescFr":"Très élevé — élevé"},"rangeExtentComments":"This bat is widely but patchily distributed in the eastern and north-central United States and adjacent southern Canada, from eastern British Columbia and southern Yukon eastward across southern Canada to eastern Quebec, Prince Edward Island, and Newfoundland, and southward to southern Texas (one old record), Louisiana, Alabama, Georgia, and Florida (one old record from panhandle), and westward in the United States generally to the eastern margin of the Great Plains region (Barbour and Davis 1969, Harvey 1992, van Zyll de Jong 1985, Hall 1981, Crnkovic 2003, Wilson and Reeder 2005, Amelon and Burhans 2006, Marks and Marks 2006, Henderson et al. 2009, Ammerman et al. 2012, Park and Broders 2012). The overall summer and winter ranges are essentially the same (Barbour and Davis 1969).","areaOfOccupancy":null,"areaOfOccupancyComments":null,"numberEosComments":"The number of distinct occurrences has not been determined using standardized criteria. More than 780 hibernacula have been identified throughout the species' range in the United States, although many hibernacula contain only a few (1 to 3) individuals (Barbour and Davis 1969, Whitaker and Hamilton 1998, USFWS 2013). Missouri, Pennsylvania, and West Virginia each have greater than 100 known hibernacula (USFWS 2013). The species is now absent from or very scarce in some of the historical hibernacula (see trend and threats comments). This species also is represented by a large number of maternity roost sites.","popSizeComments":"Total adult population size is unknown but presumably at least 10,000 and perhaps greater than 100,000. Although there are hundreds of hibernating colonies rangewide, these colonies rarely comprise even as many as 50 individuals (very exceptionally 300), suggesting that the overall population (even before the incidence of white-nose syndrome) was relatively small. <br/><br/>Prior to the incidence of white-nose syndrome, this species was regarded as more common in the northern part of the range than in the south (Harvey 1992), and it was rare in the northwestern portion of the range (Nagorsen and Brigham 1993, Caceres and Barclay 2000). It was reported as very rare in Alabama (Best, pers. comm.), uncommon in Indiana, Kentucky, Tennessee, and Wisconsin (Mumford and Cope 1964, Harvey 1991, Jackson 1961), more common in northern Michigan than in southern Michigan (Kurta 1982), and quite common in New York (Hamilton and Whitaker 1979). However, recent surveys using mist nets in upland areas revealed that this species was much more common in the Tennessee-Kentucky-Arkansas-Missouri parts of its range than previous work indicated (E. Britzke, pers. comm., 2015).","viabilityComments":null,"threatImpactComments":"The most serious threat is white-nose syndrome (WNS), an often (but not always) lethal condition caused by a fungal pathogen (<i>Pseudogymnoascus destructans</i>). WNS was first noticed in 2006 in New York. Since its initial discovery, WNS has spread rapidly (confirmed in more than 100 bat hibernacula) and now has been documented throughout northeastern North America and as far west as Missouri and Arkansas, and south to northern Alabama and northern Georgia (as of May 2014; www.whitenosesyndrome.org). WNS affects <i>Myotis septentrionalis</i> and several other bat species (Gargas et al. 2009) and has resulted in several million bat deaths in the northeastern United States in recent years. Though <i>M. septentrionalis </i>was not common in surveys in the northeastern United States before the recognition of WNS, counts of this species subsequently have declined to zero in many caves since the advent of the disease (Hicks et al. 2008). As of 2013, WNS was still spreading and was documented in 22 of the 39 states in which the species occurs). As of early 2015, WNS was still spreading but was confined primarily to areas east of the Mississippi River (plus several locations in Arkansas and Missouri, with suspected instances in Iowa and Minnesota).The vast majority of known hibernacula are in regions where WNS has been confirmed. USFWS (2013) found no information to indicate that there are areas within the species' range that will not be impacted by the disease or that similar rates of decline (to what has been observed in the East, where the disease had been present for at most 8 years) will not occur throughout the species' range.<br/><br/>USFWS (2013) determined that although several activities, such as construction of physical barriers at cave accesses, mining, flooding, vandalism, development, and timber harvest may modify or destroy <i>M. septentrionalis</i> habitat, however, these activities alone are not thought to have significant, population-level effects on the species. Climate change, contaminants, wind energy development, and prescribed burning also are not believed to be significant threats alone. However, these factors may have a cumulative effect on the northern long-eared bat when added to white-nose syndrome, because the disease has led to dramatic population declines in the species (USFWS 2013).<br/><br/>Loss, degradation, and fragmentation of mature forest habitat (associated with various kinds of human activities, such as logging; oil, gas, and mineral development; and wind energy development) also may be a significant threat (Center for Biological Diversity 2010, USFWS 2011). However, the general lack of genetic structure at both watershed and regional scales indicates that forest disturbances such as prescribed fire or timber harvest at watershed scales do not appear to disrupt northern myotis gene flow across the landscape (Johnson et al. 2014).<br/><br/>Mortality caused directly by wind turbines may pose a significant threat in some areas (USFWS 2011).<br/><br/>Closures of mines used for hibernation are a potential threat, but there is no evidence that mine closures are currently affecting <i>Myotis septentrionalis</i> populations (USFWS 2011).<br/><br/>This species is sensitive to disturbance during hibernation (Garner, pers. comm., Thomas 1995); frequently aroused bats may deplete their energy reserves. Nursery colonies are very sensitive to disturbance by humans; bats may move to an alternate roost after a single disturbance, even if no attempt is made to capture the bats (Layne 1978).","shortTermTrendComments":"Range-wide trend over the past 10 years or three generations is uncertain, but the number of subpopulations as well as the overall population size clearly have declined to a large degree. Abundance has declined sharply (approximately 99 percent, hibernacula counts) over the past decade in the northeastern portion of the range; summer survey data declines of 93-98 percent) have confirmed this high rate of decline (USFWS 2013). Trend of populations in the northwestern part of the range, where WNS had not been documented as of mid-2014, presumably has been relatively stable or slowly declining. However, this area comprises the minority of the full range, and the vast majority of known hibernacula are in areas affected by WNS.","longTermTrendComments":"Range-wide trend over the long term is uncertain, but the number of subpopulations as well as the overall population size clearly have declined (see short-term trend comments).<br/><br/>Prior to incidence of white-nose syndrome, adequate data to assess trends were not available. Anecdotal observations did not indicate any obvious declines. There were no published reports of declines in this species, and population data that did exist were too spatially and temporally scattered to reveal a trend.","inventoryNeeds":null,"numberProtEosComments":"Many hibernacula are protected from destruction, closure, and disturbance, but this does not protect the bat populations from disease.","protectionNeeds":"Implementation of measures that prevent/reduce the spread of white-nose syndrome is essential. Minimizing disturbance through proper gating of caves and mines throughout the range (rather than closing mines) would benefit hibernating populations of this species as well as a number of other bats.","otherConsiderations":null,"intrinsicVulnerabilityComments":null,"enviromentalSpecificityComments":null},"animalCharacteristics":{"elementGlobalId":102615,"majorHabitat":{"id":3,"majorHabitatDescEn":"Terrestrial","majorHabitatDescEs":"Terrestre","majorHabitatDescFr":"Terrestre"},"nonMigrant":true,"localMigrant":true,"longDistanceMigrant":false,"mobilityMigrationComments":"Barbour and Davis (1969) reported that the winter and summer geographic ranges of the species appear to be identical. However, the lack of hibernacula and gravid or nursing females in some areas indicates that significant portions of the population may move seasonally. Late summer swarming behavior resulting in relatively high concentrations at some caves indicates that there is some degree of local or regional movement prior to reproduction. The low numbers of females captured at cave entrances and along streams throughout the summer in Missouri indicates dispersal to maternity sites, perhaps beyond the cave region of the state (Caire et al. 1979). The lack of hibernacula in southern Michigan suggests that bats must migrate either south to the karst regions of Indiana and Ohio or north to the abandoned mines of the Upper Peninsula to overwinter (Kurta 1982). A few observations indicate that this species is capable of moving relatively long distances, often in a short period of time. One male recaptured by Caire et al. (1979) in Missouri had traveled at least 56 km in about one month, from its cave of origin to its apparent summering area where it was found behind the shutter of a house. Griffin (1945) reported one individual that flew approximately 100 kilometers between two caves sometime between February and April of the same year. Recent accounts suggest that migrations are limited (~100 km between winter hibernacula (i.e., mating sites) and summer ranges (Caceres and Barclay 2000, Fleming and Eby 2003).<br /><br />Recent genetic data indicate that movements and genetic interchanges among populations may be considerable. Johnson et al. (2014) analyzed variation at 10 nuclear DNA microsatellite markers in 182 individuals at multiple spatial scales, from within first-order to larger regional areas in West Virginia and New York. Groups of M. septentrionalis were genetically indistinguishable at any spatial scale, and the collective population maintained high genetic diversity. The authors hypothesized that the bats' ability to migrate, exploit small forest patches, and use networks of mating sites located throughout the Appalachian Mountains, Interior Highlands, and elsewhere in the hibernation range have allowed northern myotis to maintain high genetic diversity and gene flow regardless of forest disturbances at local and regional spatial scales.<br /><br />Radiotelemetry data from maternity colonies in West Virginia indicate that the bats occupy small roosting ranges that often are isolated in single watersheds (Menzel et al. 2002, Johnson et al. 2009).","foodHabitsComments":"This species evidently is an opportunistic insectivore (Kunz 1973); prey composition varies widely among sites and seasons; diet includes Lepidoptera, Coleoptera, Neuroptera, Diptera, Hymenoptera, Homoptera, and Hemiptera (Whitaker 1972, LaVal and LaVal 1980, Griffith and Gates 1985, Dodd et al. 2012; see also Ammerman et al. 2012r for a review of other recent information). These bats capture flying insects and also glean prey from plants or the forest floor.","animalPhenologyComments":"Hibernation occurs from late summer/early fall to spring. In more northerly locations, hibernation begins earlier in the fall and extends later into the spring. In Missouri, hibernation has been reported from October to late March, with numbers of individuals captured at cave entrances beginning to decline significantly in September (Caire et al. 1979). In Michigan's Upper Peninsula, hibernation began by late August, while the earliest reported capture of an active bat in the spring was a gravid female on 29 May (Kurta 1980) in the southern Lower Peninsula. In New England, arrival at hibernation caves begins by early October (Griffin 1940). In Indiana, a few flew outside a hibernation site periodically throughout winter, especially in mild weather; feeding apparently did not begin until mid-March (Whitaker and Rissler 1992). <br /><br />In summer, an activity peak generally occurs 1-2 hours after sunset, with a secondary peak 7-8 hours after sunset. Nocturnal insects often exhibit a strong flight period among nocturnal insects beginning before sunset, peaking near midnight, and waning throughout the early morning hours, and a second but less intense flight period may occur before sunrise (see Kunz 1973). In Iowa, both LASIONYCTERIS NOCTIVAGANS and MYOTIS SEPTENTRIONALIS showed a similar bimodal activity pattern with a period of reduced activity from 4 to 6 hours after sunset (Kunz 1973).","colonialBreeder":true,"length":9,"width":null,"weight":8,"animalPhenologies":[{"animalCagPhenologyId":101930,"animalPhenology":{"id":1,"animalPhenologyDescEn":"Hibernates/aestivates","animalPhenologyDescEs":"Hibernación/Estivación","animalPhenologyDescFr":"Hiberne/estive","displayOrder":1},"adult":true,"immature":true},{"animalCagPhenologyId":101931,"animalPhenology":{"id":4,"animalPhenologyDescEn":"Nocturnal","animalPhenologyDescEs":"Nocturno","animalPhenologyDescFr":"Nocturne","displayOrder":4},"adult":true,"immature":true}],"animalFoodHabits":[{"animalCagFoodHabitsId":103601,"foodHabits":{"id":3,"foodHabitsDescEn":"Invertivore","foodHabitsDescEs":"Invertívoro","foodHabitsDescFr":"Invertivore","displayOrder":3},"adult":true,"immature":true}]},"occurrenceDelineations":[{"eoSpecsDetailId":156330,"locationUseClass":{"id":2,"locationUseClassDescEn":"Breeding","locationUseClassDescEs":"En reproducción","locationUseClassDescFr":"Reproduction","displayOrder":2},"eoSpecGroupName":"Small and Medium Bats","subtypes":null,"inferredExtentDistance":null,"inferredExtentNotes":null,"minimumEoCriteria":"An area occupied either historically or at present by a persisting or recurring breeding population during spring/summer (approximately May through August). Includes mist net captures away from colony sites obtained even if the associated roost site is not known. Identification evidence minimally includes collection or reliable observation and detailed documentation of one or more individuals. In certain regions, echolocation sequences of individuals may be considered reliable observations for certain species that can be confidently identified by their echolocation calls alone, although caution must be used in determining Location Use Class for such observations during the breeding season.","mappingGuidance":null,"separationBarriers":"None.","separationDistanceUnsuitableHabitatat":5.0,"separationDistanceSuitableHabitatat":5.0,"altSeparationProcedure":null,"separationJustification":"It is impractical to attempt to delineate occurrences on the basis of discrete populations. Instead, the assigned separation distance is intended to generate occurrences that consist of spatially proximate roost sites and capture locations.","versionDate":"2014-07-02","versionAuthor":"Hammerson, G.","versionNotes":null,"lastModified":"2020-04-30T02:05:57.942669Z"},{"eoSpecsDetailId":1202,"locationUseClass":{"id":3,"locationUseClassDescEn":"Nonbreeding","locationUseClassDescEs":"No reproducción","locationUseClassDescFr":"Non-reproduction","displayOrder":3},"eoSpecGroupName":"Small and Medium Bats","subtypes":"Diurnal Roost, Foraging Area, Nocturnal Roost","inferredExtentDistance":null,"inferredExtentNotes":"No inferred extent given, since foraging areas may be separated from colony.","minimumEoCriteria":"A site occupied either historically or at present by a recurring population of migrating or otherwise nonhibernating individuals during the nonbreeding season. Identification evidence minimally includes collection or reliable observation and detailed documentation of one or more individuals. In certain regions, recorded echolocation sequences of individuals may be considered reliable observations for certain species that can be confidently identified by their echolocation calls alone.","mappingGuidance":null,"separationBarriers":"Studies suggest that major roads and highways can be a barrier to bat movement, although the effects may vary depending on species, landscape context, nearby tree cover, and level of traffic (Kerth and Melber 2009, Abbott et al. 2012, USFWS 2019).","separationDistanceUnsuitableHabitatat":5.0,"separationDistanceSuitableHabitatat":5.0,"altSeparationProcedure":null,"separationJustification":"The assigned separation distance is intended to generate occurrences that consist of spatially proximate roost sites and capture locations. However, include in the same occurrence (1) any roost sites between which individuals are known to move, regardless of how far apart they are, and (2) known significant foraging areas of occurrences that are based on roost sites.<br/><br/>In California, Fellers and Pierson (2002) studied a group of <i>Corynorhinus townsendii</i> inhabiting a maternity colony site after the nursery season had passed and found that the mean center of female foraging activity was 3.2 kilometers from the diurnal roost, whereas the mean center of male foraging activity was only 1.3 kilometers from the roost. No bats traveled more than 10.5 kilometers from the roost, and individuals showed considerable loyalty to the primary roost. Otherwise, little movement data are available.","versionDate":"2001-04-19","versionAuthor":"Cannings, S.","versionNotes":null,"lastModified":"2024-04-05T22:15:29.046777Z"},{"eoSpecsDetailId":1200,"locationUseClass":{"id":7,"locationUseClassDescEn":"Hibernaculum","locationUseClassDescEs":"Hibernáculo","locationUseClassDescFr":"Gîte d’hibernation","displayOrder":8},"eoSpecGroupName":"Small and Medium Bats","subtypes":"Hibernaculum, Pre-hibernation roost site","inferredExtentDistance":null,"inferredExtentNotes":null,"minimumEoCriteria":"A site occupied either historically or at present by a recurring population of hibernating individuals. Identification evidence minimally includes collection or reliable observation and detailed documentation of one or more individuals. EO also includes immediately surrounding areas used by bats immediately before hibernation, where these areas are known.","mappingGuidance":"Cave/mine passages should be projected to the surface for the purpose of mapping EO boundary.","separationBarriers":"None.","separationDistanceUnsuitableHabitatat":5.0,"separationDistanceSuitableHabitatat":5.0,"altSeparationProcedure":null,"separationJustification":"These bats sometimes move long distances between different hibernacula. For example, individuals of M. LUCIFUGUS and M. SEPTENTRIONALIS have been recorded flying up to 219 and 89 kilometers respectively between hibernacula during the winter months (Linzey 1998, Griffin 1940). However, <br/>such movements are not a good basis for distinguishing occurrences (occurrences would become too expansive). The assigned separation distance is intended to generate occurrences that consist of spatially proximate hibernacula. <br/><br/>Separation distances suggested take into account the fact that, during the fall, some bats (e.g. M. SODALIS) swarm and mate at their hibernaculum, and males roost in trees nearby during the day and fly to the cave during the night. In two studies, M. SODALIS males roosted within a maximum of 5.6 kilometers of the hibernaculum (Kiser and Elliott 1996; Craig Stihler, West Virginia Division of Natural Resources, pers. observ., October 1996, cited in USFWS 1999). <br/><br/>Although they do not generally fly from one hibernaculum to another, hibernating bats are known to wake and move around to some extent within their hibernating site. As long as the areas are connected (even though they may not be passable by humans) the bats could be expected to move from one part of the system to another (e.g. MYOTIS SODALIS, Clawson et al. 1980).","versionDate":"2004-03-29","versionAuthor":"Cannings, S., and G. Hammerson","versionNotes":null,"lastModified":"2024-02-03T00:58:53.501779Z"},{"eoSpecsDetailId":1199,"locationUseClass":{"id":8,"locationUseClassDescEn":"Maternity colony","locationUseClassDescEs":"Zona de maternidad","locationUseClassDescFr":"Pouponnière","displayOrder":9},"eoSpecGroupName":"Small and Medium Bats","subtypes":"Colony Site, Foraging Area, Nocturnal Roost","inferredExtentDistance":null,"inferredExtentNotes":"No inferred extent given, since foraging areas may be separated from colony.","minimumEoCriteria":"An area occupied either historically or at present by a persisting or recurring population of breeding females and their young during summer (approximately May through August). Includes mist net captures away from colony sites obtained during the summer months even if the associated roost site is not known. Identification evidence minimally includes collection or reliable observation and detailed documentation of one or more individuals. In certain regions, echolocation sequences of individuals may be considered reliable observations for certain species that can be confidently identified by their echolocation calls alone, although caution must be used in determining Location Use Class for such observations during the breeding season.","mappingGuidance":"The EO includes both the colony site and the associated foraging areas. If separate, the colony site and foraging areas are bounded by separate polygons; that is, areas over which the bats simply commute to and from foraging areas and the colony are not included in the EO.","separationBarriers":"None.","separationDistanceUnsuitableHabitatat":5.0,"separationDistanceSuitableHabitatat":5.0,"altSeparationProcedure":null,"separationJustification":"It is impractical to attempt to delineate occurrences on the basis of discrete populations. Instead, the assigned separation distance is intended to generate occurrences that consist of spatially proximate roost sites and capture locations.<br/><br/>Nursing female <i>Myotis sodalis</i> moved an average of 1.04 kilometers from roost to center of foraging area, giving a mean foraging diameter of 2.08 kilometers; however, post-lactating females moved more than twice as far, travelling an average of 2.6 kilometers (Garner and Gardner 1992). In Indiana, 11 foraging adult females that were tracked for 2-7 days moved up to 8.4 km from their roost; home range during this brief period averaged 3.35 square kilometers (Sparks et al. 2005). <i>Myotis grisescens</i> females move up to 6.6 kilometers (Tuttle 1976). Female <i>M. septentrionalis</i> had an average foraging home range of 61.1 hectares (Menzel et al. 1999), equivalent to a circle with a diameter of 880 meters.","versionDate":"2001-03-08","versionAuthor":"Cannings, S.","versionNotes":null,"lastModified":"2024-02-03T00:58:53.501779Z"},{"eoSpecsDetailId":1201,"locationUseClass":{"id":9,"locationUseClassDescEn":"Bachelor colony","locationUseClassDescEs":"Zona de machos","locationUseClassDescFr":"Colonie de mâles","displayOrder":10},"eoSpecGroupName":"Small and Medium Bats","subtypes":"Diurnal Roost, Foraging Area, Nocturnal Roost","inferredExtentDistance":null,"inferredExtentNotes":"No inferred extent given, since foraging areas may be separated from colony.","minimumEoCriteria":"An area occupied either historically or at present by a persisting or recurring population of males during summer (approximately May through August). Includes mist net captures away from roost sites obtained during the summer months even if the actual roost site(s) are not known. Identification evidence minimally includes collection or reliable observation and detailed documentation of one or more individuals. In certain regions, recorded echolocation sequences of individuals may be considered reliable observations for certain species that can be confidently identified by their echolocation calls alone, although caution must be used in determining Location Use Class for such observations during the breeding season.","mappingGuidance":"EO includes both the colony site and the associated foraging areas. If separate, the colony site and foraging areas are bounded by separate polygons; that is, areas over which the bats simply commute to and from foraging areas and the colony are not included in the EO.","separationBarriers":"None.","separationDistanceUnsuitableHabitatat":5.0,"separationDistanceSuitableHabitatat":5.0,"altSeparationProcedure":null,"separationJustification":"The assigned separation distance is intended to generate occurrences that consist of spatially proximate roost sites and capture locations. However, include in the same occurrence (1) any roost sites between which significant of individuals are known to move, regardless of how far apart they are, and (2) known significant foraging areas of occurrences that are based on roost sites.<br/><br/>In two studies, male <i>Myotis sodalis</i> foraged a maximum of 2.0 and 4.2 kilometers from their summer roosts (summarized in USFWS 1999).","versionDate":"2004-03-29","versionAuthor":"Cannings, S., and G. Hammerson","versionNotes":null,"lastModified":"2024-02-03T00:58:53.501779Z"},{"eoSpecsDetailId":156353,"locationUseClass":{"id":21,"locationUseClassDescEn":"Roost","locationUseClassDescEs":null,"locationUseClassDescFr":"Aire de repos","displayOrder":11},"eoSpecGroupName":"Small and Medium Bats","subtypes":null,"inferredExtentDistance":null,"inferredExtentNotes":"No inferred extent given, since foraging areas may be separated from colony.","minimumEoCriteria":"An area occupied either historically or at present by a persisting or recurring population during summer (approximately May through August). Includes counts of individuals from roost sites obtained during the summer months during pup rearing and summer residence periods. Identification evidence minimally includes collection or reliable observation and detailed documentation of one or more individuals during roost counts.","mappingGuidance":"EO includes both the colony site and an approximation of the associated foraging areas. If separate, the colony site and foraging areas are bounded by separate polygons; that is, areas over which the bats simply commute to and from foraging areas and the colony are not included in the EO.","separationBarriers":"None","separationDistanceUnsuitableHabitatat":5.0,"separationDistanceSuitableHabitatat":5.0,"altSeparationProcedure":null,"separationJustification":"It is impractical to attempt to delineate occurrences on the basis of discrete populations. Instead, the assigned separation distance is intended to generate occurrences that consist of spatially proximate roost sites.","versionDate":"2017-12-01","versionAuthor":"Staffen, R.","versionNotes":null,"lastModified":"2024-02-03T00:58:53.501779Z"}],"plantCharacteristics":null,"elementManagement":{"elementGlobalId":102615,"eoManagementGroupName":null,"stewardshipOverview":null,"impacts":"Rabies is always a concern among workers who handle bats. Although MYOTIS SEPTENTRIONALIS is a potential carrier of this disease, none of the 24 individuals submitted to the Michigan Department of Public Health between 1956 and 1978 showed any evidence of it and the examination of an additional 82 bats in 1974 also proved negative (Kurta 1979). However, two rabid MYOTIS, probably SEPTENTRIONALIS, were obtained by the Michigan Department of Natural Resources during a rabies survey in 1971 (Kurta 1979). The incidence of rabies is likely quite low in other states as well (Kurta 1992). Although it is unlikely that M. SEPTENTRIONALIS, with its weak jaws and small teeth is a significant vector of rabies for humans (Baker 1983), workers should protect themselves with appropriate vaccinations prior to beginning any field or laboratory studies.","restorationPotential":"With a reproductive rate of just one offspring per year per female, damage to a population could be very slow to repair.","siteConservationPlansConsidered":"An assessment of the need to protect all habitat types required by this species should be conducted as part of the preserve design process. It is unlikely that all types would fall within the boundaries of small preserves or even traditionally large preserves, but protection of hibernacula and maternity roosts is likely to be most critical. Protection of foraging habitat, if disjunct from summer roosts and maternity colonies, may be most effectively gained through private or public landowner cooperation. Hydrological considerations are important. Seasonal flooding may make some caves unsuitable in some years and reduction in ground water flow could alter cave humidity. Winter visitations of hibernacula by humans are the most significant threat in most areas.","managementMethods":"Maintenance of adequate habitat for all life history stages and activities, and protection of hibernacula from disturbances, including hydrological changes, are important management requirements.","monitoringMethods":"In states where declines or threats and/or impacts are apparent, populations should be monitored every year or two, depending upon pattern of decline or impacts. The invasiveness and long-term impact of monitoring activities should be minimized. <br><br>Telemetry should be done with care so as not to overburden this small species with additional weight. At a mean body weight of 7.4 gm (van Zyll de Jong, 1985) and following the conservative 10% rule, a transmitter and adhesive should not exceed 0.74 gm (Strayer 1992).","managementProgramContacts":"Several caves are gated in West Virginia (West Virginia 1992), Pennsylvania (Wilkinson 1992), and Illinois (Garner 1992) and two are protected but not gated in North Carolina (LeGrand 1992).","monitoringProgramContacts":"Harvey (1992b) reported monitoring for the state of Arkansas and Strayer (1992) noted occurrences on Heritage Preserves in South Carolina.","managementResearchPrograms":"Kurta (1992) reported that a graduate student may initiate research in 1993.","managementResearchNeeds":"Very little is known about most aspects of life history, including hibernation, roosting, and foraging habitat requirements, population dynamics, population trends, and migration and dispersal patterns. Telemetry studies of both sexes are needed (Garner 1992, Kurta 1992) and ideally should be conducted in advance of potentially detrimental, large-scale habitat modifications, such as intensive logging of older forests and removal of standing dead timber in areas known or suspected to contain this species.","biologicalResearchNeeds":"Primary research need is development of methods for combating the spread and deleterious effects of <i>Pseudogymnoascus destructans</i>. Research is also needed on most aspects of this bat's life history, including hibernation, roosting, and foraging habitat requirements, population dynamics, population trends, and migration and dispersal patterns.","additionalTopics":null},"occurrenceViabilities":[{"eoRankSpecsDetailId":104122,"eoRankSpecsGroupName":null,"locationUseClass":{"id":1,"locationUseClassDescEn":"Not applicable","locationUseClassDescEs":"No se aplica","locationUseClassDescFr":"Sans objet","displayOrder":1},"excellentViability":null,"goodViability":null,"fairViability":null,"poorViability":null,"viabilityJustification":"Use the Generic Guidelines for the Application of Occurrence Ranks (2008).<br>The Key for Ranking Species Occurrences Using the Generic Approach provides a step-wise process for implementing this method.","versionDate":null,"versionAuthor":null,"versionNotes":null,"lastModified":"2020-05-14T02:21:59.927863Z"}],"references":[{"id":711863,"citation":"Amelon, S., and D. Burhans. 2006b. 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The current range of White-nose Syndrome overlaps with approximately one third of this species' range and is expanding at an average rate of 200 to 250 kilometres per year. At that rate, the entire Canadian population will likely be affected within 12 to18 years. There is no apparent containment of the northward or westward spread of the pathogen, and proper growing conditions for it exist throughout the remaining range.<br/><br/>Status History: Designated Endangered in an emergency assessment on February 3, 2012. Status re-examined and confirmed in November 2013.","usesaDate":"2023-03-31","interpretedUsesa":null,"usesaComments":"The effective date of a final rule published on November 30, 2022, reclassifying the northern long-eared bat from threatened to endangered was to be effective on January 30, 2023. However, it was been delayed to March 31, 2023 (USFWS 2023). The species was listed threatened on April 2, 2015.","completeDistribution":true,"synonyms":[{"id":102022,"synonym":"Myotis keenii septentrionalis","synonymAuthor":"(Trouessart, 1897)","formattedSynonym":"<i>Myotis keenii septentrionalis</i>"}],"infraspeciesList":[],"ebarId":null,"ebarCanadianScope":false,"ebarGlobalScope":false,"ebarKbaGroup":"Mammals","caGeneralStatusId":"GS001559"},"speciesCharacteristics":{"elementGlobalId":102615,"reproductionComments":"Copulation occurs in the late summer and early fall, during the swarming period when large numbers of bats congregate in and near certain caves (Baker 1983, Kurta 1980). Females store sperm during hibernation, though some may copulate again at spring emergence (Guthrie 1933, Racey 1982). Guthrie (1933) found a portion of the males of some species to be reproductively active in late winter and early spring. However, males emerging from hibernation in Missouri were found to be reproductively inactive (undescended testes) until late July, with the largest percentage of males becoming reproductively active in August and September (Caire et al. 1979). Females ovulate at the time of emergence and parturition occurs 50-60 days later (Baker 1983). Later parturition dates at higher latitudes are due to later emergence and therefore later ovulation (Racey 1982). <br /><br />Females bear a single young, with parturition occurring in late May or early June in Missouri and Oklahoma (Caire et al 1979, Easterla 1965, Caire et al. 1989), in early to late June in Indiana (Cope and Humphrey 1972), and in late June to early July in Iowa, Illinois, Michigan, and New York (Kunz 1971, Hoffmeister 1989, Kurta 1980, Hamilton and Whitaker 1979). Post-lactating females were observed by mid-June in Missouri (Caire et al. 1979) and by mid- July to late July in Michigan and Iowa (Kurta 1980, Kunz 1971), with volant young observed at about that time in all studies. Young-of-the-year may reproduce in their first fall, but the proportion of the cohort doing so is unknown (Kurta, pers. comm.). Nursery colonies are relatively small, most often including 2-30 adults (10-90 individuals, including young, according to Layne (1978)).","ecologyComments":"Syntopic species during hibernation include <i>Myotis lucifugus</i>, <i>Pipistrellus subflavus</i>, and <i>Eptesicus fuscu</i>s. <i>Myotis septentrionalis</i>; generally comprises a small percentage (for example, &lt;1% in Missouri, 6% in Quebec-Ontario, 8% in Michigan, 10% in New England, 15% in Illinois) of the bats found hibernating in any single site (Griffin 1940, Hitchcock 1949, Pearson 1962, Caire et al. 1979, Stones 1981). Summer surveys reveal similar figures. In a netting survey of Iowa bats utilizing stream corridors for foraging, Kunz (1973) captured 64 <i>Myotis septentrionalis</i> over three years, out of an eight-species sample totaling 540 individuals (12%); <i>Myotis septentrionalis</i> was the third most abundant species, ranking far behind <i>Eptesicus fuscus</i> (243) and <i>Lasiurus borealis</i> (124). At Renfrew mine, Fenton (1969) found 117 <i>Myotis septentrionalis</i> compared to 5,712 <i>Myotis lucifugus</i>.<br /><br />Rarely are there more than 100 individuals per hibernation colony (Barbour and Davis 1969, Caire et al. 1979). However, Stones (1981), found over 100 individuals (mean = 226) in 5 of 21 mines in which <i>M. septentrionalis</i> occurred in northern Michigan. In that study, 73% of the entire population was found in 5 mines and 86% in 8 mines of the 21 mines containing the species. Individuals usually roost solitarily.<br /><br />In summer, these bats generally are colonial, but reproductive females and juveniles often roost alone. As many as 60 adults have been found in a single tree (Foster and Kurta 1999).<br /><br />No single population of significant size has been studied intensively or long enough to determine population structure. Habitat utilization biases are reflected in sex ratios of animals captured during the summer, when females are more frequently taken near streams and males are more frequently taken at caves. Sex ratio data from hibernacula are more consistent. Griffin (1940) reported on sex ratios from New England hibernacula, where he found males comprised 77.8% of a sample population of 877 individuals over an 8 year period. In southern Illinois, Pearson (1962) found 72% males among the groups hibernating in silica mines and Hitchcock (1949) found that 76.0% of 242 individuals hibernating in eastern Canada were males and that the sexes did not segregate during hibernation. In northern Michigan, males comprised 60% of winter populations and were more abundant than females in all but 3 of 21 mines searched (Stones 1981).<br /><br />The disparity in the sex ratio appears to be quite consistent among studies, seasons, and sites. Griffin (1940) suggested that females may have a higher mortality rate than males and consequently, a shorter life span and lower representation in the population. Hitchcock's (1949) original data recently were statistically analyzed and shown to support this hypothesis (Hitchcock et al. 1984).<br /><br />Although age structure is not known for any population, potential longevity is at least two decades. Hall et al. (1957) reported one banded <i>M. septentrionalis</i> that was found recently dead in the cave in which it had been banded almost 19 years earlier.<br /><br />In West Virginia, foraging home ranges of seven females averaged 61.1 hectares (Menzel et al. 1999).<br /><br />In Michigan, radio-tagged bats in spring-summer changed roosts every 2 days; distance between roosts was 6-2000 m (Foster and Kurta 1999).<br /><br />In an experiment to determine the homing ability of blinded and deafened bats, a blinded individual returned 32 miles to its home cave in 2.5 hr. after being held in captivity for 3 days (Stones and Branick 1969). The return rate of this animal was at an average, straight-line speed of 12.8 miles per hour. Overall, blinded bats returned to their home cave at the same frequency as did the control animals over the 6-week period following their release. However, none of the bats with impaired hearing returned during that time.<br /><br />No significant predators are known (Baker 1983). Reported parasites include chiggers, mites, and trematodes (Whitaker and Winter 1977, Whitaker and Mumford 1971).","habitatComments":"This bat generally is associated with old-growth forests composed of trees 100 years old or older. It relies on intact interior forest habitat, with low edge-to-interior ratios. Relevant late-successional forest features include a high percentage of old trees, uneven forest structure (resulting in multilayered vertical structure), single and multiple tree-fall gaps, standing snags, and woody debris. These late successional forest characteristics may be favored for several reasons, including the large number of partially dead or decaying trees that the species uses for breeding, summer day roosting, and foraging. [Source: USFWS 2011, which see for citations of further literature]<br /><br />Small, highly fragmented, or young forests that provide limited areas of subcanopy foraging habitat may not be suitable. Young forests may also lack appropriate nursery sites. However, recent studies indicate that these bats can exploit relatively isolated and small forest fragments (Caceres and Barclay 2000, Henderson et al. 2008, Johnson et al. 2008).<br /><br />Foraging occurs within forests, along forest edges, over forest clearings, and occasionally over ponds (Ammerman et al. 2012). Eleven individuals (10 males, 1 female) tagged with chemical lights observed during the summer in Missouri (LaVal et al. 1977), foraged almost exclusively among the trees of hillside and ridge forests, rather than utilizing floodplain and riparian forests; frequently foraging occurred within 1 to 3 m of the ground. Foraging bats doubled back frequently and only slowly moved out of the observation area. In Iowa, Kunz (1973, 1971) found primarily females foraging in mature deciduous uplands with adjacent deep ravines and in a disturbed riparian area with an adjacent floodplain and agricultural lands.<br /><br />Hibernation occurs primarily in caves, mines, and tunnels, typically those with large passages and entrances, relatively constant and cool temperatures, high humidity, and no air currents (Griffin 1940, Jackson 1961, Mumford and Cope 1964, Kurta 1982, Raesly and Gates 1987, Caceres and Pybus 1997, USFWS 2013). Hibernators frequently roost in crevices, drill holes, and similar sites (Griffin 1940, Layne 1958, Pearson 1962, Caire et al. 1979, Whitaker and Mumford 2009) where they may be overlooked during surveys, but roosting in the open is not uncommon (Barbour and Davis 1969, Whitaker and Mumford 2009). A lack of suitable hibernacula may prevent occupancy of areas that otherwise have adequate habitat (Kurta 1982).<br /><br />Use of different types of hibernacula can vary considerably among areas, depending upon quality and availability of sites. In a study of 71 potential hibernation sites, including large and small caves, overhangs, and mines, on the Shawnee National Forest in southern Illinois (Whitaker and Winter 1977), mines were the only occupied habitat. Mines also are the principal hibernation sites in northern Michigan where there are no caves (Stones 1981). In the northeastern U.S., hibernation sites include mines and caves (Griffin 1940, Hall et al. 1957) as well as large, cavelike water conduit tunnels (G. Hammerson, pers. obs.; T. French, cited by USFWS 2013).<br /><br />The principal requirements of a suitable hibernation site are winter-long, low temperatures above freezing, high humidity, and lack of disturbances, both natural (floods) and anthropogenic (visitation) (Barbour and Davis 1969, Hitchcock 1949). At least two studies have provided contradictory information on thermal habitat preferences, suggesting that warmer temperatures sometimes are selected or at least tolerated. In Illinois, Pearson (1962) found that the mean temperature at hibernation sites averaged 9.7 C. Stones (1981) studied the occurrence of bats in northern Michigan mines that were vertically thermally stratified. The mean ambient temperature was 5.9 C, with 43% of the population occurring in the range 7-8 C and 6.5% occurring in the range 9-11 C.<br /><br />There appears to be a high degree of philopatry in hibernaculum use. In Missouri, over 90% of recaptured banded individuals, representing 5% of the original banded population of 945 (753 males and 192 females), were recaptured at their cave of origin (Caire et al. 1979). Mills (1971) recaptured 4.8% of 358 individuals at their cave of origin the year after banding. Griffin (1945) found that of over 13,000 banded bats of various species, of which about 8,500 were banded in their winter hibernacula, the ratio was 100:1 for bats that were observed to return to their cave of origin over subsequent winters vs. those that were recaptured elsewhere.<br /><br />Night roosts used in summer between foraging bouts are in different habitats than day roosts. Caves, mines, and quarry tunnels are used as night roosts, typically by males, but also by nonreproductive females (Clark et al. 1987, Jones et al. 1967). They are joined later in the summer by juveniles and post-lactating females (Kunz, 1973). During the day, these same sites usually house no <i>M. septentrionalis</i>. Daytime observations typically are of individuals in crevices or hollows or under loose bark on trees (Foster and Kurta 1999) and in a variety of small spaces associated with buildings and other structures (Hoffmeister 1989, Caire et al. 1979, Hamilton and Whitaker 1979, Barbour and Davis 1969). At times <i>M. septentrionalis</i> has been found in or around caves on summer nights, but not actually roosting in them (Mills 1971). Early in the summer, these groups mostly comprise males, with females and young-of-the-year joining later in the season (Caire et al. 1979).<br /><br />Nothing has been published on the fidelity of individuals or colonies to particular swarming sites, nor the relationship of swarming site selection to hibernaculum and summer roost selection. Given the low numbers found in most hibernacula and summer night roosts relative to the higher numbers found at swarming sites, it appears that certain caves serve as congregation points for fall mating activity. However, short-term banding returns at swarming sites are very low, indicating movement among swarming sites (Kurta, pers. comm.).<br /><br />Most nursery colonies are in cavities or beneath loose bark in trees or snags in upland forests, with roost entrances generally below or within the tree canopy (Mumford and Cope 1964, Sasse and Perkins 1996, Lacki and Schwierjohann 2001, Menzel et al. 2002, Owen et al. 2002, Carter and Feldhamer 2005, Perry and Thill 2007, Lacki et al. 2009, Timpone et al. 2010, Silvis et al. 2012). Reproductive females use a wide range of tree species. For example, in summer in north-central Kentucky, Silvis et al. (2012) tracked 58 females to 105 roost trees of 21 species; sassafras was used as a day roost more than expected based on forest stand-level availability and accounted for 48.6 percent of all observed day roosts. Individuals frequently switch roosts (Menzel et al. 2002, Owen et al. 2002, Carter and Feldhamer 2005, Timpone et al. 2010).<br /><br />Some summer roosts are in buildings or bat houses or under bridges (Brandon 1961, Barbour and Davis 1969, Cope and Humphrey 1972, Amelon and Burhans 2006, Whitaker and Mumford 2009). A large colony in a barn in Indiana (Cope and Humphrey 1972) on 22 June had 24 adult females, 12 immature females, and 18 immature males; 10 other adults escaped. Of the 24 females, 23 were lactating and 1 was pregnant. Roosts of males and nonreproductive females include tree hollows as well as cooler locations, including caves and mines (Barbour and Davis 1969, Amelon and Burhans 2006). In Arkansas, pine snags were important summer roosts for males (Perry and Thill 2007).<br /><br />In West Virginia, these bats formed social groups whose roost areas and roost tree networks overlapped to some extent (Johnson et al. 2012). Most networks had a single central node roost tree. In control treatments, central node roost trees were in early stages of decay and surrounded by greater basal area than other trees within the networks. In prescribed fire treatments, central node roost trees were small in diameter, low in the forest canopy, and surrounded by low basal area compared to other trees in networks. The results indicated that forest disturbances, including prescribed fire, can affect availability and distribution of roosts within roost tree networks.","generalDescription":"Methods of aging individuals by morphological features are limited. Juveniles can be distinguished from adults by the incomplete ossification of the phalangeal epiphyses until late August of the year of their birth (Kunz 1971, Caire et al. 1979). After that time, all are typically classified as adults. Degree of wear of the teeth has been used to determine relative age of adults (Guthrie 1933), though Hall et al. (1957) found this to be unreliable. Examination of canine and molars of individuals known to be at least 18-19 years of age revealed very little wear. <br /><br />In Missouri, prehibernation fat deposition period occurs from August to October and results in an increase in average weight of 41-45% (Caire et al. 1979). By spring, the same study found that both sexes weighed approximately what they had before the prehibernation fat deposition period.","diagnosticCharacteristics":null,"speciesMarineHabitats":[],"speciesTerrestrialHabitats":[{"cagTerrHabId":-108011,"terrestrialHabitat":{"id":1,"terrestrialHabitatDescEn":"Forest - Hardwood","terrestrialHabitatDescEs":"Bosque - Madera dura","terrestrialHabitatDescFr":"Forêt — Feuillu","displayOrder":2}},{"cagTerrHabId":-108012,"terrestrialHabitat":{"id":2,"terrestrialHabitatDescEn":"Forest - Conifer","terrestrialHabitatDescEs":"Bosque - Conífera","terrestrialHabitatDescFr":"Forêt — Résineux","displayOrder":3}},{"cagTerrHabId":-108013,"terrestrialHabitat":{"id":3,"terrestrialHabitatDescEn":"Forest - Mixed","terrestrialHabitatDescEs":"Bosque - Mixto","terrestrialHabitatDescFr":"Forêt — Mixte","displayOrder":4}},{"cagTerrHabId":-108014,"terrestrialHabitat":{"id":4,"terrestrialHabitatDescEn":"Woodland - Hardwood","terrestrialHabitatDescEs":"Lote de madera - Madera dura","terrestrialHabitatDescFr":"Terrain boisé — Feuillu","displayOrder":6}},{"cagTerrHabId":-108015,"terrestrialHabitat":{"id":5,"terrestrialHabitatDescEn":"Woodland - Conifer","terrestrialHabitatDescEs":"Lote de madera - Conífera","terrestrialHabitatDescFr":"Terrain boisé — Résineux","displayOrder":7}},{"cagTerrHabId":-108016,"terrestrialHabitat":{"id":6,"terrestrialHabitatDescEn":"Woodland - Mixed","terrestrialHabitatDescEs":"Lote de madera - Mixto","terrestrialHabitatDescFr":"Terrain boisé — Mixte","displayOrder":8}},{"cagTerrHabId":-108010,"terrestrialHabitat":{"id":21,"terrestrialHabitatDescEn":"Urban/edificarian","terrestrialHabitatDescEs":"Urbano/edificado","terrestrialHabitatDescFr":"Urbain","displayOrder":24}},{"cagTerrHabId":-113811,"terrestrialHabitat":{"id":22,"terrestrialHabitatDescEn":"Aerial","terrestrialHabitatDescEs":"Aéreo","terrestrialHabitatDescFr":"Aérien","displayOrder":25}}],"speciesRiverineHabitats":[],"speciesPalustrineHabitats":[{"cagPalusHabId":-102170,"palustrineHabitat":{"id":6,"palustrineHabitatDescEn":"Riparian","palustrineHabitatDescEs":"Ribereño","palustrineHabitatDescFr":"Riverain","displayOrder":6}}],"speciesLacustrineHabitats":[],"speciesSubterraneanHabitats":[{"cagSubterrHabId":101123,"subterraneanHabitat":{"id":1,"subterraneanHabitatDescEn":"Subterrestrial","subterraneanHabitatDescEs":"Subterráneo","subterraneanHabitatDescFr":"Souterrain","displayOrder":1}}],"speciesEstuarineHabitats":[]},"primaryReference":{"id":1154459,"citation":"Simmons, N. B. and A. L. Cirranello. 2025. Bat Species of the World: A taxonomic and geographic database. Version 1.7. Online. Available: https://batnames.org/","shortCitationAuthor":"Simmons and Cirranello","shortCitationYear":2025,"referenceCode":"W25SIM01NAUS","lastModified":"2025-07-03T22:42:46.5808Z"},"predecessors":[],"elementGlobalThreatAssessments":[{"elementGlobalThreatAssessId":28170,"iucnThreatCategory":{"id":1,"iucnThreatCategoryCd":"1","iucnThreatCategoryDescEn":"Residential & commercial development","iucnThreatCategoryDescEs":null,"iucnThreatCategoryDescFr":null,"displayValueEn":"1 - Residential & commercial development","displayValueEs":null,"displayValueFr":null,"displayOrder":10,"iucnThreat":"Y","parentThreatId":null,"iucnThreatLevel":1},"iucnThreatScope":{"id":11,"iucnThreatScopeDescEn":"Negligible (<1%)","iucnThreatScopeDescEs":null,"iucnThreatScopeDescFr":null,"displayValueEn":"Negligible (<1%)","displayValueEs":null,"displayValueFr":null,"displayOrder":5},"iucnThreatSeverity":null,"iucnThreatTiming":{"id":1,"iucnThreatTimingDescEn":"High: Continuing","iucnThreatTimingDescEs":null,"iucnThreatTimingDescFr":null,"displayValueEn":"High (continuing)","displayValueEs":null,"displayValueFr":null,"displayOrder":1},"threatImpactCalc":{"id":11,"threatImpactCalcCd":"NE","threatImpactCalcDescEn":"Negligible","threatImpactCalcDescEs":null,"threatImpactCalcDescFr":null,"displayValueEn":"Negligible","displayValueEs":null,"displayValueFr":null,"displayOrder":5}},{"elementGlobalThreatAssessId":28171,"iucnThreatCategory":{"id":5,"iucnThreatCategoryCd":"2","iucnThreatCategoryDescEn":"Agriculture & aquaculture","iucnThreatCategoryDescEs":null,"iucnThreatCategoryDescFr":null,"displayValueEn":"2 - 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