{"elementGlobalId":102590,"circumscripConfidence":{"id":1,"circumscripConfidenceDescEn":"1 - Strong","circumscripConfidenceDescEs":"1 - Fuerte","circumscripConfidenceDescFr":"1 – Forte"},"classificationLevel":{"id":7,"classificationLevelNameEn":"Species","classificationLevelNameEs":"Especies","classificationLevelNameFr":"Espèce"},"classificationStatus":{"id":1,"classificationStatusDescEn":"Standard","classificationStatusDescEs":"Estándar","classificationStatusDescFr":"Standard"},"iucn":{"id":4,"iucnDescEn":"Endangered","iucnDescEs":"En peligro de extinción","iucnDescFr":"En voie de disparition","iucnCode":"EN"},"nameCategory":{"id":1,"nameCategoryDescEn":"Vertebrate Animal","nameCategoryDescEs":"Animal vertebrado","nameCategoryDescFr":"Animal vertébré","nameTypeCd":"A","nameTypeDesc":"Zoological"},"rankMethodUsed":{"id":7,"rankMethodUsedDescEn":" Rank calculation - Biotics v2","rankMethodUsedDescEs":null,"rankMethodUsedDescFr":null,"rankMethodUsedExternalDescEn":"Ranked by calculator","rankMethodUsedExternalDescEs":null,"rankMethodUsedExternalDescFr":null},"formattedScientificName":"<i>Macrochelys temminckii</i>","scientificName":"Macrochelys temminckii","scientificNameAuthor":"(Troost, in Harlan, 1835)","primaryCommonName":"Alligator Snapping Turtle","relatedItisNames":"<i>Macrochelys temminckii</i> (Troost in Harlan, 1835) (TSN 668671)","uniqueId":"ELEMENT_GLOBAL.2.102590","elcode":"ARAAB02010","conceptRefFullCitation":"Crother, B. I. (editor). 2017. Scientific and standard English names of amphibians and reptiles of North America north of Mexico, with comments regarding confidence in our understanding. 8th edition. SSAR Herpetological Circular 43:1-104. [Updates in SSAR North American Species Names Database at: https://ssarherps.org/cndb]","conceptName":"<i>Macrochelys temminckii</i>","taxonomicComments":"This concept of <i>Macrochelys temminckii</i> includes <i>M.</i> <i>apalachicolae</i>, and excludes <i>M.</i> <i>suwannniensis</i> following Taggart and Carr (2025) and the Turtle Taxonomy Working Group (2025). Thomas et al. (2014) split <i>M. temminckii</i> into three species (<i>temminckii</i>, <i>apalachicolae</i>, and <i>suwanniensis</i>) based on genetic, morphological, and geographic evidence. Folt and Guyer (2015) supported the recognition of <i>M. suwanniensis</i> but argued that the evidence presented by Thomas et al. (2014) was insufficient to justify naming <i>M. apalachicolae</i> as distinct from <i>M. temminckii</i>. Apodaca et al. (2023) suggested that <i>M. apalachicolae</i> is genetically distinct but held off resurrecting it pending morphological data.<br/><br/>This species represents one of only two living genera in the family. This turtle was previously included in the genus <i>Macroclemys</i>; however, Webb (1995) demonstrated that the generic name <i>Macrochelys</i> has priority over <i>Macroclemys</i>. Crother et al. (2000) and Crother (2008, 2017) agreed with this conclusion and treated this species as a member of <i>Macrochelys</i>. Although Troost coined the species name, it was Harlan (1835) alone who authored the original description (Crother 2017).","roundedGRank":"G3","conservationStatusFactorsEditionDate":"2020-09-20","conservationStatusFactorsEditionAuthors":"Young, B., C. Battaglia, J. Briggler, R. Colvin, P. Crump, M. Fullerton, S. Fulton, M. Howery, D. Jackson, P. Moler, B. O'Hanlon, D. Sollenberger, and T. Wood (2020)","primaryCommonNameLanguage":"EN","recordType":"SPECIES","elementNationals":[{"elementNationalId":165115,"classifConfidence":null,"nation":{"id":225,"nameEn":"United States","nameEs":"Estados Unidos","nameFr":"États-Unis","isoCode":"US","region":"United States"},"roundedNRank":"N3","elementSubnationals":[{"elementSubnationalId":306747,"subnation":{"id":2,"nameEn":"Alabama","nameEs":"Alabama","nameFr":"Alabama","subnationCode":"AL","dnationId":225},"roundedSRank":"S3","dataSensitive":{"id":2,"dataSensitiveDescEn":"No","dataSensitiveDescEs":null,"dataSensitiveDescFr":null,"dataSensitiveCode":"N"},"dataSensitiveCategory":null,"srank":"S3","speciesSubnational":{"elementSubnationalId":306747,"hybrid":false,"exotic":false,"native":true}},{"elementSubnationalId":399727,"subnation":{"id":51,"nameEn":"Texas","nameEs":"Texas","nameFr":"Texas","subnationCode":"TX","dnationId":225},"roundedSRank":"S2","dataSensitive":{"id":2,"dataSensitiveDescEn":"No","dataSensitiveDescEs":null,"dataSensitiveDescFr":null,"dataSensitiveCode":"N"},"dataSensitiveCategory":null,"srank":"S2","speciesSubnational":{"elementSubnationalId":399727,"hybrid":false,"exotic":false,"native":true}},{"elementSubnationalId":264654,"subnation":{"id":32,"nameEn":"Mississippi","nameEs":"Mississippi","nameFr":"Mississippi","subnationCode":"MS","dnationId":225},"roundedSRank":"S3","dataSensitive":{"id":2,"dataSensitiveDescEn":"No","dataSensitiveDescEs":null,"dataSensitiveDescFr":null,"dataSensitiveCode":"N"},"dataSensitiveCategory":null,"srank":"S3","speciesSubnational":{"elementSubnationalId":264654,"hybrid":false,"exotic":false,"native":true}},{"elementSubnationalId":349665,"subnation":{"id":4,"nameEn":"Arkansas","nameEs":"Arkansas","nameFr":"Arkansas","subnationCode":"AR","dnationId":225},"roundedSRank":"S3","dataSensitive":{"id":2,"dataSensitiveDescEn":"No","dataSensitiveDescEs":null,"dataSensitiveDescFr":null,"dataSensitiveCode":"N"},"dataSensitiveCategory":null,"srank":"S3S4","speciesSubnational":{"elementSubnationalId":349665,"hybrid":false,"exotic":false,"native":true}},{"elementSubnationalId":366583,"subnation":{"id":21,"nameEn":"Kansas","nameEs":"Kansas","nameFr":"Kansas","subnationCode":"KS","dnationId":225},"roundedSRank":"S1","dataSensitive":{"id":2,"dataSensitiveDescEn":"No","dataSensitiveDescEs":null,"dataSensitiveDescFr":null,"dataSensitiveCode":"N"},"dataSensitiveCategory":null,"srank":"S1","speciesSubnational":{"elementSubnationalId":366583,"hybrid":false,"exotic":false,"native":true}},{"elementSubnationalId":392265,"subnation":{"id":19,"nameEn":"Illinois","nameEs":"Illinois","nameFr":"Illinois","subnationCode":"IL","dnationId":225},"roundedSRank":"S1","dataSensitive":{"id":2,"dataSensitiveDescEn":"No","dataSensitiveDescEs":null,"dataSensitiveDescFr":null,"dataSensitiveCode":"N"},"dataSensitiveCategory":null,"srank":"S1","speciesSubnational":{"elementSubnationalId":392265,"hybrid":false,"exotic":false,"native":true}},{"elementSubnationalId":386408,"subnation":{"id":23,"nameEn":"Louisiana","nameEs":"Louisiana","nameFr":"Louisiane","subnationCode":"LA","dnationId":225},"roundedSRank":"S2","dataSensitive":{"id":2,"dataSensitiveDescEn":"No","dataSensitiveDescEs":null,"dataSensitiveDescFr":null,"dataSensitiveCode":"N"},"dataSensitiveCategory":null,"srank":"S2","speciesSubnational":{"elementSubnationalId":386408,"hybrid":false,"exotic":false,"native":true}},{"elementSubnationalId":297296,"subnation":{"id":22,"nameEn":"Kentucky","nameEs":"Kentucky","nameFr":"Kentucky","subnationCode":"KY","dnationId":225},"roundedSRank":"S1","dataSensitive":{"id":2,"dataSensitiveDescEn":"No","dataSensitiveDescEs":null,"dataSensitiveDescFr":null,"dataSensitiveCode":"N"},"dataSensitiveCategory":null,"srank":"S1","speciesSubnational":{"elementSubnationalId":297296,"hybrid":false,"exotic":false,"native":true}},{"elementSubnationalId":385585,"subnation":{"id":14,"nameEn":"Georgia","nameEs":"Georgia","nameFr":"Géorgie","subnationCode":"GA","dnationId":225},"roundedSRank":"S2","dataSensitive":{"id":2,"dataSensitiveDescEn":"No","dataSensitiveDescEs":null,"dataSensitiveDescFr":null,"dataSensitiveCode":"N"},"dataSensitiveCategory":null,"srank":"S2","speciesSubnational":{"elementSubnationalId":385585,"hybrid":false,"exotic":false,"native":true}},{"elementSubnationalId":341532,"subnation":{"id":12,"nameEn":"Florida","nameEs":"Florida","nameFr":"Floride","subnationCode":"FL","dnationId":225},"roundedSRank":"S3","dataSensitive":{"id":3,"dataSensitiveDescEn":"Conditional","dataSensitiveDescEs":null,"dataSensitiveDescFr":null,"dataSensitiveCode":"C"},"dataSensitiveCategory":{"id":1,"dataSensitiveCategoryDescEn":"Poaching/Collection Threat","dataSensitiveCategoryDescEs":null,"dataSensitiveCategoryDescFr":null,"nsStandardInd":true},"srank":"S3","speciesSubnational":{"elementSubnationalId":341532,"hybrid":false,"exotic":false,"native":true}},{"elementSubnationalId":300576,"subnation":{"id":43,"nameEn":"Oklahoma","nameEs":"Oklahoma","nameFr":"Oklahoma","subnationCode":"OK","dnationId":225},"roundedSRank":"S1","dataSensitive":{"id":2,"dataSensitiveDescEn":"No","dataSensitiveDescEs":null,"dataSensitiveDescFr":null,"dataSensitiveCode":"N"},"dataSensitiveCategory":null,"srank":"S1","speciesSubnational":{"elementSubnationalId":300576,"hybrid":false,"exotic":false,"native":true}},{"elementSubnationalId":270743,"subnation":{"id":17,"nameEn":"Iowa","nameEs":"Iowa","nameFr":"Iowa","subnationCode":"IA","dnationId":225},"roundedSRank":"SU","dataSensitive":{"id":2,"dataSensitiveDescEn":"No","dataSensitiveDescEs":null,"dataSensitiveDescFr":null,"dataSensitiveCode":"N"},"dataSensitiveCategory":null,"srank":"SU","speciesSubnational":{"elementSubnationalId":270743,"hybrid":false,"exotic":false,"native":true}},{"elementSubnationalId":332498,"subnation":{"id":50,"nameEn":"Tennessee","nameEs":"Tennessee","nameFr":"Tennessee","subnationCode":"TN","dnationId":225},"roundedSRank":"S2","dataSensitive":{"id":2,"dataSensitiveDescEn":"No","dataSensitiveDescEs":null,"dataSensitiveDescFr":null,"dataSensitiveCode":"N"},"dataSensitiveCategory":null,"srank":"S2S3","speciesSubnational":{"elementSubnationalId":332498,"hybrid":false,"exotic":false,"native":true}},{"elementSubnationalId":282354,"subnation":{"id":30,"nameEn":"Missouri","nameEs":"Missouri","nameFr":"Missouri","subnationCode":"MO","dnationId":225},"roundedSRank":"S2","dataSensitive":{"id":2,"dataSensitiveDescEn":"No","dataSensitiveDescEs":null,"dataSensitiveDescFr":null,"dataSensitiveCode":"N"},"dataSensitiveCategory":null,"srank":"S2","speciesSubnational":{"elementSubnationalId":282354,"hybrid":false,"exotic":false,"native":true}},{"elementSubnationalId":318634,"subnation":{"id":20,"nameEn":"Indiana","nameEs":"Indiana","nameFr":"Indiana","subnationCode":"IN","dnationId":225},"roundedSRank":"SH","dataSensitive":{"id":1,"dataSensitiveDescEn":"Yes","dataSensitiveDescEs":null,"dataSensitiveDescFr":null,"dataSensitiveCode":"Y"},"dataSensitiveCategory":{"id":4,"dataSensitiveCategoryDescEn":"Fragile species or habitat","dataSensitiveCategoryDescEs":null,"dataSensitiveCategoryDescFr":null,"nsStandardInd":true},"srank":"SH","speciesSubnational":{"elementSubnationalId":318634,"hybrid":false,"exotic":false,"native":true}}],"nrankReviewYear":2020,"nrank":"N3","speciesNational":{"elementNationalId":165115,"exotic":false,"native":true}}],"lastModified":"2026-10-02T21:40:03.888144Z","lastPublished":"2026-10-02T21:32:08.892226Z","promotionalDescription":null,"conceptLineageSummary":null,"nsxUrl":"/Taxon/ELEMENT_GLOBAL.2.102590/Macrochelys_temminckii","grankAdjustmentReasons":null,"grankChangeDate":"2020-09-20","grankReviewDate":"2020-07-22","grankReasons":"The species has a large range across many states and encompassing several large river basins. Over the last century, it has undergone declines throughout its range, due mainly to overharvesting and habitat loss and degradation. Restrictions on harvest have apparently started to reverse declines in a few river systems. Overall, the population remains reduced compared to historical levels.","grank":"G3","rankInfo":{"elementGlobalId":102590,"aooPercentGood":null,"enviromentalSpecificity":{"id":8,"enviromentalSpecificityDescEn":"Moderate.  Generalist or community with some key requirements scarce.","enviromentalSpecificityDescEs":"Moderado.  Generalista o comunidad con algunos requisitos claves escasos.","enviromentalSpecificityDescFr":"Modéré. Généralistes ou communautés répondant à certains critères clés sont rares."},"intrinsicVulnerability":{"id":1,"intrinsicVulnerabilityDescEn":"Highly vulnerable","intrinsicVulnerabilityDescEs":"Altamente vulnerable","intrinsicVulnerabilityDescFr":"Très vulnérable"},"longTermTrend":{"id":5,"longTermTrendDescEn":"Decline of >30%","longTermTrendDescEs":"Disminución de >30%.","longTermTrendDescFr":"Diminution de >30 %"},"numberEos":{"id":13,"numberEosDescEn":"81 - 300","numberEosDescEs":"De 81 a 300","numberEosDescFr":"De 81 à 300"},"numberGoodEos":{"id":19,"numberGoodEosDescEn":"Many (41-125)","numberGoodEosDescEs":"Muchos (41-125)","numberGoodEosDescFr":"Plusieurs (de 41 à 125)"},"numberProtEos":{"id":11,"numberProtEosDescEn":"Several to many (4-40) occurrences appropriately protected and managed","numberProtEosDescEs":"De unas pocas a varias ocurrencias (4 a 40) protegidas y debidamente controladas","numberProtEosDescFr":"De quelques à plusieurs occurrences (de 4 à 40) protégées et contrôlées convenablement"},"popSize":{"id":31,"popSizeDescEn":"10,000 - 100,000 individuals","popSizeDescEs":"De 10.000 a 100.000 individuos","popSizeDescFr":"De 10 000 à 100 000 individus"},"rangeExtent":{"id":33,"rangeExtentDescEn":"200,000-2,500,000 square km (about 80,000-1,000,000 square miles)","rangeExtentDescEs":"200.000 a 2.500.000 kilómetros cuadrados (aproximadamente 80.000 a 1.000.000 millas cuadradas)","rangeExtentDescFr":"De 200 000 à 2 500 000 km carrés (de 80 000 à 1 000 000 miles carrés approximativement)"},"shortTermTrend":{"id":33,"shortTermTrendDescEn":"Decline of <50% to Relatively Stable","shortTermTrendDescEs":"Disminución de <50% a relativamente estable","shortTermTrendDescFr":"Diminution de <50 % à relativement stable"},"threatImpactAssigned":{"id":5,"threatImpactAssignedDescEn":"High","threatImpactAssignedDescEs":"Alto","threatImpactAssignedDescFr":"Élevé"},"rangeExtentComments":"Range is principally in the southeastern United States centered around the Mississippi and Mobile drainage basins. The range extends along the Gulf Coast from eastern Texas through Louisiana (Boundy and Kennedy 2006), Mississippi, Alabama, and into the eastern Florida panhandle, and north to southeastern Kansas, southeastern Iowa, Illinois, and southern Indiana (Conant and Collins 1991, Kessler et al. 2017). The species is very rare in Kentucky (Baxley et al. 2014), and perhaps extirpated in Indiana and Iowa. The Kansas records show no current evidence of a viable breeding population, although a reintroduction effort is underway.","areaOfOccupancy":null,"areaOfOccupancyComments":"Unknown","numberEosComments":"As of 2020, state natural heritage programs have records of at least 120 occurrences with confirmed individuals during the period 2000-2020. This count assumes that all occurrences have been delineated using the appropriate separation distances (1 km of unsuitable habitat and 30 km of river reach uninterrupted by dams).<br /><br />The state breakdown is as follows: Alabama: 6; Florida: 15; Georgia: 13; Kentucky: 1; Louisiana: 24; Missouri: 28; Mississippi: 5; Oklahoma: 8; Tennessee: 1; Texas: 20. In addition, there are at least two occurrences in Arkansas. Three of the Florida occurrences appear to be within 30 river kilometers of occurrences in Georgia and Alabama, such that they likely do not represent distinct occurrences from the perspective of the global range of the species.","popSizeComments":"Total adult population size is unknown but presumably is at least a few thousand and likely exceeds 10,000. Abundance and density are poorly known in most parts of the range. Judging from past harvest rates in Louisiana, some populations historically must have been very large (Johnson 1989). There are probably at least 500 turtles in Oklahoma (M. Howery, pers. comm. 2020), at least 500 in Missouri (J. Biggler, pers. comm. 2020), and 2,000 - 10,000 in Florida (FWC 2017), and over 10,000 turtles in Texas (P. Crump pers. comm. 2020) . Survey data is insufficient to make estimates in Alabama, Louisiana, Georgia, Tennessee and Kentucky.","viabilityComments":"As of 2020, state natural heritage programs have records of at least 40-78 occurrences rated as having good or excellent viability during the period 2000-2019. The breakdown is as follows: Alabama: 4: Florida: 14-15; Kentucky: 1; Louisiana: 3-10; Mississippi: (unknown); Missouri: 12-19; Oklahoma: 6-8; Tennessee: 0-1; Texas: 0-20. Some states may not report on viability of occurrences.","threatImpactComments":"Ongoing threats include habitat alteration and fragmentation, water pollution, deliberate harvest for human consumption, incidental catch by recreational fishers, and drought. Overharvesting and habitat alteration are or at least were the major threats (Reed et al. 2002, Riedle et al. 2005).<br /><br />Commercial exploitation and other harvest for human consumption (and to a much lesser extent the pet trade) undoubtedly reduced populations of this species in much of its range historically (Pritchard 1992, Trauth et al. 1998, Reed et al. 2002, Riedle et al. 2005, Shipman and Riedle 2008). Commercial harvest is now illegal throughout the range, and only Louisiana and Mississippi still permit recreational take (Berry 2019, Huntzinger et al. 2019), but illegal harvest continues to some degree. Unattended fishing gear (e.g. trotlines and limblines) inadvertently snag and drown turtles, or cause turtles to ingest hooks (Santhuff 1993, Mays et al. 2015, Steen and Robinson 2017, Enge et al. 2019, Huntzinger et al. 2019). Turtles can also drown when they enter fish traps.<br /><br />Dams have blocked passage on many rivers, but it is unclear how effective dams may be in isolating populations and preventing gene exchange; for example, populations can survive in impoundments. However, Riedle et al. (2005) noted a drastic decline of alligator snapping turtles in Oklahoma, due in part to thermal alteration by hypolimnetic releases from impoundments.<br /><br />Water pollution and erosion associated with agriculture may have altered the food chain and otherwise degraded the habitat to the turtle's detriment in some areas (Heck 1998, Riedle et al. 2005).<br /><br />Dredging river bottoms to maintain shipping channels likely destroys habitat, although the subsequent spoil may be utilized for nesting along certain rivers. Riedle et al. (2005) noted a drastic decline of alligator snapping turtles in Oklahoma, due in part to habitat degradation because of stream channelization. In southeastern Missouri, Shipman and Riedle (2008) found that most sites had been manipulated for channelization or drained and converted to agricultural fields.<br /><br />Human disturbance may cause females to abandon nesting attempts; each re-nesting attempt increases exposure of the nests to predators.<br /><br />Strikes by motorboat are unlikely to be a major threat due to the species' habit of walking along the bottom of water bodies (Hollender et al. 2018).<br /><br />Droughts may restrict areas of suitable habitat in the southern part of the range.","shortTermTrendComments":"The species has likely declined over most of the last 120 years (Reed et al. 2002, Jensen and Birkhead 2003), but the rate of decline has slowed in recent years and even reversed in some populations. Short-term decline is measured over 3 generations, which is approximately 93 years for this species (Dreslik et al. 2017). The recent/current rate of decline is unknown rangewide, but likely is less than it was a few decades ago and is likely to be less than 50 percent over three generations. Clearly the species is declining, stable, and increasing in different parts of its range.<br /><br />This species was documented to increase during the period 1995-2015 in an Arkansas river system after release from harvest pressure (Trauth et al. 2016). High adult survivorship has led to an increasing population at a Georgia river system (Spring Creek) with little harvest pressure from 1997-2013 (Folt et al. 2016). In a different Georgia river (Flint River), capture rates did not differ between 1989 and 2014-2015 (King et al. 2016). Modeling of populations in Oklahoma suggest the species is declining and headed for extirpation but that the population in Arkansas approaches stability (correct citation). The population was small across much of Alabama where a 1996-2012 trapping effort in 11 rivers experienced low catch per unit effort at all but one river (Fowl River) (Folt and Godwin 2013). Populations in southwestern Louisiana were low in a 2012-2013 study (Huntzinger et al. 2019), similar to prior studies elsewhere in the state (Boundy and Kennedy 2006). An apparently healthy population exists in the Houston, Texas, area despite the many potential threats there (Munscher et al. 2020). At six sites in southeastern Missouri, capture rate declined from 1993-1994 compared to 2009 (although recruitment increased during this period), suggesting a possible short-term population decline there (Lescher et al. 2013). In Texas and Florida, resurveys of historical populations preliminarily have found no change in occupancy rates (P. Crump, pers. comm. 2020, P. Moler, pers. comm. 2020). The species was readily trapped in much of its Florida range during field work in 2014 and 2018-2019 (Mays et al. 2015, Enge et al. 2019).","longTermTrendComments":"Loss and degradation of habitat in many historically occupied sites, and reductions in trapping success in remaining suitable habitat, indicate that a large, long-term decline in area of occupancy and abundance has occurred in some parts of the range (Pritchard 1989, Moler 1996, Heck 1998, Reed et al. 2002, Jensen and Birkhead 2003, Riedle et al. 2005, Shipman and Riedle 2008). Declines have slowed or halted in recent years as described in Short-term Trend.","inventoryNeeds":"Monitor and quantify populations.","numberProtEosComments":"Parts of inhabited systems are included in many managed areas, including at least some in western Florida; however, none protects the population of an entire river system.<br /><br />This species is protected to some degree by all states within its range. Most states now prohibit any harvest although Louisiana and Mississippi prohibit commercial harvest but allow recreational harvest.<br /><br />Reintroduction efforts are underway in Illinois, Kansas, Oklahoma, and Tennessee. It is too early to measure the success of these efforts, but reintroduction techniques continue to be improved and showing promise (Dreslik et al. 2017).","protectionNeeds":"This species needs better protection from harvest, protection of its riverine habitat (i.e., no degradation, impoundment, dredging, or pollution), and protection of nesting areas.","otherConsiderations":null,"intrinsicVulnerabilityComments":"This turtle is vulnerable to exploitation, and once depleted, it may be slow to recover because of slow maturity and low recruitment.","enviromentalSpecificityComments":"This species prefers slowly flowing waters though can survive in impoundments. Inhabits large rivers to surprisingly small streams."},"animalCharacteristics":{"elementGlobalId":102590,"majorHabitat":{"id":2,"majorHabitatDescEn":"Freshwater","majorHabitatDescEs":"Agua dulce","majorHabitatDescFr":"Eau douce"},"nonMigrant":false,"localMigrant":true,"longDistanceMigrant":false,"mobilityMigrationComments":"Females migrate short distances between aquatic habitat and terrestrial nesting areas (see global habitat comments).<br /><br />These turtles generally have been regarded as rather sedentary but in fact they may make extensive movements. Sloan and Taylor (1987) studied movements for three months (August to November) of 11 radio-tagged turtles in northeastern Louisiana in a lake and impounded bayou. Six were native to the study site, and five were introduced, but no difference was found between introduced and native turtles in minimum home range or daily distance traveled. The native turtles all stayed within the lake or bayou where they were captured. Of the five introduced turtles, three moved between the lake and bayou. The range of daily travel distances for native turtles was 28 to 109 meters per day. Estimated minimum home range size was 18 to 196 hectares for natives. In the same region, Harrel et al. (1996) found that home range length in Louisiana averaged 3,495 meters in subadult males and 1,423 meters in subadult females.<br /><br />In Arkansas, 11 PIT-tagged individuals moved both upstream and downstream with a maximum recorded distance of 1.8 kilometers (Trauth et al. 1998).<br /><br />In Oklahoma, one individual moved upstream 27-30 kilometers in three years (Wickham 1922). Riedle et al. (2006) documented a movement of 16 kilometers in a two-month time period in Oklahoma. Shipman et al. (1991) recorded a 7-kilometer movement over five years in Kansas.<br /><br />Pritchard (1978) hypothesized that individuals may move many kilometers over periods of many years, slowly migrating upstream for their whole lives, so that the upper reaches of rivers would have only older turtles. Others have disagreed with this hypothesis. Pritchard based his hypothesis on the fact that recent records in the farthest upstream locations have been large adults. An alternative explanation for this phenomenon is that such turtles represent remnants of populations that are no longer reproducing.","foodHabitsComments":"Diet includes various aquatic animals, vertebrate and invertebrate, carrion, and some plant material (Sloan et al. 1996). Younger turtles favor fish whereas adults have a more varied diet in Florida (Ewert et al. 2006). This is mainly a bottom feeder that sometimes uses an appendage on the tongue as a fish lure (most common in young).<br /><br />See Tucker and Fitzsimmons (1992) for information on a method of fecal analysis for determining diet.","animalPhenologyComments":"Probably this turtle is inactive during cold periods in winter in the northern part of the range. Most activity apparently is nocturnal or crepuscular.","colonialBreeder":false,"length":66,"width":null,"weight":68000,"animalPhenologies":[{"animalCagPhenologyId":101916,"animalPhenology":{"id":4,"animalPhenologyDescEn":"Nocturnal","animalPhenologyDescEs":"Nocturno","animalPhenologyDescFr":"Nocturne","displayOrder":4},"adult":true,"immature":true},{"animalCagPhenologyId":103483,"animalPhenology":{"id":5,"animalPhenologyDescEn":"Crepuscular","animalPhenologyDescEs":"Crepuscular","animalPhenologyDescFr":"Crépusculaire","displayOrder":5},"adult":true,"immature":true}],"animalFoodHabits":[{"animalCagFoodHabitsId":103569,"foodHabits":{"id":1,"foodHabitsDescEn":"Carnivore","foodHabitsDescEs":"Carnívoro","foodHabitsDescFr":"Carnivore","displayOrder":1},"adult":true,"immature":true},{"animalCagFoodHabitsId":103570,"foodHabits":{"id":2,"foodHabitsDescEn":"Piscivore","foodHabitsDescEs":"Piscivore","foodHabitsDescFr":"Piscivore","displayOrder":2},"adult":true,"immature":true},{"animalCagFoodHabitsId":103571,"foodHabits":{"id":3,"foodHabitsDescEn":"Invertivore","foodHabitsDescEs":"Invertívoro","foodHabitsDescFr":"Invertivore","displayOrder":3},"adult":true,"immature":true},{"animalCagFoodHabitsId":103572,"foodHabits":{"id":4,"foodHabitsDescEn":"Herbivore","foodHabitsDescEs":"Herbívoro","foodHabitsDescFr":"Herbivore","displayOrder":4},"adult":true,"immature":true}]},"occurrenceDelineations":[{"eoSpecsDetailId":1527,"locationUseClass":{"id":1,"locationUseClassDescEn":"Not applicable","locationUseClassDescEs":"No se aplica","locationUseClassDescFr":"Sans objet","displayOrder":1},"eoSpecGroupName":null,"subtypes":null,"inferredExtentDistance":3.5,"inferredExtentNotes":null,"minimumEoCriteria":"Occurrences are based on evidence of historical presence, or current and likely recurring presence, at a given location. Such evidence minimally includes collection or reliable observation and documentation of one or more individuals (including eggs) in or near appropriate habitat where the species is presumed to be established and breeding.","mappingGuidance":"Occurrences should include known nesting areas.","separationBarriers":"Large dam; upland habitat.","separationDistanceUnsuitableHabitatat":1.0,"separationDistanceSuitableHabitatat":30.0,"altSeparationProcedure":null,"separationJustification":"Alligator snapping turtles tend to be distributed in a more or less linear fashion along riverine systems, with most nesting on high ground in streamside locations (though infrequent nesting occurs farther from streams) (Jackson and Ewert 1994). Thus only major stream obstructions and steep upland ridges are recognized as barriers. Separation distance for unsuitable habitat refers to upland habitat. Separation distance for suitable habitat pertains to stream kilometers along a riverine system or across other suitable aquatic or wetland habitat.<br /><br />Sloan and Taylor (1987) studied movements of 11 radio-tagged turtles in northeastern Louisiana in a lake and impounded bayou for three months (August to November). Six were native to the study site, and five were introduced, but no difference was found between introduced and native turtles in minimum home range or daily distance traveled. The native turtles all stayed within the lake or bayou where they were captured. Of the five introduced turtles, three moved between the lake and bayou. The range of daily travel distances for native turtles was 28 to 109 m per day. Estimated minimum home range size was 18 to 196 ha for natives. In the same region, Harrel et al. (1996) found that home range length averaged 3495 m in subadult males and 1423 m in subadult females.<br /><br />In Arkansas, 11 PIT-tagged individuals moved both upstream and downstream with a maximum recorded distance of 1.8 km (Trauth et al. 1998). The separation distance of 30 km equals approximately ten times the largest known average home range length (3.5 km). This large distance is appropriate because these turtles likely do not live in isolated populations but rather throughout a river.","versionDate":"2002-01-30","versionAuthor":"Hammerson, G.","versionNotes":null,"lastModified":"2020-11-11T02:07:59.126238Z"}],"plantCharacteristics":null,"elementManagement":{"elementGlobalId":102590,"eoManagementGroupName":null,"stewardshipOverview":"This large, long-lived aquatic turtle of the southeastern U.S. and Lower Mississippi drainage has declined at least in the northern reaches of its range and in Louisiana where it was subjected to commercial harvest. However, documentation of population size is so scant that it is difficult to quantify the decline reliably. Although the turtle is late maturing, it is long-lived, has relatively large clutches, is a generalist feeder, and may be able to sustain a minimal level of incidental take.","impacts":null,"restorationPotential":"With adequate protection of habitat and enforced restrictions on take, population restoration is possible, as has been demonstrated in Salado Creek in Arkansas (Trauth et al. 2016). This turtle has relatively large clutches and adults are expected to survive for many years and to reproduce many times in the course of a lifetime. Although captive breeding and release of head-started juveniles is feasible, it needs to be carried out in rivers with sufficient food resources and control of predators to be successful (Dreslik et al. 2017).","siteConservationPlansConsidered":"Protection requires the preservation of occupied riverine habitat to maintain its ecological integrity. Preserves should not be negatively influenced by dams, pollution, or alterations of hydrology, stream course, or bank vegetation. Natural upland buffers large enough to accommodate undisturbed nesting should be included. At this time, minimum preserve size needed for viable populations is unknown.","managementMethods":"Ecological integrity of occupied river systems should be maintained, and river banks should be protected from disturbance. It may be important to improve the potential for migration past dams, although some subpopulations seem to persist in impoundments.<br /><br />Ewert and Jackson (1994) made recommendations for maintenance of appropriate nesting conditions. Perpetuation of early successional vegetation may be appropriate along some rivers.<br /><br />As sex in this species is determined by temperature in the nest, the degree of shading of nests may be important to population demography. This may be an additional management concern (D. Jackson, pers. comm., 1992).<br /><br />Release of head-started turtles needs to be conducted in careful consideration of resource availability and predator abundance (Dreslik et al. 2017).","monitoringMethods":"Monitoring is difficult, especially in the northern reaches where populations tend to be very sparse. Trapping programs conducted by trained personnel can yield good results where populations are still sizable (Enge et al. 2019). With more knowledge of reproductive chronology and habits of hatchlings and very young juveniles, it may become possible to focus monitoring on this stage of life history also. Radio telemetry can be used to study movements of adults.<br /><br />Techniques for eDNA surveys for the presence of the species have been developed (Feist et al. 2018).<br /><br />See Powell and Knesel (1992) for information on a blood collection technique.","managementProgramContacts":"Portions of the rivers that this species inhabits in northern Florida are included in a number of state parks, wildlife management areas, preserves and other types of managed areas, all with some (but not necessarily sufficient) degree of management to protect the integrity of the natural systems.","monitoringProgramContacts":null,"managementResearchPrograms":"In the early 1990s, Dale Jackson, Florida Natural Areas Inventory, and Mike Ewert, University of Indiana, were examining nesting ecology along the lower Apalachicola River, Florida (Jackson 1992), Neil Douglas, Northeast Louisiana University, was studying distribution and life history, as well as growth and reproduction in captivity in Louisiana (R. Martin, pers. comm., 1992), and Floyd Scott and John Koons were investigating distribution, habitat use and movement behavior in Tennessee. As of 2020, several studies were underway, including in Texas (led by E. Munscher, and probably others) and Oklahoma (led by D. Ligon and possibly others).","managementResearchNeeds":"Research is needed on basic ecology and responses to human-induced habitat modifications: e.g., studies of movement patterns of all demographic categories, use of artificial (e.g., spoil mound) vs. natural nesting substrates, impact of channel dredging and snag removal, effect of harvest, growth rates, hatchling and juvenile ecology, tolerance of pollutants, bioaccumulation of pesticides and heavy metals (e.g., mercury).","biologicalResearchNeeds":"Better information is needed on abundance, nesting distribution, and trends.","additionalTopics":null},"occurrenceViabilities":[{"eoRankSpecsDetailId":104097,"eoRankSpecsGroupName":null,"locationUseClass":{"id":1,"locationUseClassDescEn":"Not applicable","locationUseClassDescEs":"No se aplica","locationUseClassDescFr":"Sans objet","displayOrder":1},"excellentViability":null,"goodViability":null,"fairViability":null,"poorViability":null,"viabilityJustification":"Use the Generic Guidelines for the Application of Occurrence Ranks (2008).<br>The Key for Ranking Species Occurrences Using the Generic Approach provides a step-wise process for implementing this method.","versionDate":null,"versionAuthor":null,"versionNotes":null,"lastModified":"2020-08-24T15:46:45.872077Z"}],"references":[{"id":1159215,"citation":"Apodaca, J. 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Based on the review of the petition and sources cited in the petition, USFWS (2015) found that the petition presents substantial scientific or commercial information indicating that the petitioned action may be warranted.","completeDistribution":true,"synonyms":[{"id":122888,"synonym":"Macrochelys apalachicolae","synonymAuthor":"Thomas, Granatosky, Bourque, Krysko, Moler, Gamble, Suarez, Leone, Enge, and Roman, 2014","formattedSynonym":"<i>Macrochelys apalachicolae</i>"},{"id":146011,"synonym":"Macroclemys temmincki","synonymAuthor":"(Harlan, 1835)","formattedSynonym":"<i>Macroclemys temmincki</i>"},{"id":101849,"synonym":"Macroclemys temminckii","synonymAuthor":"(Harlan, 1835)","formattedSynonym":"<i>Macroclemys temminckii</i>"}],"infraspeciesList":[],"ebarId":null,"ebarCanadianScope":false,"ebarGlobalScope":false,"ebarKbaGroup":"Amphibians and Reptiles","caGeneralStatusId":null},"speciesCharacteristics":{"elementGlobalId":102590,"reproductionComments":"Mating takes place from February to April in Florida, followed by nesting from late April through mid-May along the Apalachicola River (Pritchard 1978; Ewert and Jackson 1994, Ewert et al. 2006). Oviposition apparently occurs from April through early May in Manchac, Louisiana, and from mid-May through early June near Jonesville, Louisiana (Dobie 1971). Nesting was observed in June in Butler County, Missouri (Figg 1991). Eggs number from 9 to 61 (average around 25-35) per nest, the number being related to the size of the female. In Florida, females laid 17-52 eggs (Ewert et al. 2006). Females produce only one clutch per year, and sometimes skip a year between clutches (Pritchard 1992, Ewert et al. 2006). Eggs hatch in 15-18 weeks (Ewert et al. 2006). Hatching extends throughout August in northwestern Florida, where hatching success in protected nests was 66-78% over two years (Ewert and Jackson 1994). Sex of hatchlings is influenced by incubation temperature (Ewert et al. 2006). Maturity is reached at 11 to 13 years at the earliest (Dobie 1971, Pritchard 1978). The older, larger turtles may be disproportionately important in population maintenance. Minimum temperature (especially in the northern portion of the range) and precipitation can have a large impact on nesting success (Thompson et al. 2017).<br /><br />Adults may live many years. One female found in Kansas was aged (by counting annuli on scutes) at 45 years (Shipman et al 1991). Captives have lived more than 70 years (Trauth et al. 2004). Generation time is estimated to be 31.2 years (Folt et al. 2016).","ecologyComments":"Alligator snapping turtles are highly aquatic, emerging from water only for nesting or, uncommonly, basking (Carr et al. 2011). The turtle is secretive, a trait making it difficult to observe, and particularly difficult to find where it is also rare.<br /><br />The principal predators of adults have historically been humans. Nest predation likely takes a heavy toll, and raccoons are a major factor (Sanspree et al 2016). Raccoons and river otters were the major source of mortality of released immature turtles in a study in Illinois, Oklahoma, and Louisiana (Dreslik et al. 2017). American alligators are also documented to feed on juveniles (Sanspree et al. 2016).","habitatComments":"Habitat consists of slow-moving, deep water of rivers, sloughs, oxbows, and canals or lakes associated with rivers (e.g., large impoundments including reservoirs) (Ernst et al. 1994); also swamps, bayous, and ponds near rivers, and shallow creeks that are tributary to occupied rivers, sometimes including swift upland streams (Phelps 2004). This turtle sometimes enters brackish waters near river mouths. Usually it occurs in water with a mud bottom and some aquatic vegetation but uses sand-bottomed river and creeks in Florida (P. Moler, pers. comm., 2020). Within streams, alligator snapping turtles may occur under or in logjams, beneath undercut banks, under rock shelters, or in deep holes (Jensen et al. 2008). These turtles are highly aquatic and rarely are found out of water (except during nesting). In Tennessee, F. Scott (pers. comm., 1992) most often found radio-tagged turtles in less than 3 meters of water. In northeast Louisiana, Sloan and Taylor (1987) found that native turtles preferred flotant (dense floating vegetation mat) with cypress or buttonbush habitat. The turtles frequently used openings in the flotant beneath cypress trees. In the same region, Harrel et al. (1996) documented a preference for bald cypress forest by subadults; most occupied sites were associated with logs. In Missouri, higher abundance was associated with submerged physical structures, deeper water, higher levels of detritus, and warmer water (Lescher et al. 2013).<br /><br />Ewert (1976) provided a description of nesting habitat. He observed 16 nests from the Apalachicola River, Florida, and one from Lake Iamonia which adjoins the Ochlockonee River, Florida. The turtles chose a variety of situations for nesting, from sand mounds along the river banks to sandbars within the stream, to a 1.5 m high steep cut bank. Conditions at the Apalachicola sites included xeric exposed sites (three nests), more mesic sites with trees nearby but open above (three nests), partially shaded sites (4 nests), and deeply shaded sites (six nests, one well within a three to five m cane stand with a completely closed canopy). Ewert suggested that many of the turtles emerged from quiet backwaters of the flooded forest, rather than the river proper. The Apalachicola nests' distance from the nearest water averaged 12 m. The one nest on an island in Lake Iamonia was in the open and was 72 m from the nearest water. Ewert and Jackson (1994) expanded this data set but not greatly altered these proportions. Jackson and Jensen (2003) reported nest sites that were about 30 and 70 m from streams.","generalDescription":"This is a very large turtle with a huge head, strongly hooked jaws, an extra row of scutes along each side of the shell (between the costals and marginals), three keels along the carapace, and a long tail; adult carapace length usually 38-66 cm (to 80 cm), mass 16-68 kg (to 143 kg); young are brown, with a very rough shell and long tail, 3-4.4 cm at hatching (Conant and Collins 1991). 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