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Conservation status should be reevaluated frequently as new information on population and trend becomes available.","grankReviewDate":"2021-12-02","rankInfo":{"elementGlobalId":102580,"aooPercentGood":null,"enviromentalSpecificity":null,"intrinsicVulnerability":null,"longTermTrend":{"id":46,"longTermTrendDescEn":"Unknown","longTermTrendDescEs":"Desconocido","longTermTrendDescFr":"Inconnu"},"numberEos":null,"numberGoodEos":null,"numberProtEos":null,"popSize":{"id":32,"popSizeDescEn":"10,000 - 1,000,000 individuals","popSizeDescEs":"De 10.000 a 1.000.000 de individuos","popSizeDescFr":"De 10 000 à 1 000 000 individus"},"rangeExtent":{"id":35,"rangeExtentDescEn":">2,500,000 square km (greater than 1,000,000 square miles)","rangeExtentDescEs":">2.500.000 kilómetros cuadrados (más ","rangeExtentDescFr":">2 500 000 km carrés (plus de 1 000 000 miles carrés)"},"shortTermTrend":{"id":26,"shortTermTrendDescEn":"Decline of 30-70%","shortTermTrendDescEs":"Disminución del 30 al 70%.","shortTermTrendDescFr":"Diminution de 30 à 70 %"},"threatImpactAssigned":{"id":2,"threatImpactAssignedDescEn":"Very high - high","threatImpactAssignedDescEs":"Muy alto - alto","threatImpactAssignedDescFr":"Très élevé — élevé"},"rangeExtentComments":"Range extends from Nova Scotia, New Brunswick, southern Quebec, Michigan, Minnesota, and South Dakota south to eastern and southern Mexico, Honduras, Texas, U.S. Gulf Coast, and Florida, west to Wyoming, Colorado, western Texas, and New Mexico (Fujita and Kunz 1984, Kurta and Teramino 1994, Bogan and Cryan 2000, Broders et al. 2001, Adams 2003, Geluso et al. 2005, White et al. 2006, Valdez et al. 2009, Slider and Kurta 2011, Ammerman et al. 2012). In Texas, the species ranges to elevations as high as 2,100 meters in the Chisos Mountains (Ammerman et al. 2012).","areaOfOccupancy":null,"areaOfOccupancyComments":null,"numberEosComments":"The number of distinct occurrences has not been determined using standardized criteria, but the species is represented by a very large number of collection/observation sites and locations (as defined by IUCN).","popSizeComments":"Total adult population size is unknown but undoubtedly still exceeds 10,000. Summer and winter colony sizes are relatively small (winter mean 61 individuals, range 4-396) (northeastern United States; Langwig et al. 2012, supporting data); the overall population is distributed over a large number of sites, but counts are not available for most sites.","viabilityComments":null,"threatImpactComments":"Primary threat is a recently recognized fungal pathogen that causes a generally fatal condition known as white-nose syndrome (WNS), which attacks hibernating bats. WNS has spread rapidly (confirmed in more than 100 bat hibernacula) and now has been documented throughout northeastern North America. As of early 2015, WNS was still spreading but was confined primarily to areas east of the Mississippi River (plus several locations in Arkansas and Missouri, with suspected instances in Iowa and Minnesota). The fungus that causes WNS likely was recently introduced from Europe (Warnecke et al. 2012). A few years ago the population impact of WNS on <i>P. subflavus</i> appeared to be less severe than it was initially (Langwig et al. 2012), but recent data indicate that a drastic decline has occurred, and the disease continues to spread across a substantial portion of the bat's range.<br /><br />This species incurs substantial mortality from turbines at wind energy facilities (Johnson et al. 2003, Fiedler 2004, Johnson 2005, Kunz et al. 2007, Arnett et al. 2008). The overall population impact of wind-energy-associated mortality is uncertain but probably significant, particularly in light of the concurrent negative impacts of WNS. Arnett and Baerwald (2013) estimated that roughly 45,000-94,000 tricolored bats were killed by wind turbines in the United States and Canada during the period 2000-2011. Many new turbines are planned or under construction, so the scope and severity of this threat probably are increasing.<br /><br />In Nova Scotia, these bats seem to be negatively impacted by landscape practices that reduce the spatial extent of forests (Farrow and Broders 2011).<br /><br />These bats do not require pristine stream/riparian conditions and may forage along streams receiving wastewater treatment plant effluents (Kalcounis-Rueppell et al. 2007).","shortTermTrendComments":"Range-wide trend over the past 10 years or three generations (perhaps roughly 15 years) is not precisely known, but abundance has greatly declined in northeastern North America since 2006 as a result of a rapidly spreading fungal disease (white-nose syndrome) (Franci et al. 2012, Langwig et al. 2012). In West Virginia, captures per net-night declined by about 77 percent between 1997-2008 and 2010 (i.e., pre-WNS and post-WNS) (Franci et al. 2012). According to Langwig et al. (2012), the rate of decline of tricolored bat populations in northeastern North America decreased with time, and populations apparently stabilized at much lower levels 3-4 years after WNS was detected. However, available data indicate a very large decline over the past 10 years or 3 generations (e.g., Turner et al. 2011; see also COSEWIC 2013).<br /><br />Prior to 2006, population data for the species indicated no evidence of a decline (Ellison et al. 2003); populations were increasing (Langwig et al. 2012). Given that the <i>P. subflavus</i> population outside the known current range of WNS is not known to have recently declined, the overall (range-wide) degree of population decline is less than that recorded for the WNS-impacted populations.","longTermTrendComments":"Long-term trend is not well known. Presumably populations declined with deforestation and agricultural development in eastern North America in the 1800s and earlier, then increased with farm abandonment and forest regrowth in the 1900s. In the four decades prior to white-nose syndrome (WNS) detection, monitored populations of this species were growing (Langwig et al. 2012), and the range apparently expanded northward and westward. For example, Kurta et al. (2007) recorded many new (1993-2006) records and an apparent northward range expansion of <i>P. subflavus</i> into the central Great Lakes region (Michigan Upper Peninsula to Illinois and Indiana) and speculated that the existence of human-made or human-modified hibernacula (e.g., dam construction, modifications associated with commercialization of a cave) created conditions suitable for the species to colonize that area. Recent range expansion (likely associated with increases in wooded habitats along rivers and increases in the number of human-made structures that might be used as hibernacula) also were recorded along the western edge of the range, from South Dakota to Texas and New Mexico (e.g., Bogan and Cryan 2000, Geluso et al. 2005, White et al. 2006, Valdez et al. 2009). The change in the overall population--considering recent increases, range expansion, and WNS-caused declines--is uncertain.","inventoryNeeds":null,"numberProtEosComments":null,"protectionNeeds":null,"otherConsiderations":null,"intrinsicVulnerabilityComments":null,"enviromentalSpecificityComments":null},"animalCharacteristics":{"elementGlobalId":102580,"majorHabitat":{"id":3,"majorHabitatDescEn":"Terrestrial","majorHabitatDescEs":"Terrestre","majorHabitatDescFr":"Terrestre"},"nonMigrant":true,"localMigrant":true,"longDistanceMigrant":false,"mobilityMigrationComments":"In much of the range, at least some individuals appear to engage in limited or regional radiation migrations. Griffin (1940) and Barbour and Davis (1969) reported recoveries of banded individuals that had moved up to 136 kilometers. Some in northern populations engage in annual latitudinal migrations; some non-molt-period males from the southern portion of the range also showed evidence of southern fall migration. (Fraser et al. 2012).<br /><br />In Indiana, reproductive females remained at roost trees for 6 days on average before moving to new roosts and traveled approximately 19-139 meters between roost trees (Veilleux et al. 2003). In Arkansas, males used the same foliage roost for up to 33 consecutive days (Perry and Thill 2007). Individuals roosting in buildings commonly switch roosts (see review by Ammerman et al. 2012).","foodHabitsComments":"Diet includes various flying insects, often obtained treetop level or over water.","animalPhenologyComments":"In Texas, the bats arrive in hibernation sites in September and are gone by April (Sandel et al. 2001). Individuals rarely may fly outside hibernation sites in winter (Whitaker and Rissler 1992).","colonialBreeder":true,"length":9,"width":null,"weight":6,"animalPhenologies":[{"animalCagPhenologyId":101907,"animalPhenology":{"id":1,"animalPhenologyDescEn":"Hibernates/aestivates","animalPhenologyDescEs":"Hibernación/Estivación","animalPhenologyDescFr":"Hiberne/estive","displayOrder":1},"adult":true,"immature":true},{"animalCagPhenologyId":101908,"animalPhenology":{"id":4,"animalPhenologyDescEn":"Nocturnal","animalPhenologyDescEs":"Nocturno","animalPhenologyDescFr":"Nocturne","displayOrder":4},"adult":true,"immature":true}],"animalFoodHabits":[{"animalCagFoodHabitsId":103553,"foodHabits":{"id":3,"foodHabitsDescEn":"Invertivore","foodHabitsDescEs":"Invertívoro","foodHabitsDescFr":"Invertivore","displayOrder":3},"adult":true,"immature":true}]},"occurrenceDelineations":[{"eoSpecsDetailId":156330,"locationUseClass":{"id":2,"locationUseClassDescEn":"Breeding","locationUseClassDescEs":"En reproducción","locationUseClassDescFr":"Reproduction","displayOrder":2},"eoSpecGroupName":"Small and Medium Bats","subtypes":null,"inferredExtentDistance":null,"inferredExtentNotes":null,"minimumEoCriteria":"An area occupied either historically or at present by a persisting or recurring breeding population during spring/summer (approximately May through August). Includes mist net captures away from colony sites obtained even if the associated roost site is not known. Identification evidence minimally includes collection or reliable observation and detailed documentation of one or more individuals. In certain regions, echolocation sequences of individuals may be considered reliable observations for certain species that can be confidently identified by their echolocation calls alone, although caution must be used in determining Location Use Class for such observations during the breeding season.","mappingGuidance":null,"separationBarriers":"None.","separationDistanceUnsuitableHabitatat":5.0,"separationDistanceSuitableHabitatat":5.0,"altSeparationProcedure":null,"separationJustification":"It is impractical to attempt to delineate occurrences on the basis of discrete populations. Instead, the assigned separation distance is intended to generate occurrences that consist of spatially proximate roost sites and capture locations.","versionDate":"2014-07-02","versionAuthor":"Hammerson, G.","versionNotes":null,"lastModified":"2020-04-30T02:05:57.942669Z"},{"eoSpecsDetailId":1202,"locationUseClass":{"id":3,"locationUseClassDescEn":"Nonbreeding","locationUseClassDescEs":"No reproducción","locationUseClassDescFr":"Non-reproduction","displayOrder":3},"eoSpecGroupName":"Small and Medium Bats","subtypes":"Diurnal Roost, Foraging Area, Nocturnal Roost","inferredExtentDistance":null,"inferredExtentNotes":"No inferred extent given, since foraging areas may be separated from colony.","minimumEoCriteria":"A site occupied either historically or at present by a recurring population of migrating or otherwise nonhibernating individuals during the nonbreeding season. Identification evidence minimally includes collection or reliable observation and detailed documentation of one or more individuals. In certain regions, recorded echolocation sequences of individuals may be considered reliable observations for certain species that can be confidently identified by their echolocation calls alone.","mappingGuidance":null,"separationBarriers":"Studies suggest that major roads and highways can be a barrier to bat movement, although the effects may vary depending on species, landscape context, nearby tree cover, and level of traffic (Kerth and Melber 2009, Abbott et al. 2012, USFWS 2019).","separationDistanceUnsuitableHabitatat":5.0,"separationDistanceSuitableHabitatat":5.0,"altSeparationProcedure":null,"separationJustification":"The assigned separation distance is intended to generate occurrences that consist of spatially proximate roost sites and capture locations. However, include in the same occurrence (1) any roost sites between which individuals are known to move, regardless of how far apart they are, and (2) known significant foraging areas of occurrences that are based on roost sites.<br/><br/>In California, Fellers and Pierson (2002) studied a group of <i>Corynorhinus townsendii</i> inhabiting a maternity colony site after the nursery season had passed and found that the mean center of female foraging activity was 3.2 kilometers from the diurnal roost, whereas the mean center of male foraging activity was only 1.3 kilometers from the roost. No bats traveled more than 10.5 kilometers from the roost, and individuals showed considerable loyalty to the primary roost. Otherwise, little movement data are available.","versionDate":"2001-04-19","versionAuthor":"Cannings, S.","versionNotes":null,"lastModified":"2024-04-05T22:15:29.046777Z"},{"eoSpecsDetailId":1200,"locationUseClass":{"id":7,"locationUseClassDescEn":"Hibernaculum","locationUseClassDescEs":"Hibernáculo","locationUseClassDescFr":"Gîte d’hibernation","displayOrder":8},"eoSpecGroupName":"Small and Medium Bats","subtypes":"Hibernaculum, Pre-hibernation roost site","inferredExtentDistance":null,"inferredExtentNotes":null,"minimumEoCriteria":"A site occupied either historically or at present by a recurring population of hibernating individuals. Identification evidence minimally includes collection or reliable observation and detailed documentation of one or more individuals. EO also includes immediately surrounding areas used by bats immediately before hibernation, where these areas are known.","mappingGuidance":"Cave/mine passages should be projected to the surface for the purpose of mapping EO boundary.","separationBarriers":"None.","separationDistanceUnsuitableHabitatat":5.0,"separationDistanceSuitableHabitatat":5.0,"altSeparationProcedure":null,"separationJustification":"These bats sometimes move long distances between different hibernacula. For example, individuals of M. LUCIFUGUS and M. SEPTENTRIONALIS have been recorded flying up to 219 and 89 kilometers respectively between hibernacula during the winter months (Linzey 1998, Griffin 1940). However, <br/>such movements are not a good basis for distinguishing occurrences (occurrences would become too expansive). The assigned separation distance is intended to generate occurrences that consist of spatially proximate hibernacula. <br/><br/>Separation distances suggested take into account the fact that, during the fall, some bats (e.g. M. SODALIS) swarm and mate at their hibernaculum, and males roost in trees nearby during the day and fly to the cave during the night. In two studies, M. SODALIS males roosted within a maximum of 5.6 kilometers of the hibernaculum (Kiser and Elliott 1996; Craig Stihler, West Virginia Division of Natural Resources, pers. observ., October 1996, cited in USFWS 1999). <br/><br/>Although they do not generally fly from one hibernaculum to another, hibernating bats are known to wake and move around to some extent within their hibernating site. As long as the areas are connected (even though they may not be passable by humans) the bats could be expected to move from one part of the system to another (e.g. MYOTIS SODALIS, Clawson et al. 1980).","versionDate":"2004-03-29","versionAuthor":"Cannings, S., and G. Hammerson","versionNotes":null,"lastModified":"2024-02-03T00:58:53.501779Z"},{"eoSpecsDetailId":1199,"locationUseClass":{"id":8,"locationUseClassDescEn":"Maternity colony","locationUseClassDescEs":"Zona de maternidad","locationUseClassDescFr":"Pouponnière","displayOrder":9},"eoSpecGroupName":"Small and Medium Bats","subtypes":"Colony Site, Foraging Area, Nocturnal Roost","inferredExtentDistance":null,"inferredExtentNotes":"No inferred extent given, since foraging areas may be separated from colony.","minimumEoCriteria":"An area occupied either historically or at present by a persisting or recurring population of breeding females and their young during summer (approximately May through August). Includes mist net captures away from colony sites obtained during the summer months even if the associated roost site is not known. Identification evidence minimally includes collection or reliable observation and detailed documentation of one or more individuals. In certain regions, echolocation sequences of individuals may be considered reliable observations for certain species that can be confidently identified by their echolocation calls alone, although caution must be used in determining Location Use Class for such observations during the breeding season.","mappingGuidance":"The EO includes both the colony site and the associated foraging areas. If separate, the colony site and foraging areas are bounded by separate polygons; that is, areas over which the bats simply commute to and from foraging areas and the colony are not included in the EO.","separationBarriers":"None.","separationDistanceUnsuitableHabitatat":5.0,"separationDistanceSuitableHabitatat":5.0,"altSeparationProcedure":null,"separationJustification":"It is impractical to attempt to delineate occurrences on the basis of discrete populations. Instead, the assigned separation distance is intended to generate occurrences that consist of spatially proximate roost sites and capture locations.<br/><br/>Nursing female <i>Myotis sodalis</i> moved an average of 1.04 kilometers from roost to center of foraging area, giving a mean foraging diameter of 2.08 kilometers; however, post-lactating females moved more than twice as far, travelling an average of 2.6 kilometers (Garner and Gardner 1992). In Indiana, 11 foraging adult females that were tracked for 2-7 days moved up to 8.4 km from their roost; home range during this brief period averaged 3.35 square kilometers (Sparks et al. 2005). <i>Myotis grisescens</i> females move up to 6.6 kilometers (Tuttle 1976). Female <i>M. septentrionalis</i> had an average foraging home range of 61.1 hectares (Menzel et al. 1999), equivalent to a circle with a diameter of 880 meters.","versionDate":"2001-03-08","versionAuthor":"Cannings, S.","versionNotes":null,"lastModified":"2024-02-03T00:58:53.501779Z"},{"eoSpecsDetailId":1201,"locationUseClass":{"id":9,"locationUseClassDescEn":"Bachelor colony","locationUseClassDescEs":"Zona de machos","locationUseClassDescFr":"Colonie de mâles","displayOrder":10},"eoSpecGroupName":"Small and Medium Bats","subtypes":"Diurnal Roost, Foraging Area, Nocturnal Roost","inferredExtentDistance":null,"inferredExtentNotes":"No inferred extent given, since foraging areas may be separated from colony.","minimumEoCriteria":"An area occupied either historically or at present by a persisting or recurring population of males during summer (approximately May through August). Includes mist net captures away from roost sites obtained during the summer months even if the actual roost site(s) are not known. Identification evidence minimally includes collection or reliable observation and detailed documentation of one or more individuals. In certain regions, recorded echolocation sequences of individuals may be considered reliable observations for certain species that can be confidently identified by their echolocation calls alone, although caution must be used in determining Location Use Class for such observations during the breeding season.","mappingGuidance":"EO includes both the colony site and the associated foraging areas. If separate, the colony site and foraging areas are bounded by separate polygons; that is, areas over which the bats simply commute to and from foraging areas and the colony are not included in the EO.","separationBarriers":"None.","separationDistanceUnsuitableHabitatat":5.0,"separationDistanceSuitableHabitatat":5.0,"altSeparationProcedure":null,"separationJustification":"The assigned separation distance is intended to generate occurrences that consist of spatially proximate roost sites and capture locations. However, include in the same occurrence (1) any roost sites between which significant of individuals are known to move, regardless of how far apart they are, and (2) known significant foraging areas of occurrences that are based on roost sites.<br/><br/>In two studies, male <i>Myotis sodalis</i> foraged a maximum of 2.0 and 4.2 kilometers from their summer roosts (summarized in USFWS 1999).","versionDate":"2004-03-29","versionAuthor":"Cannings, S., and G. Hammerson","versionNotes":null,"lastModified":"2024-02-03T00:58:53.501779Z"},{"eoSpecsDetailId":156353,"locationUseClass":{"id":21,"locationUseClassDescEn":"Roost","locationUseClassDescEs":null,"locationUseClassDescFr":"Aire de repos","displayOrder":11},"eoSpecGroupName":"Small and Medium Bats","subtypes":null,"inferredExtentDistance":null,"inferredExtentNotes":"No inferred extent given, since foraging areas may be separated from colony.","minimumEoCriteria":"An area occupied either historically or at present by a persisting or recurring population during summer (approximately May through August). Includes counts of individuals from roost sites obtained during the summer months during pup rearing and summer residence periods. Identification evidence minimally includes collection or reliable observation and detailed documentation of one or more individuals during roost counts.","mappingGuidance":"EO includes both the colony site and an approximation of the associated foraging areas. If separate, the colony site and foraging areas are bounded by separate polygons; that is, areas over which the bats simply commute to and from foraging areas and the colony are not included in the EO.","separationBarriers":"None","separationDistanceUnsuitableHabitatat":5.0,"separationDistanceSuitableHabitatat":5.0,"altSeparationProcedure":null,"separationJustification":"It is impractical to attempt to delineate occurrences on the basis of discrete populations. Instead, the assigned separation distance is intended to generate occurrences that consist of spatially proximate roost sites.","versionDate":"2017-12-01","versionAuthor":"Staffen, R.","versionNotes":null,"lastModified":"2024-02-03T00:58:53.501779Z"}],"plantCharacteristics":null,"elementManagement":{"elementGlobalId":102580,"eoManagementGroupName":null,"stewardshipOverview":null,"impacts":null,"restorationPotential":null,"siteConservationPlansConsidered":null,"managementMethods":null,"monitoringMethods":null,"managementProgramContacts":null,"monitoringProgramContacts":null,"managementResearchPrograms":null,"managementResearchNeeds":null,"biologicalResearchNeeds":null,"additionalTopics":null},"occurrenceViabilities":[{"eoRankSpecsDetailId":104087,"eoRankSpecsGroupName":null,"locationUseClass":{"id":1,"locationUseClassDescEn":"Not applicable","locationUseClassDescEs":"No se aplica","locationUseClassDescFr":"Sans objet","displayOrder":1},"excellentViability":null,"goodViability":null,"fairViability":null,"poorViability":null,"viabilityJustification":"Use the Generic Guidelines for the Application of Occurrence Ranks (2008).<br>The Key for Ranking Species Occurrences Using the Generic Approach provides a step-wise process for implementing this method.","versionDate":null,"versionAuthor":null,"versionNotes":null,"lastModified":"2020-05-14T02:21:55.083978Z"}],"references":[{"id":382815,"citation":"Adams, R. A. 2003. Bats of the Rocky Mountain West: natural history, ecology, and conservation. University Press of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado. xiii + 289 pp.","shortCitationAuthor":"Adams","shortCitationYear":2003,"referenceCode":"B03ADA01NAUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T18:12:51.867225Z"},{"id":1151804,"citation":"American Society of Mammalogists (ASM). 2025. Mammal Diversity Database (Version 1.13) [Data set]. Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10595931. Online. Available: https://www.mammaldiversity.org/","shortCitationAuthor":"American Society of Mammalogists (ASM)","shortCitationYear":2025,"referenceCode":"W25ASM01NAUS","lastModified":"2025-04-04T21:45:15.526109Z"},{"id":756152,"citation":"Ammerman, L. K., C. L. Hice, and D. J. Schmidly. 2012. Bats of Texas. Texas A &amp; M University Press, College Station, Texas. xvi + 305 pp.","shortCitationAuthor":"Ammerman et al.","shortCitationYear":2012,"referenceCode":"B12AMM01NAUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T18:12:51.867225Z"},{"id":103408,"citation":"Arita, H. T. 1993. Conservation biology of the cave bats in Mexico. Journal of Mammalogy 74:693-702.","shortCitationAuthor":"Arita","shortCitationYear":1993,"referenceCode":"A93ARI01NAUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T18:12:51.867225Z"},{"id":759142,"citation":"Arnett, E. B., and E. F. Baerwald. 2013. Impacts of wind energy development on bats: implications for conservation. Pages 435-456 in R. A. Adams and S. C. Pedersen (editors). Bat evolution, ecology, and conservation. Springer Science+Business Media, New York.","shortCitationAuthor":"Arnett and Baerwald","shortCitationYear":2013,"referenceCode":"A13ARN01NAUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T18:12:51.88284Z"},{"id":762989,"citation":"Arnett, E. B., W. K. Brown, W. P. Erickson, J. K. Fiedler, B. L. 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