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E., and D. M. Reeder (editors). 1993. Mammal species of the world: a taxonomic and geographic reference. Second edition. Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, DC. xviii + 1206 pp. Available online at: http://www.nmnh.si.edu/msw/.","conceptName":"<i>Delphinapterus leucas</i>","taxonomicComments":"Brennin et al. 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and sub-Arctic waters of North America and Eurasia. Southernmost regular range in the Western Hemisphere: St. Lawrence River estuary (isolated resident population), Gulf of Alaska, James Bay (Stewart and Stewart 1989). See Reeves and Mitchell (1989) for information on status in Ungava Bay and eastern Hudson Bay. See Richard (1993) for information on status in western and southern Hudson Bay. See Doidge and Finley (1993) for information on status of the Baffin Bay population. See also IUCN (1991) for further details regarding distribution.","areaOfOccupancy":null,"areaOfOccupancyComments":null,"numberEosComments":null,"popSizeComments":"Total population was estimated in the 1980s at around 62,000 to 88,000 individuals (Folkens 1984; see also Stewart and Stewart 1989); IUCN (1991) estimated world total of 50,000-70,000.","viabilityComments":null,"threatImpactComments":"Population decline in Gulf of St. Lawrence (from 5000 to 500) and elsewhere is attributed to loss of suitable habitat, pollution, and especially historic over-exploitation (Stewart and Stewart 1989, IUCN 1991, Dold 1993). This population shows a high rate of intestinal cancer, possibly related to water pollution (Farnsworth, NY Times, 22 August 1995). Lungworms may be an important cause of morbidity and mortality of young in the St. Lawrence estuary (Measures et al. 1995).  The Southeast Baffin Island population is thought to be declining as a result of excessive harvest (Richard 1991). There is also concern that excessive harvest, especially in western Greenland, may be threatening the Baffin Bay population that summers around Somerset Island (Droidge and Finley 1992, 1993). Potentially threatened also by development of hydrocarbon resources and increased disturbance from ship traffic.","shortTermTrendComments":"Some populations are clearly very depleted and require adequate management for recovery (IUCN 1991). Stock that occupies western Hudson Bay in summer is thought to be large and stable, despite a substantial harvest; the effect of hydroelectric development on the estuarine habitat of this stock is unknown; status of the southern Hudson Bay stock should be reviewed when more information on its size, relationship to other stocks, and harvest levels becomes available (P. R. Richard, 1993 COSEWIC report; Richard 1993). The Southeast Baffin Island population is thought to be declining (Richard 1991).","longTermTrendComments":null,"inventoryNeeds":null,"numberProtEosComments":"See IUCN (1991) for discussion of available protection measures.","protectionNeeds":null,"otherConsiderations":null,"intrinsicVulnerabilityComments":null,"enviromentalSpecificityComments":null},"animalCharacteristics":{"elementGlobalId":102539,"majorHabitat":{"id":1,"majorHabitatDescEn":"Marine","majorHabitatDescEs":"Marino","majorHabitatDescFr":"Marine"},"nonMigrant":false,"localMigrant":true,"longDistanceMigrant":false,"mobilityMigrationComments":"Population that summers around Somerset Island in eastern Canadian high arctic migrates through Lancaster Sound and winters mainly in Baffin Bay and Davis Strait (Droidge and Finley 1992, 1993). heavy pack ice and landfast ice; in spring may follow ice edges closely, penetrate areas with ice cracks (Stewart and Stewart 1989).","foodHabitsComments":"Eats various benthic and pelagic prey in shallow and coastal waters; most important prey varies, includes capelin, various cods, sand lance, char, herring, cisco, whitefish, smelt, burbot, salmon, sculpin, decapods, squid, octopus.","animalPhenologyComments":"Active day and night.","colonialBreeder":false,"length":4300,"width":null,"weight":null,"animalPhenologies":[{"animalCagPhenologyId":101883,"animalPhenology":{"id":2,"animalPhenologyDescEn":"Circadian","animalPhenologyDescEs":"Circadiano","animalPhenologyDescFr":"Circadien","displayOrder":2},"adult":true,"immature":true}],"animalFoodHabits":[{"animalCagFoodHabitsId":103508,"foodHabits":{"id":2,"foodHabitsDescEn":"Piscivore","foodHabitsDescEs":"Piscivore","foodHabitsDescFr":"Piscivore","displayOrder":2},"adult":true,"immature":true},{"animalCagFoodHabitsId":103509,"foodHabits":{"id":3,"foodHabitsDescEn":"Invertivore","foodHabitsDescEs":"Invertívoro","foodHabitsDescFr":"Invertivore","displayOrder":3},"adult":true,"immature":true}]},"occurrenceDelineations":[{"eoSpecsDetailId":1415,"locationUseClass":{"id":2,"locationUseClassDescEn":"Breeding","locationUseClassDescEs":"En reproducción","locationUseClassDescFr":"Reproduction","displayOrder":2},"eoSpecGroupName":null,"subtypes":null,"inferredExtentDistance":null,"inferredExtentNotes":null,"minimumEoCriteria":"An area that  is, or was, occupied by a recurring population during the breeding season (winter). 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Minimally, at least two and preferably several years of observation should be used to reliably identify significant, recurrent foraging concentrations, i. e. those occupied by feeding whales more than 10 days per year.  In most cases, occurrences should not be extensive areas, but rather portions of such areas that stand out as strongly meeting the occurrence criteria. Year-to-year changes in prey distribution may mean that some key sites are not be occupied every year; however, occurrences should still be delineated where data indicates that the sites are important over the longer term.","mappingGuidance":null,"separationBarriers":"None.","separationDistanceUnsuitableHabitatat":20.0,"separationDistanceSuitableHabitatat":20.0,"altSeparationProcedure":null,"separationJustification":"Belugas can travel significant distances daily. 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