{"elementGlobalId":102537,"circumscripConfidence":{"id":1,"circumscripConfidenceDescEn":"1 - Strong","circumscripConfidenceDescEs":"1 - Fuerte","circumscripConfidenceDescFr":"1 – Forte"},"classificationLevel":{"id":7,"classificationLevelNameEn":"Species","classificationLevelNameEs":"Especies","classificationLevelNameFr":"Espèce"},"classificationStatus":{"id":1,"classificationStatusDescEn":"Standard","classificationStatusDescEs":"Estándar","classificationStatusDescFr":"Standard"},"iucn":{"id":11,"iucnDescEn":"Least concern","iucnDescEs":"Menos preocupante","iucnDescFr":"Moins préoccupante","iucnCode":"LC"},"nameCategory":{"id":1,"nameCategoryDescEn":"Vertebrate Animal","nameCategoryDescEs":"Animal vertebrado","nameCategoryDescFr":"Animal vertébré","nameTypeCd":"A","nameTypeDesc":"Zoological"},"rankMethodUsed":{"id":7,"rankMethodUsedDescEn":" Rank calculation - Biotics v2","rankMethodUsedDescEs":null,"rankMethodUsedDescFr":null,"rankMethodUsedExternalDescEn":"Ranked by calculator","rankMethodUsedExternalDescEs":null,"rankMethodUsedExternalDescFr":null},"formattedScientificName":"<i>Anaxyrus quercicus</i>","scientificName":"Anaxyrus quercicus","scientificNameAuthor":"(Holbrook, 1840)","primaryCommonName":"Oak Toad","relatedItisNames":"<i>Anaxyrus quercicus</i> (Holbrook, 1840) (TSN 773528)","uniqueId":"ELEMENT_GLOBAL.2.102537","elcode":"AAABB01130","conceptRefFullCitation":"Frost, D. R. 1985. Amphibian species of the world. A taxonomic and geographical reference. Allen Press, Inc., and The Association of  Systematics Collections, Lawrence, Kansas. v + 732 pp.","conceptName":"<i>Bufo quercicus</i>","taxonomicComments":"The genus <i>Anaxyrus </i>was split from <i>Bufo </i>by Frost et al. (2006). However, taxonomy within the genus <i>Bufo </i>remains controversial and many references still use the long-established <i>Bufo</i>.","roundedGRank":"G4","conservationStatusFactorsEditionDate":"2025-06-23","conservationStatusFactorsEditionAuthors":"Gundy, R. L. (2025)","primaryCommonNameLanguage":"EN","recordType":"SPECIES","elementNationals":[{"elementNationalId":163847,"classifConfidence":null,"nation":{"id":225,"nameEn":"United States","nameEs":"Estados Unidos","nameFr":"États-Unis","isoCode":"US","region":"United States"},"roundedNRank":"N5","elementSubnationals":[{"elementSubnationalId":387105,"subnation":{"id":34,"nameEn":"North Carolina","nameEs":"Carolina del Norte","nameFr":"Caroline du Nord","subnationCode":"NC","dnationId":225},"roundedSRank":"S2","dataSensitive":{"id":2,"dataSensitiveDescEn":"No","dataSensitiveDescEs":null,"dataSensitiveDescFr":null,"dataSensitiveCode":"N"},"dataSensitiveCategory":null,"srank":"S2","speciesSubnational":{"elementSubnationalId":387105,"hybrid":false,"exotic":false,"native":true}},{"elementSubnationalId":347083,"subnation":{"id":23,"nameEn":"Louisiana","nameEs":"Louisiana","nameFr":"Louisiane","subnationCode":"LA","dnationId":225},"roundedSRank":"S2","dataSensitive":{"id":2,"dataSensitiveDescEn":"No","dataSensitiveDescEs":null,"dataSensitiveDescFr":null,"dataSensitiveCode":"N"},"dataSensitiveCategory":null,"srank":"S2","speciesSubnational":{"elementSubnationalId":347083,"hybrid":false,"exotic":false,"native":true}},{"elementSubnationalId":271140,"subnation":{"id":14,"nameEn":"Georgia","nameEs":"Georgia","nameFr":"Géorgie","subnationCode":"GA","dnationId":225},"roundedSRank":"S5","dataSensitive":{"id":2,"dataSensitiveDescEn":"No","dataSensitiveDescEs":null,"dataSensitiveDescFr":null,"dataSensitiveCode":"N"},"dataSensitiveCategory":null,"srank":"S5","speciesSubnational":{"elementSubnationalId":271140,"hybrid":false,"exotic":false,"native":true}},{"elementSubnationalId":371284,"subnation":{"id":2,"nameEn":"Alabama","nameEs":"Alabama","nameFr":"Alabama","subnationCode":"AL","dnationId":225},"roundedSRank":"S5","dataSensitive":{"id":2,"dataSensitiveDescEn":"No","dataSensitiveDescEs":null,"dataSensitiveDescFr":null,"dataSensitiveCode":"N"},"dataSensitiveCategory":null,"srank":"S5","speciesSubnational":{"elementSubnationalId":371284,"hybrid":false,"exotic":false,"native":true}},{"elementSubnationalId":375928,"subnation":{"id":53,"nameEn":"Virginia","nameEs":"Virginia","nameFr":"Virginie","subnationCode":"VA","dnationId":225},"roundedSRank":"S2","dataSensitive":{"id":2,"dataSensitiveDescEn":"No","dataSensitiveDescEs":null,"dataSensitiveDescFr":null,"dataSensitiveCode":"N"},"dataSensitiveCategory":null,"srank":"S2","speciesSubnational":{"elementSubnationalId":375928,"hybrid":false,"exotic":false,"native":true}},{"elementSubnationalId":399837,"subnation":{"id":12,"nameEn":"Florida","nameEs":"Florida","nameFr":"Floride","subnationCode":"FL","dnationId":225},"roundedSRank":"S4","dataSensitive":{"id":2,"dataSensitiveDescEn":"No","dataSensitiveDescEs":null,"dataSensitiveDescFr":null,"dataSensitiveCode":"N"},"dataSensitiveCategory":null,"srank":"S4","speciesSubnational":{"elementSubnationalId":399837,"hybrid":false,"exotic":false,"native":true}},{"elementSubnationalId":364629,"subnation":{"id":48,"nameEn":"South Carolina","nameEs":"Carolina del Sur","nameFr":"Caroline du Sud","subnationCode":"SC","dnationId":225},"roundedSRank":"S3","dataSensitive":{"id":2,"dataSensitiveDescEn":"No","dataSensitiveDescEs":null,"dataSensitiveDescFr":null,"dataSensitiveCode":"N"},"dataSensitiveCategory":null,"srank":"S3","speciesSubnational":{"elementSubnationalId":364629,"hybrid":false,"exotic":false,"native":true}},{"elementSubnationalId":384843,"subnation":{"id":32,"nameEn":"Mississippi","nameEs":"Mississippi","nameFr":"Mississippi","subnationCode":"MS","dnationId":225},"roundedSRank":"S4","dataSensitive":{"id":2,"dataSensitiveDescEn":"No","dataSensitiveDescEs":null,"dataSensitiveDescFr":null,"dataSensitiveCode":"N"},"dataSensitiveCategory":null,"srank":"S4S5","speciesSubnational":{"elementSubnationalId":384843,"hybrid":false,"exotic":false,"native":true}}],"nrankReviewYear":1996,"nrank":"N5","speciesNational":{"elementNationalId":163847,"exotic":false,"native":true}}],"lastModified":"2026-10-02T21:39:07.193803Z","lastPublished":"2026-10-02T21:32:08.892226Z","promotionalDescription":null,"conceptLineageSummary":null,"nsxUrl":"/Taxon/ELEMENT_GLOBAL.2.102537/Anaxyrus_quercicus","grankAdjustmentReasons":null,"grankChangeDate":"2025-06-23","grankReviewDate":"2025-06-23","grankReasons":"This species is endemic to the southeastern U.S. Once very abundant, the population has declined due to development, conversion of habitat to pine plantation, fire exclusion, and loss of wetlands. The population continues to decline due to these threats.","grank":"G4","rankInfo":{"elementGlobalId":102537,"aooPercentGood":null,"enviromentalSpecificity":{"id":10,"enviromentalSpecificityDescEn":"Broad.  Generalist or community with all key requirements common.","enviromentalSpecificityDescEs":"Amplio.  Generalista o comunidad con todos los requisitos claves comunes.","enviromentalSpecificityDescFr":"Vaste. Généralistes ou communautés répondant à tous les critères clés sont répandus."},"intrinsicVulnerability":{"id":4,"intrinsicVulnerabilityDescEn":"Moderately vulnerable","intrinsicVulnerabilityDescEs":"Moderadamente vulnerable","intrinsicVulnerabilityDescFr":"Moyennement vulnérable"},"longTermTrend":{"id":26,"longTermTrendDescEn":"Decline of 30-70%","longTermTrendDescEs":"Disminución del 30 al 70%.","longTermTrendDescFr":"Diminution de 30 à 70 %"},"numberEos":{"id":15,"numberEosDescEn":"> 300","numberEosDescEs":"> 300","numberEosDescFr":"> 300"},"numberGoodEos":{"id":21,"numberGoodEosDescEn":"Very many (>125)","numberGoodEosDescEs":"Muchos (>125)","numberGoodEosDescFr":"Beaucoup (>125)"},"numberProtEos":{"id":15,"numberProtEosDescEn":"Very many (>40) occurrences appropriately protected and managed","numberProtEosDescEs":"Muchas ocurrencias (>40) protegidas y controladas adecuadamente","numberProtEosDescFr":"Beaucoup d’occurrences (>40) protégées et contrôlées convenablement"},"popSize":{"id":35,"popSizeDescEn":"100,000 to >1,000,000 individuals","popSizeDescEs":"De 100.000 a >1.000.000 de individuos","popSizeDescFr":"De 100 000 à >1 000 000 individus"},"rangeExtent":{"id":33,"rangeExtentDescEn":"200,000-2,500,000 square km (about 80,000-1,000,000 square miles)","rangeExtentDescEs":"200.000 a 2.500.000 kilómetros cuadrados (aproximadamente 80.000 a 1.000.000 millas cuadradas)","rangeExtentDescFr":"De 200 000 à 2 500 000 km carrés (de 80 000 à 1 000 000 miles carrés approximativement)"},"shortTermTrend":{"id":36,"shortTermTrendDescEn":"Decline of 10-30%","shortTermTrendDescEs":"Disminución del 10 al 30%.","shortTermTrendDescFr":"Diminution de 10 à 30 %"},"threatImpactAssigned":{"id":5,"threatImpactAssignedDescEn":"High","threatImpactAssignedDescEs":"Alto","threatImpactAssignedDescFr":"Élevé"},"rangeExtentComments":"This species is endemic to the Coastal Plain of the southeastern United States. It is found from southeastern Virginia south through all of Florida and west to the Mississippi River in Louisiana (Conant and Collins 1991, Dodd Jr. 2023). Range extent is estimated to be 840,038 km² (GBIF 2025, RARECAT 2025).","areaOfOccupancy":null,"areaOfOccupancyComments":null,"numberEosComments":"Represented by many and/or large occurrences throughout most of the range.","popSizeComments":"Total adult population size is unknown but likely exceeds 100,000.","viabilityComments":"Most occurrences likely have good viability.","threatImpactComments":"This species is unable to thrive in urban and suburban areas but may remain common in agricultural areas (Bartlett and Bartlett 1999, Dodd Jr. 2023). Habitat is degraded by the ongoing conversion of habitat to dense monocultures of slash pine (<i>Pinus elliottii</i>) and loblolly pine (<i>P. taeda</i>), and by continued draining of surface waters in remaining stands of pine savanna and pine-oak (Mitchell 1991, Dodd Jr. 2023). Long-term fire exclusion from upland and wetland habitats degrades habitat quality (Noss and Rothermel 2015, Dodd Jr. 2023). The presence of road traffic noise will cause this species to go quiet or avoid otherwise suitable breeding habitat, reducing reproductive success and abundance over time (Grace and Noss 2018).","shortTermTrendComments":"The population likely continues to decline due to habitat loss.","longTermTrendComments":"The species has suffered sharp declines in abundance and local extirpations throughout the range (Dodd Jr. 2023). It has become rare in Virginia (Gibson 2023).","inventoryNeeds":null,"numberProtEosComments":"There many occurrences on conservation lands.","protectionNeeds":"Protect ephemeral wetlands. Use prescribed fire during the growing season at appropriate intervals, depending on the habitat, and allow fires to naturally extinguish within wetlands.","otherConsiderations":null,"intrinsicVulnerabilityComments":"This species has limited dispersal ability (Dodd Jr. 2023).","enviromentalSpecificityComments":"This species occupies a wide variety of pineland habitats (Dodd Jr. 2023)."},"animalCharacteristics":{"elementGlobalId":102537,"majorHabitat":{"id":3,"majorHabitatDescEn":"Terrestrial","majorHabitatDescEs":"Terrestre","majorHabitatDescFr":"Terrestre"},"nonMigrant":false,"localMigrant":true,"longDistanceMigrant":false,"mobilityMigrationComments":"Migrates between breeding pools and nonbreeding terrestrial habitats.","foodHabitsComments":"Metamorphosed toads eat a variety of small terrestrial invertebrates such as ants and beetles. Larvae eat organic debris, algae, and plant tissue.","animalPhenologyComments":"Most active during the breeding period. More diurnal than most toads. Primarily diurnal except when breeding (Mitchell 1991).","colonialBreeder":true,"length":3,"width":null,"weight":null,"animalPhenologies":[{"animalCagPhenologyId":101879,"animalPhenology":{"id":1,"animalPhenologyDescEn":"Hibernates/aestivates","animalPhenologyDescEs":"Hibernación/Estivación","animalPhenologyDescFr":"Hiberne/estive","displayOrder":1},"adult":true,"immature":true},{"animalCagPhenologyId":101880,"animalPhenology":{"id":2,"animalPhenologyDescEn":"Circadian","animalPhenologyDescEs":"Circadiano","animalPhenologyDescFr":"Circadien","displayOrder":2},"adult":true,"immature":true},{"animalCagPhenologyId":101881,"animalPhenology":{"id":3,"animalPhenologyDescEn":"Diurnal","animalPhenologyDescEs":"Diurno","animalPhenologyDescFr":"Diurne","displayOrder":3},"adult":true,"immature":true}],"animalFoodHabits":[{"animalCagFoodHabitsId":103502,"foodHabits":{"id":3,"foodHabitsDescEn":"Invertivore","foodHabitsDescEs":"Invertívoro","foodHabitsDescFr":"Invertivore","displayOrder":3},"adult":true,"immature":false},{"animalCagFoodHabitsId":103503,"foodHabits":{"id":4,"foodHabitsDescEn":"Herbivore","foodHabitsDescEs":"Herbívoro","foodHabitsDescFr":"Herbivore","displayOrder":4},"adult":false,"immature":true}]},"occurrenceDelineations":[{"eoSpecsDetailId":1018,"locationUseClass":{"id":1,"locationUseClassDescEn":"Not applicable","locationUseClassDescEs":"No se aplica","locationUseClassDescFr":"Sans objet","displayOrder":1},"eoSpecGroupName":"Bufonid Toads","subtypes":"Breeding Site","inferredExtentDistance":0.5,"inferredExtentNotes":null,"minimumEoCriteria":"Occurrences are based on evidence of historical presence, or current and likely recurring presence, at a given location. Such evidence minimally includes collection or reliable observation and documentation of one or more individuals (including larvae or eggs) in or near appropriate habitat where the species is presumed to be established and breeding.","mappingGuidance":null,"separationBarriers":"Busy major highway such that toads rarely if ever cross successfully; roads with nonpermeable barriers to toad movement; urbanized areas dominated by buildings and pavement.","separationDistanceUnsuitableHabitatat":1.0,"separationDistanceSuitableHabitatat":5.0,"altSeparationProcedure":null,"separationJustification":"Opportunistic observations of various toad species in lowland habitats indicate regular movements of up to at least several hundred meters from the closest known breeding site (G. Hammerson, pers. obs.). Sweet (1993) recorded movements of up to 1 km in <i>Bufo californicus</i>. In defining critical habitat for <i>B. californicus</i>, USFWS (2000) included breeding streams and upland areas within a 25-m elevational range of each essential stream reach and no more than 1.5 km away from the stream. In northwestern Utah, Thompson (2004) recorded movements of <i>Bufo boreas</i> of up to 5 km across upland habitat between two springs during the summer-fall season. Another toad moved 1.3 km between May of one year and May of the next year; the following June it was back at the original breeding location (Thompson 2004). Most studies of toad movements have not employed radiotelemetry and were not designed to detect long-range movements or dispersal. <br><br>The separation distance for unsuitable habitat reflects the nominal minimum value of 1 km. The separation distance for suitable habitat reflects the good vagility of toads, their ability to utilize ephemeral or newly created breeding sites, and the consequent likely low probability that two occupied locations separated by less than several kilometers of suitable habitat would represent truly independent populations over the long term.","versionDate":"2005-04-27","versionAuthor":"Hammerson, G.","versionNotes":null,"lastModified":"2020-04-30T02:04:19.878673Z"}],"plantCharacteristics":null,"elementManagement":{"elementGlobalId":102537,"eoManagementGroupName":null,"stewardshipOverview":null,"impacts":null,"restorationPotential":null,"siteConservationPlansConsidered":null,"managementMethods":null,"monitoringMethods":null,"managementProgramContacts":null,"monitoringProgramContacts":null,"managementResearchPrograms":null,"managementResearchNeeds":null,"biologicalResearchNeeds":null,"additionalTopics":null},"occurrenceViabilities":[{"eoRankSpecsDetailId":104044,"eoRankSpecsGroupName":null,"locationUseClass":{"id":1,"locationUseClassDescEn":"Not applicable","locationUseClassDescEs":"No se aplica","locationUseClassDescFr":"Sans objet","displayOrder":1},"excellentViability":null,"goodViability":null,"fairViability":null,"poorViability":null,"viabilityJustification":"Use the Generic Guidelines for the Application of Occurrence Ranks (2008).<br>The Key for Ranking Species Occurrences Using the Generic Approach provides a step-wise process for implementing this method.","versionDate":null,"versionAuthor":null,"versionNotes":null,"lastModified":"2020-05-14T02:21:47.583702Z"}],"references":[{"id":122031,"citation":"Ashton, R. E., Jr., and R. Franz. 1979. Bufo quercicus. Cat. Am. Amph. Rep. 222.1-222.2.","shortCitationAuthor":"Ashton and Franz","shortCitationYear":1979,"referenceCode":"A79ASH01NAUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T18:17:52.856075Z"},{"id":121080,"citation":"Bartlett, R. D., and P. P. Bartlett. 1999b. A field guide to Florida reptiles and amphibians. Gulf Publishing Company, Houston, Texas. xvi + 278 pp.","shortCitationAuthor":"Bartlett and Bartlett","shortCitationYear":1999,"referenceCode":"B99BAR02NAUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T18:11:58.710124Z"},{"id":137372,"citation":"Behler, J. L., and F. W. King. 1979. The Audubon Society field guide to North American reptiles and amphibians. Alfred A. Knopf, New York. 719 pp.","shortCitationAuthor":"Behler and King","shortCitationYear":1979,"referenceCode":"B79BEH01NAUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T14:38:24.173666Z"},{"id":112779,"citation":"Blackburn, L., P. Nanjappa, and M. J. Lannoo. 2001. An Atlas of the Distribution of U.S. Amphibians. 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[Updates in SSAR North American Species Names Database at: https://ssarherps.org/cndb]","shortCitationAuthor":"Crother","shortCitationYear":2017,"referenceCode":"B17CRO01EHUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T18:11:53.413199Z"},{"id":1154950,"citation":"Dodd, C. K., Jr. 2023. Frogs of the United States and Canada, Second Edition. Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore, MD.","shortCitationAuthor":"Dodd Jr.","shortCitationYear":2023,"referenceCode":"B23DOD01NAUS","lastModified":"2025-07-03T21:50:15.223155Z"},{"id":132381,"citation":"Dundee, H. A., and D. A. Rossman. 1989. The amphibians and reptiles of Louisiana. Louisiana State University Press, Baton Rouge.","shortCitationAuthor":"Dundee and Rossman","shortCitationYear":1989,"referenceCode":"B89DUN01NAUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T18:12:01.663271Z"},{"id":119796,"citation":"Frost, D. R. 1985. Amphibian species of the world. A taxonomic and geographical reference. 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