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R., K. B. Jones, and R. H. Ward. 1997. Molecular systematics of short-horned lizards: biogeography and taxonomy of a widespread species complex. Systematic Biology 46:284-305.","conceptName":"<i>Phrynosoma douglasii</i>","taxonomicComments":null,"roundedGRank":"G5","conservationStatusFactorsEditionDate":"2023-07-23","conservationStatusFactorsEditionAuthors":"Hammerson, G. (2005); rev. R. L. 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Range extent has declined slightly in the past, but recent trends are not known. It is common with many occurrences and no major threats are known.","grank":"G5","rankInfo":{"elementGlobalId":102494,"aooPercentGood":null,"enviromentalSpecificity":null,"intrinsicVulnerability":null,"longTermTrend":{"id":36,"longTermTrendDescEn":"Decline of 10-30%","longTermTrendDescEs":"Disminución del 10 al 30%.","longTermTrendDescFr":"Diminution de 10 à 30 %"},"numberEos":{"id":13,"numberEosDescEn":"81 - 300","numberEosDescEs":"De 81 a 300","numberEosDescFr":"De 81 à 300"},"numberGoodEos":{"id":19,"numberGoodEosDescEn":"Many (41-125)","numberGoodEosDescEs":"Muchos (41-125)","numberGoodEosDescFr":"Plusieurs (de 41 à 125)"},"numberProtEos":{"id":14,"numberProtEosDescEn":"Many to very many (13 to >40) occurrences appropriately protected and managed","numberProtEosDescEs":"De varios a muchos casos (13 a >40) adecuadamente protegidos y controlados","numberProtEosDescFr":"De plusieurs à beaucoup d’occurrences (de 13 à >40) protégées et contrôlées convenablement"},"popSize":{"id":32,"popSizeDescEn":"10,000 - 1,000,000 individuals","popSizeDescEs":"De 10.000 a 1.000.000 de individuos","popSizeDescFr":"De 10 000 à 1 000 000 individus"},"rangeExtent":{"id":33,"rangeExtentDescEn":"200,000-2,500,000 square km (about 80,000-1,000,000 square miles)","rangeExtentDescEs":"200.000 a 2.500.000 kilómetros cuadrados (aproximadamente 80.000 a 1.000.000 millas cuadradas)","rangeExtentDescFr":"De 200 000 à 2 500 000 km carrés (de 80 000 à 1 000 000 miles carrés approximativement)"},"shortTermTrend":{"id":46,"shortTermTrendDescEn":"Unknown","shortTermTrendDescEs":"Desconocido","shortTermTrendDescFr":"Inconnu"},"threatImpactAssigned":{"id":11,"threatImpactAssignedDescEn":"Unknown","threatImpactAssignedDescEs":"Desconocido","threatImpactAssignedDescFr":"Inconnu"},"rangeExtentComments":"This species is found in northwestern United States. It ranges from eastern Washington south to northeastern California and east to northern Nevada, and eastern Idaho (Zamudio et al. 1997, Stebbins 2003). The eastern and southern limits of its range have not been precisely determined. There is an old record from extreme southwestern Montana, where the current status is unknown (St. John 2002, Werner et al. 2004). There are several historical records from the vicinity of Osoyoos Lake, British Columbia, Canada but this species is considered extirpated from Canada (Powell and Russell 1998, Ryder et al. 2006). The elevational range extends from around 300 to 1,830 meters (1,000-6,000 feet) (Stebbins 2003).","areaOfOccupancy":null,"areaOfOccupancyComments":null,"numberEosComments":"This species is represented by many occurrences scattered throughout its range.","popSizeComments":"Total adult population size is unknown but surely exceeds 10,000.","viabilityComments":"Many occurrences overlap with federal lands and likely have good viability (GBIF 2023, GeoCat 2023, iNaturalist 2023).","threatImpactComments":"No major threats are known. Climate change is expected to heavily impact diurnal lizards, especially desert species (Sinervo et al. 2010). However, because it occupies such northern latitudes, it is unclear how severely climate change will impact this species.","shortTermTrendComments":null,"longTermTrendComments":"This species has been extirpated from Canada where it previously occupied southern British Columbia (Powell and Russell 1998, Ryder et al. 2006).","inventoryNeeds":null,"numberProtEosComments":"This species occurs in many protected areas.","protectionNeeds":null,"otherConsiderations":null,"intrinsicVulnerabilityComments":null,"enviromentalSpecificityComments":null},"animalCharacteristics":{"elementGlobalId":102494,"majorHabitat":{"id":3,"majorHabitatDescEn":"Terrestrial","majorHabitatDescEs":"Terrestre","majorHabitatDescFr":"Terrestre"},"nonMigrant":true,"localMigrant":false,"longDistanceMigrant":false,"mobilityMigrationComments":null,"foodHabitsComments":"Diet consists primarily of ants and other insects.","animalPhenologyComments":"Inactive during cold weather; also avoids extreme heat.","colonialBreeder":false,"length":15,"width":null,"weight":null,"animalPhenologies":[{"animalCagPhenologyId":101853,"animalPhenology":{"id":1,"animalPhenologyDescEn":"Hibernates/aestivates","animalPhenologyDescEs":"Hibernación/Estivación","animalPhenologyDescFr":"Hiberne/estive","displayOrder":1},"adult":true,"immature":true},{"animalCagPhenologyId":101854,"animalPhenology":{"id":3,"animalPhenologyDescEn":"Diurnal","animalPhenologyDescEs":"Diurno","animalPhenologyDescFr":"Diurne","displayOrder":3},"adult":true,"immature":true}],"animalFoodHabits":[{"animalCagFoodHabitsId":103459,"foodHabits":{"id":3,"foodHabitsDescEn":"Invertivore","foodHabitsDescEs":"Invertívoro","foodHabitsDescFr":"Invertivore","displayOrder":3},"adult":true,"immature":true}]},"occurrenceDelineations":[{"eoSpecsDetailId":1162,"locationUseClass":{"id":1,"locationUseClassDescEn":"Not applicable","locationUseClassDescEs":"No se aplica","locationUseClassDescFr":"Sans objet","displayOrder":1},"eoSpecGroupName":"Phrynosomatid Lizards","subtypes":null,"inferredExtentDistance":0.2,"inferredExtentNotes":null,"minimumEoCriteria":"Occurrences are based on evidence of historical presence, or current and likely recurring presence, at a given location. Such evidence minimally includes collection or reliable observation and documentation of one or more individuals (including eggs) in or near appropriate habitat where the species is presumed to be established and breeding.","mappingGuidance":null,"separationBarriers":"Busy highway or highway with obstructions such that lizards rarely if ever cross successfully; major river, lake, pond, or deep marsh; urbanized area dominated by buildings and pavement.","separationDistanceUnsuitableHabitatat":1.0,"separationDistanceSuitableHabitatat":5.0,"altSeparationProcedure":null,"separationJustification":"Phrynosomatid lizards have small home range sizes, usually less than 0.5 ha (often much less) and rarely more than 1 ha  (see examples in BCD EO Specs). In a study that documented exceptionally large home range size for a phrynosomatid, Munger (1984a) found that single-season home range size of <i>Phrynosoma cornutum</i> in southern Arizona averaged less than 2.5 ha. Dispersal distances are poorly known, and most studies have not been designed to detect long distance movements. The separation distance for suitable habitat is a compromise between the typical sedentary habits of these lizards, their physical ability to cover fairly large distances in a short period of time, their tendency to occur throughout patches of suitable habitat, and the likely low probability that two occupied locations separated by less than several kilometers of suitable habitat would represent independent populations.","versionDate":"2004-09-21","versionAuthor":"Hammerson, G.","versionNotes":null,"lastModified":"2020-04-30T02:06:33.240021Z"}],"plantCharacteristics":null,"elementManagement":{"elementGlobalId":102494,"eoManagementGroupName":null,"stewardshipOverview":null,"impacts":null,"restorationPotential":null,"siteConservationPlansConsidered":null,"managementMethods":null,"monitoringMethods":null,"managementProgramContacts":null,"monitoringProgramContacts":null,"managementResearchPrograms":null,"managementResearchNeeds":null,"biologicalResearchNeeds":null,"additionalTopics":null},"occurrenceViabilities":[{"eoRankSpecsDetailId":104002,"eoRankSpecsGroupName":null,"locationUseClass":{"id":1,"locationUseClassDescEn":"Not applicable","locationUseClassDescEs":"No se aplica","locationUseClassDescFr":"Sans objet","displayOrder":1},"excellentViability":null,"goodViability":null,"fairViability":null,"poorViability":null,"viabilityJustification":"Use the Generic Guidelines for the Application of Occurrence Ranks (2008).<br>The Key for Ranking Species Occurrences Using the Generic Approach provides a step-wise process for implementing this method.","versionDate":null,"versionAuthor":null,"versionNotes":null,"lastModified":"2020-05-14T02:21:40.911745Z"}],"references":[{"id":102077,"citation":"Brown, H. A., R. B. Bury, D. M. Darda, L. V. Diller, C. R. Peterson, and R. M. Storm. 1995. Reptiles of Washington and Oregon. Seattle Audubon Society, Seattle, Washington. viii + 176 pp.","shortCitationAuthor":"Brown et al.","shortCitationYear":1995,"referenceCode":"B95BRO01NAUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T18:12:41.163875Z"},{"id":137880,"citation":"Collins, J. T. 1990. Standard common and current scientific names for North American amphibians and reptiles. 3rd ed. Society for the Study of Amphibians and Reptiles. Herpetological Circular No. 19. 41 pp.","shortCitationAuthor":"Collins","shortCitationYear":1990,"referenceCode":"B90COL01NAUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T14:38:15.579798Z"},{"id":621810,"citation":"Crother, B. I. (editor). 2008. Scientific and standard English names of amphibians and reptiles of North America north of Mexico, with comments regarding confidence in our understanding. Sixth edition. Society for the Study of Amphibians and Reptiles Herpetological Circular 37:1-84. Online with updates at: http://www.ssarherps.org/pages/comm_names/Index.php","shortCitationAuthor":"Crother","shortCitationYear":2008,"referenceCode":"B08CRO01NAUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T14:38:20.142383Z"},{"id":722484,"citation":"Crother, B. I. (editor). 2012. Scientific and standard English names of amphibians and reptiles of North America north of Mexico, with comments regarding confidence in our understanding. 7th edition. SSAR Herpetological Circular 39:1-92.","shortCitationAuthor":"Crother","shortCitationYear":2012,"referenceCode":"B12CRO01NAUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T18:11:51.08501Z"},{"id":943912,"citation":"Crother, B. I. (editor). 2017. Scientific and standard English names of amphibians and reptiles of North America north of Mexico, with comments regarding confidence in our understanding. 8th edition. SSAR Herpetological Circular 43:1-104. [Updates in SSAR North American Species Names Database at: https://ssarherps.org/cndb]","shortCitationAuthor":"Crother","shortCitationYear":2017,"referenceCode":"B17CRO01EHUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T18:11:53.413199Z"},{"id":144150,"citation":"Hammerson, G. A., and H. M. Smith. 1991. The correct spelling of the name of the short-horned lizard of North America. Bull. Maryland Herp. Soc. 27(3):121-127.","shortCitationAuthor":"Hammerson and Smith","shortCitationYear":1991,"referenceCode":"A91HAM01NAUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T18:17:46.574581Z"},{"id":972398,"citation":"Leaché, A.D., and C.W. Linkem. 2015. Phylogenomics of horned lizards (Genus: <i>Phrynosoma</i>) using targeted sequence capture data. Copeia 103(3):586-594.","shortCitationAuthor":"Leache and Linkem","shortCitationYear":2015,"referenceCode":"A15LEA01EHUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T20:43:28.346995Z"},{"id":1153425,"citation":"Nicholson, K. E. (ed.). 2025. Scientific and Standard English Names of Amphibians and Reptiles of North America North of Mexico, with Comments Regarding Confidence in Our Understanding. Ninth Edition. Society for the Study of Amphibians and Reptiles. 87 pp. Online database available at: https://cnah.org/SSARnames.aspx","shortCitationAuthor":"Nicholson","shortCitationYear":2025,"referenceCode":"B25NIC01NAUS","lastModified":"2026-06-06T01:36:32.018241Z"},{"id":129828,"citation":"Nussbaum, R.A., E.D. Brodie, Jr., and R.M. Storm. 1983. Amphibians and Reptiles of the Pacific Northwest. University Press of Idaho, Moscow, Idaho. 332 pp.","shortCitationAuthor":"Nussbaum et al.","shortCitationYear":1983,"referenceCode":"B83NUS01NAUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T18:12:10.866443Z"},{"id":141008,"citation":"Pianka, E. R., and W. S. Parker. 1975. Ecology of horned lizards: a review with special reference to <i>Phrynosoma platyrhinos</i>. Copeia 1975(1):141-162.","shortCitationAuthor":"Pianka and Parker","shortCitationYear":1975,"referenceCode":"A75PIA01NAUS","lastModified":"2020-11-11T02:07:43.547884Z"},{"id":145940,"citation":"Powell, G. L., and A. P. Russell. 1998. The status of short-horned lizards, <i>Phrynosoma douglasii</i> and <i>P. hernandesi</i>, in Canada. Canadian Field-Naturalist 112:1-16.","shortCitationAuthor":"Powell and Russell","shortCitationYear":1998,"referenceCode":"A98POW01NAUS","lastModified":"2020-11-11T02:07:43.547884Z"},{"id":107204,"citation":"Reeder, T. W., and R. R. Montanucci. 2001. Phylogenetic analysis of the horned lizards (Phrynosomatidae: <i>Phrynosoma</i>): evidence from mitochondrial DNA and morphology. Copeia 2001:309-323.","shortCitationAuthor":"Reeder and Montanucci","shortCitationYear":2001,"referenceCode":"A01REE01NAUS","lastModified":"2020-11-11T02:07:43.547884Z"},{"id":1066862,"citation":"Reeve, W. L. 1952. Taxonomy and distribution of the horned lizards genus <i>Phrynosoma</i>. University of Kansas Science Bulletin 34:817-960.","shortCitationAuthor":"Reeve","shortCitationYear":1952,"referenceCode":"A52REE01NAUS","lastModified":"2020-11-11T02:07:43.547884Z"},{"id":158297,"citation":"Sherbrooke, W. C. 2003. Introduction to horned lizards of North America. University of California Press, Berkeley.","shortCitationAuthor":"Sherbrooke","shortCitationYear":2003,"referenceCode":"B03SHE01NAUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T18:17:46.574581Z"},{"id":144435,"citation":"Stebbins, R. C. 1985a. A field guide to western reptiles and amphibians. Second edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, Boston, Massachusetts. xiv + 336 pp.","shortCitationAuthor":"Stebbins","shortCitationYear":1985,"referenceCode":"B85STE01NAUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T18:11:51.08501Z"},{"id":266629,"citation":"Stebbins, R. C. 2003. A field guide to western reptiles and amphibians. Third edition. 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Mountain Press Publishing Company, Missoula, Montana. xii + 262 pp.","shortCitationAuthor":"Werner et al.","shortCitationYear":2004,"referenceCode":"B04WER01NAUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T18:17:39.293257Z"},{"id":111031,"citation":"Zamudio, K. R., K. B. Jones, and R. H. Ward. 1997. Molecular systematics of short-horned lizards: biogeography and taxonomy of a widespread species complex. 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Sexually mature in 2 or more years (Nussbaum et al. 1983).","ecologyComments":null,"habitatComments":"This lizard ranges from semiarid plains to high mountains: sagebrush, bunchgrass, pinyon-juniper woodland, openly spaced pines (Stebbins 2003). Usually it occurs in open, shrubby, or openly wooded areas with sparse vegetation at ground level. Soil may vary from rocky to sandy. 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