{"elementGlobalId":102441,"circumscripConfidence":null,"classificationLevel":{"id":7,"classificationLevelNameEn":"Species","classificationLevelNameEs":"Especies","classificationLevelNameFr":"Espèce"},"classificationStatus":{"id":1,"classificationStatusDescEn":"Standard","classificationStatusDescEs":"Estándar","classificationStatusDescFr":"Standard"},"iucn":{"id":11,"iucnDescEn":"Least concern","iucnDescEs":"Menos preocupante","iucnDescFr":"Moins préoccupante","iucnCode":"LC"},"nameCategory":{"id":1,"nameCategoryDescEn":"Vertebrate Animal","nameCategoryDescEs":"Animal vertebrado","nameCategoryDescFr":"Animal vertébré","nameTypeCd":"A","nameTypeDesc":"Zoological"},"rankMethodUsed":{"id":1,"rankMethodUsedDescEn":"Legacy Rank calculation - Excel v3.1x","rankMethodUsedDescEs":null,"rankMethodUsedDescFr":null,"rankMethodUsedExternalDescEn":"Ranked by calculator","rankMethodUsedExternalDescEs":null,"rankMethodUsedExternalDescFr":null},"formattedScientificName":"<i>Lampropeltis gentilis</i>","scientificName":"Lampropeltis gentilis","scientificNameAuthor":"(Baird and Girard, 1853)","primaryCommonName":"Western Milksnake","relatedItisNames":"<i>Lampropeltis triangulum gentilis</i> (Baird and Girard, 1853) (TSN 209234)","uniqueId":"ELEMENT_GLOBAL.2.102441","elcode":"ARADB1905B","conceptRefFullCitation":"Collins, J. T. 1990. Standard common and current scientific names for North American amphibians and reptiles. 3rd ed. Society for the Study of Amphibians and Reptiles. Herpetological Circular No. 19. 41 pp.","conceptName":"<i>Lampropeltis triangulum gentilis</i>","taxonomicComments":"Analyses by Ruane et al. (2014) support the existence of seven distinct species previously considered to be <i>L. triangulum</i>, which they proposed be formally recognized. These seven taxa were all originally described as full species based on morphology (e.g., size, body form, color/pattern) before being synonymized with <i>L. triangulum</i> and are as follows: <i>L. triangulum</i> (Lacépède 1788), <i>L. gentilis</i> (Baird and Girard 1853), <i>L. elapsoides</i> (Holbrook 1838), <i>L. annulata</i> Kennicott 1861, <i>L. polyzona</i> Cope 1861, <i>L. abnorma</i> (Bocourt 1886), and <i>L. micropholis</i> Cope 1861. See Chambers and Hillis (2020) and Chambers et al. (2023) for alternate views on the validity of <i>L. gentilis</i> as distinct from the former <i>L. triangulum</i>. See Burbrink et al. (2024) for reanalysis and evaluation of Chambers et al. (2023) demonstrating species status.","roundedGRank":"G5","conservationStatusFactorsEditionDate":"2016-04-07","conservationStatusFactorsEditionAuthors":"Hammerson, G.","primaryCommonNameLanguage":"EN","recordType":"SPECIES","elementNationals":[{"elementNationalId":165690,"classifConfidence":null,"nation":{"id":225,"nameEn":"United States","nameEs":"Estados Unidos","nameFr":"États-Unis","isoCode":"US","region":"United 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range in western United States; many occurrences, large area of occupancy; presumed large population size; localized threats from habitat loss/degradation and collection for pet trade but overall not very threatened.","grank":"G5","rankInfo":{"elementGlobalId":102441,"aooPercentGood":null,"enviromentalSpecificity":null,"intrinsicVulnerability":null,"longTermTrend":null,"numberEos":null,"numberGoodEos":null,"numberProtEos":null,"popSize":{"id":34,"popSizeDescEn":"100,000 - 1,000,000 individuals","popSizeDescEs":"De 100.000 a 1.000.000 de individuos","popSizeDescFr":"De 100 000 à 1 000 000 individus"},"rangeExtent":{"id":34,"rangeExtentDescEn":"200,000 to >2,500,000 square km (about 80,000 to >1,000,000 square miles)","rangeExtentDescEs":"200.000 a >2.500.000 kilómetros cuadrados (aproximadamente 80.000 a >1.000.000 millas cuadradas)","rangeExtentDescFr":"De 200 000 à >2 500 000 km carrés (de 80 000 à >1 000 000 miles carrés approximativement)"},"shortTermTrend":{"id":37,"shortTermTrendDescEn":"Decline of <30% to relatively stable","shortTermTrendDescEs":"Disminución de <30% a relativamente estable","shortTermTrendDescFr":"Diminution de <30 % à relativement stable"},"threatImpactAssigned":{"id":10,"threatImpactAssignedDescEn":"Low","threatImpactAssignedDescEs":"Bajo","threatImpactAssignedDescFr":"Faible"},"rangeExtentComments":"Range extends from Utah, eastern Montana (Werner et al. 2004), South Dakota, and Nebraska south through portions of Wyoming, western and eastern Colorado, Kansas, and Oklahoma to southeastern Arizona, southern New Mexico, southern Texas, southern Arkansas, and Louisiana west of the Mississippi River (Ruane et al. 2014). Elevational range extends from near sea level to around 2,740 meters (Stebbins 2003).","areaOfOccupancy":null,"areaOfOccupancyComments":"Area of occupancy is unknown but very large.","numberEosComments":"The number of distinct occurrences has not been determined using consistent criteria, but this species is represented by a very large number of collection sites and locations (as defined by IUCN).","popSizeComments":"Total adult population size is unknown but certainly exceeds 10,000 and presumably exceeds 100,000.","viabilityComments":null,"threatImpactComments":"Intensive agricultural development and urbanization have caused localized declines, and collectors probably have depleted accessible populations near roads, but in most areas this snake is not threatened.","shortTermTrendComments":"Trend over the past 10 years or three generations is uncertain, but distribution and abundance probably have been relatively stable or slowly declining (rate much less than 30 percent).","longTermTrendComments":null,"inventoryNeeds":null,"numberProtEosComments":"This species occurs in many protected areas.","protectionNeeds":null,"otherConsiderations":null,"intrinsicVulnerabilityComments":null,"enviromentalSpecificityComments":null},"animalCharacteristics":{"elementGlobalId":102441,"majorHabitat":{"id":3,"majorHabitatDescEn":"Terrestrial","majorHabitatDescEs":"Terrestre","majorHabitatDescFr":"Terrestre"},"nonMigrant":false,"localMigrant":false,"longDistanceMigrant":false,"mobilityMigrationComments":null,"foodHabitsComments":"Diet is dominated by lizards and mammals.","animalPhenologyComments":null,"colonialBreeder":false,"length":null,"width":null,"weight":null,"animalPhenologies":[],"animalFoodHabits":[{"animalCagFoodHabitsId":106767,"foodHabits":{"id":1,"foodHabitsDescEn":"Carnivore","foodHabitsDescEs":"Carnívoro","foodHabitsDescFr":"Carnivore","displayOrder":1},"adult":false,"immature":false}]},"occurrenceDelineations":[{"eoSpecsDetailId":1142,"locationUseClass":{"id":1,"locationUseClassDescEn":"Not applicable","locationUseClassDescEs":"No se aplica","locationUseClassDescFr":"Sans objet","displayOrder":1},"eoSpecGroupName":"Medium And Large Colubrid Snakes","subtypes":null,"inferredExtentDistance":0.5,"inferredExtentNotes":null,"minimumEoCriteria":"Occurrences are based on evidence of historical presence, or current and likely recurring presence, at a given location. Such evidence minimally includes collection or reliable observation and documentation of one or more individuals (including eggs) in or near appropriate habitat where the species is presumed to be established and  breeding.","mappingGuidance":null,"separationBarriers":"Busy highway or highway with obstructions such that snakes rarely if ever cross successfully; major river, lake, pond, or deep marsh (this barrier pertains only to upland species and does not apply to aquatic or wetland snakes); densely urbanized area dominated by buildings and pavement.","separationDistanceUnsuitableHabitatat":1.0,"separationDistanceSuitableHabitatat":10.0,"altSeparationProcedure":null,"separationJustification":"Available information on movements of colubrid snakes is limited to a small minority of species. These data indicate that nearly all species have home ranges smaller or much smaller than 25 ha (e.g., less than 3 ha, <i>Pituophis catenifer</i> in California, Rodriguez-Robles 2003), with some up to about 75 ha (<i>Heterodon platirhinos</i>, average 50 ha, Plummer and Mills 2000), and the largest up to 225 ha in the biggest colubrids (<i>Drymarchon</i>, summer mean 50-100 ha, USFWS 1998). <br><br>Radiotelemetry data for <i>Pantherophis </i>indicate that residents of hibernacula that are 1-2 km apart (with suitable intervening habitat) probably interbreed (Prior et al. 1997, Blouin-Demers and Weatherhead 2002). However, \"evidence of genetic structure even over short distances (e.g., 2-20 km) implies that gene flow among rat snake populations can be easily disrupted\" (Prior et al. 1997). Loughheed et al. (1999) found evidence of substantial genetic exchange among local hibernacula (< 6 km apart), but gene flow over distances of 10s of km appears to be substantially less. Based on extensive radio-tracking data, Blouin-Demers and Weatherhead (2002) found that home range size of <i>Pantherophis </i>averaged 18.5 ha and ranged up to 93 ha; based on the most mobile individuals, <i>Pantherophis </i>from hibernacula up to 8 km apart can come together for mating. <i>Pantherophis </i>and probably other colubrids exhibit high fidelity to hibernacula and shift even to nearby sites only rarely (Prior et al. 2001). <br><br>Many of the several studies that report small home ranges for colubrids did not employ methods (e.g., radio telemetry) suitable for detecting full annual or multi-annual home range size, dispersal, or other long-distance movements, so these may have yielded underestimates of home ranges or activity areas.  <br><br>At least some colubrids, including medium-sized species such as garter snakes, not uncommonly move between areas up to a few kilometers apart, and several species make extensive movements of up to several kilometers, so separation distances of 1-2 km for suitable habitat are too small for medium-sized and large colubrids.<br><br>A separation distance of 10 km for suitable habitat was selected as most appropriate for snakes assigned to this Specs Group because it seems generally unlikely that two locations separated by less than 10 km of suitable habitat would represent distinct occurrences.<br><br>For the purposes of these occurrence specifications, upland habitat is regarded as unsuitable habitat for aquatic and wetland snakes. For upland snakes, shallow or patchy wetlands are treated as unsuitable habitat whereas large deepwater habitats (subjective determination) are barriers.","versionDate":"2013-02-12","versionAuthor":"Hammerson, G.","versionNotes":"Separation distance for suitable habitat was changed from 5 km to 10 km based on comments from Dale Jackson (12 Feb 2013).","lastModified":"2020-04-30T02:04:05.987846Z"}],"plantCharacteristics":null,"elementManagement":{"elementGlobalId":102441,"eoManagementGroupName":null,"stewardshipOverview":null,"impacts":null,"restorationPotential":null,"siteConservationPlansConsidered":null,"managementMethods":null,"monitoringMethods":null,"managementProgramContacts":null,"monitoringProgramContacts":null,"managementResearchPrograms":null,"managementResearchNeeds":null,"biologicalResearchNeeds":null,"additionalTopics":null},"occurrenceViabilities":[{"eoRankSpecsDetailId":103953,"eoRankSpecsGroupName":null,"locationUseClass":{"id":1,"locationUseClassDescEn":"Not applicable","locationUseClassDescEs":"No se aplica","locationUseClassDescFr":"Sans objet","displayOrder":1},"excellentViability":null,"goodViability":null,"fairViability":null,"poorViability":null,"viabilityJustification":"Use the Generic Guidelines for the Application of Occurrence Ranks (2008).<br>The Key for Ranking Species Occurrences Using the Generic Approach provides a step-wise process for implementing this method.","versionDate":null,"versionAuthor":null,"versionNotes":null,"lastModified":"2020-05-14T02:21:33.739755Z"}],"references":[{"id":1162495,"citation":"Burbrink, F. T., E. A. Myers, R. A. Pyron. 2024. Understanding species limits through the formation of phylogeographic lineages. Ecology and Evolution 14(10):1-18.","shortCitationAuthor":"Burbrink et al.","shortCitationYear":2024,"referenceCode":"A24BUR02NAUS","lastModified":"2026-02-28T03:01:14.900572Z"},{"id":1105848,"citation":"Chambers, E. A., and D. M. Hillis. 2020. The multispecies coalescent over-splits species in the case of geographically widespread taxa. Systematic Biology 69(1):184-193. Advance online publication 2019.","shortCitationAuthor":"Chambers and Hillis","shortCitationYear":2020,"referenceCode":"A20CHA02NAUS","lastModified":"2021-10-02T20:29:39.450548Z"},{"id":1162494,"citation":"Chambers, E. A., T. L. Marshall, and D. M. Hillis. 2023. The importance of contact zones for distinguishing interspecific from intraspecific geographic variation. Systematic Biology 72(2):357–371.","shortCitationAuthor":"Chambers et al.","shortCitationYear":2023,"referenceCode":"A23CHA03NAUS","lastModified":"2026-02-28T03:01:14.899583Z"},{"id":137880,"citation":"Collins, J. T. 1990. Standard common and current scientific names for North American amphibians and reptiles. 3rd ed. Society for the Study of Amphibians and Reptiles. Herpetological Circular No. 19. 41 pp.","shortCitationAuthor":"Collins","shortCitationYear":1990,"referenceCode":"B90COL01NAUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T14:38:15.579798Z"},{"id":621810,"citation":"Crother, B. I. (editor). 2008. Scientific and standard English names of amphibians and reptiles of North America north of Mexico, with comments regarding confidence in our understanding. Sixth edition. Society for the Study of Amphibians and Reptiles Herpetological Circular 37:1-84. Online with updates at: http://www.ssarherps.org/pages/comm_names/Index.php","shortCitationAuthor":"Crother","shortCitationYear":2008,"referenceCode":"B08CRO01NAUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T14:38:20.142383Z"},{"id":722484,"citation":"Crother, B. I. (editor). 2012. Scientific and standard English names of amphibians and reptiles of North America north of Mexico, with comments regarding confidence in our understanding. 7th edition. SSAR Herpetological Circular 39:1-92.","shortCitationAuthor":"Crother","shortCitationYear":2012,"referenceCode":"B12CRO01NAUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T18:11:51.08501Z"},{"id":943912,"citation":"Crother, B. I. (editor). 2017. Scientific and standard English names of amphibians and reptiles of North America north of Mexico, with comments regarding confidence in our understanding. 8th edition. SSAR Herpetological Circular 43:1-104. [Updates in SSAR North American Species Names Database at: https://ssarherps.org/cndb]","shortCitationAuthor":"Crother","shortCitationYear":2017,"referenceCode":"B17CRO01EHUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T18:11:53.413199Z"},{"id":169022,"citation":"Ernst, C. H., and E. M. Ernst. 2003. Snakes of the United States and Canada. Smithsonian Books, Washington, D.C.","shortCitationAuthor":"Ernst and Ernst","shortCitationYear":2003,"referenceCode":"B03ERN01NAUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T18:11:51.08501Z"},{"id":104501,"citation":"Hammerson, G. A. 1999. Amphibians and reptiles in Colorado. Second edition. University Press of Colorado, Boulder. xxvi + 484 pp.","shortCitationAuthor":"Hammerson","shortCitationYear":1999,"referenceCode":"B99HAM01NAUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T18:12:18.040312Z"},{"id":761458,"citation":"Mulks, M. 2005. <i>Lampropeltis triangulum taylori</i> (Utah milk snake): geographic distribution. Herpetological Review 36:469.","shortCitationAuthor":"Mulks","shortCitationYear":2005,"referenceCode":"A05MUL02NAUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T18:17:39.293257Z"},{"id":1153425,"citation":"Nicholson, K. E. (ed.). 2025. Scientific and Standard English Names of Amphibians and Reptiles of North America North of Mexico, with Comments Regarding Confidence in Our Understanding. Ninth Edition. Society for the Study of Amphibians and Reptiles. 87 pp. Online database available at: https://cnah.org/SSARnames.aspx","shortCitationAuthor":"Nicholson","shortCitationYear":2025,"referenceCode":"B25NIC01NAUS","lastModified":"2026-06-06T01:36:32.018241Z"},{"id":761321,"citation":"Ruane, S., Bryson, R.W. Jr., Pyron, R.A., and F.T. Burbrink. 2014. Coalescent Species delimitation in Milksnakes (genus <i>Lampropeltis</i>) and impacts on phylogenetic comparative analyses. Systematic Biology 63(2):231-250.","shortCitationAuthor":"Ruane et al.","shortCitationYear":2014,"referenceCode":"A14RUA01NAUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T18:17:39.293257Z"},{"id":266629,"citation":"Stebbins, R. C. 2003. A field guide to western reptiles and amphibians. Third edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, Boston.","shortCitationAuthor":"Stebbins","shortCitationYear":2003,"referenceCode":"B03STE01NAUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T18:11:51.08501Z"},{"id":381368,"citation":"Werner, J. K., B. A. Maxell, P. Hendricks, and D. L. Flath. 2004. Amphibians and reptiles of Montana. Mountain Press Publishing Company, Missoula, Montana. xii + 262 pp.","shortCitationAuthor":"Werner et al.","shortCitationYear":2004,"referenceCode":"B04WER01NAUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T18:17:39.293257Z"}],"otherCommonNames":[{"id":115550,"name":"Central Plains Milk Snake","language":"EN"}],"speciesGlobal":{"elementGlobalId":102441,"cites":null,"cosewic":null,"fwsRegion":null,"genusSize":{"id":3,"genusSizeDescEn":"Small genus","genusSizeDescEs":"Género pequeño","genusSizeDescFr":"Petit genre"},"jurisEndem":null,"nomenclaturallyEst":null,"usesa":null,"informalTaxonomy":{"informalTaxonomyId":7,"level1":"Animals","level2":"Vertebrates","level3":"Reptiles","level":3,"hasChildren":false,"parentId":2,"distributionStatus":"complete","displayOrder":1100},"parentSpecies":null,"infraspecies":false,"kingdom":"Animalia","phylum":"Craniata","taxclass":"Reptilia","taxorder":"Squamata","family":"Colubridae","genus":"Lampropeltis","americanFisheriesStatus":null,"americanFisheriesStatusDate":null,"saraStatus":null,"saraStatusDate":null,"cosewicDate":null,"interpretedCosewic":null,"cosewicComments":null,"usesaDate":null,"interpretedUsesa":null,"usesaComments":null,"completeDistribution":true,"synonyms":[{"id":120689,"synonym":"Lampropeltis triangulum gentilis","synonymAuthor":"(Baird and Girard, 1853)","formattedSynonym":"<i>Lampropeltis triangulum gentilis</i>"}],"infraspeciesList":[],"ebarId":null,"ebarCanadianScope":false,"ebarGlobalScope":false,"ebarKbaGroup":"Amphibians and Reptiles","caGeneralStatusId":null},"speciesCharacteristics":{"elementGlobalId":102441,"reproductionComments":null,"ecologyComments":null,"habitatComments":"Habitats vary greatly among different geographic regions: semiarid to wet, lowland valleys to mountains, grasslands and shrublands to wooded areas and forest edges, sand dunes to rocky areas, and wilderness to semiagricultural and suburban (Hammerson 1999, Ernst and Ernst 2003, Stebbins 2003). During daylight, this secretive generally hides in or under logs, stumps, or other surface cover but also may be found in the open. It hibernates underground or in deep crevices. 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