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species continue to decline for unknown reasons so its ranking needs regular re-visting for possible revisions.  At this time, with an estimated one million or more, a G5 ranking is still most appropriate.","grank":"G5","rankInfo":{"elementGlobalId":102413,"aooPercentGood":null,"enviromentalSpecificity":{"id":9,"enviromentalSpecificityDescEn":"Moderate to broad.","enviromentalSpecificityDescEs":"Moderado a amplio.","enviromentalSpecificityDescFr":"De modéré à vaste."},"intrinsicVulnerability":{"id":5,"intrinsicVulnerabilityDescEn":"Moderately vulnerable to not intrinsically vulnerable.","intrinsicVulnerabilityDescEs":"Moderadamente vulnerable a no intrínsecamente vulnerable.","intrinsicVulnerabilityDescFr":"De moyennement à non intrinsèquement vulnérable"},"longTermTrend":{"id":5,"longTermTrendDescEn":"Decline of >30%","longTermTrendDescEs":"Disminución de >30%.","longTermTrendDescFr":"Diminution de >30 %"},"numberEos":{"id":14,"numberEosDescEn":"81 to >300","numberEosDescEs":"De 81 a >300","numberEosDescFr":"De 81 à >300"},"numberGoodEos":{"id":20,"numberGoodEosDescEn":"Many to very many (41 to >125)","numberGoodEosDescEs":"Muchos a muy muchos (41 a >125)","numberGoodEosDescFr":"De plusieurs à beaucoup (de 41 à >125)"},"numberProtEos":{"id":14,"numberProtEosDescEn":"Many to very many (13 to >40) occurrences appropriately protected and managed","numberProtEosDescEs":"De varios a muchos casos (13 a >40) adecuadamente protegidos y controlados","numberProtEosDescFr":"De plusieurs à beaucoup d’occurrences (de 13 à >40) protégées et contrôlées convenablement"},"popSize":{"id":36,"popSizeDescEn":">1,000,000 individuals","popSizeDescEs":">1.000.000 de individuos","popSizeDescFr":">1 000 000 individus"},"rangeExtent":{"id":35,"rangeExtentDescEn":">2,500,000 square km (greater than 1,000,000 square miles)","rangeExtentDescEs":">2.500.000 kilómetros cuadrados (más ","rangeExtentDescFr":">2 500 000 km carrés (plus de 1 000 000 miles carrés)"},"shortTermTrend":{"id":37,"shortTermTrendDescEn":"Decline of <30% to relatively stable","shortTermTrendDescEs":"Disminución de <30% a relativamente estable","shortTermTrendDescFr":"Diminution de <30 % à relativement stable"},"threatImpactAssigned":null,"rangeExtentComments":"Holarctic. BREEDS: in Northern America, northern Alaska east across Canada to Hudson Bay, central Quebec, and New Brunswick (McAlpine et al. 1988), south to northwestern British Columbia, southeastern Michigan. WINTERS: southeastern Alaska south to Baja California; from eastern Great Lakes area and Canadian Maritime Provinces to southern Florida and Gulf Coast; casual in Hawaii. Primary wintering areas include the coastal Pacific Northwest, southern and eastern Great Lakes, and Atlantic coast centering around Long Island Sound (Root 1988).","areaOfOccupancy":null,"areaOfOccupancyComments":"Basically an estimate.  With one million birds, 20,000 square kilometers would be about 50 birds per square kilometer.","numberEosComments":"This is one of the few duck species that has a circumpolar distribution","popSizeComments":"Population size of between 1.2 to 1.4 million birds by Wetlands International in 2006 (Birdlife International, 2014).","viabilityComments":"Basically unknown as to how many are \"good\".   But with  an estimated population size of over one million individuals at least 41 of them should be \"good.\"  (Birdlife International, 2014)","threatImpactComments":"Declines may be due to the effect of poor water quality on food resources and/or poor reproduction caused by contaminants (Barclay and Zingo 1994).  Global warming has also been suggested as a threat, with the increase of non-breeding birds during the summer in tundra perhaps be attributable to unsuitable nesting habitat (Kessel, Rocque, and Barclay, 2002).","shortTermTrendComments":"Data from Long Island Sound in the early 1990s show relatively low proportions of young birds, suggesting that reproductive success has been low.  Since 1978, annual indices have varied from weak increasing to no trend to increasing significantly for flocked birds (Kessle, Rocque, and Barclay, 2002).","longTermTrendComments":"Wintering populations in Long Island Sound decreased greatly (by one order of magnitude) from the 1950s to the early 1990s (Barclay and Zingo 1994). No other areas in North America showed increases that might indicate a shift in wintering location. Recent declines in wintering populations also are evident in northeastern North America, the Atlantic Flyway, and for all other North American flyways. Aerial transects of breeding areas do not indicate any declines (stable 1955-1992).  National Audubon (2014) has estimated a 75% decline since 1967.","inventoryNeeds":"Inventory of number separate from Lesser Scaup is needed.","numberProtEosComments":"basically unknown as to how many are \"protected.\"  But with an estimated population size of over one million individuals, at least 13 of them should be \"protected,\" such as national wildlife refuges, parks, etc.  (Birdlife International, 2014).","protectionNeeds":"Protect birds from pollutants, especially heavy metals.  ","otherConsiderations":"None","intrinsicVulnerabilityComments":"Greater Scaup may be moderately vulnerable in the long-term if global warming eliminates and reduces the size of its suitable breeding habitat (Kessel, Rocque, and Barclay, 2002).","enviromentalSpecificityComments":"No major environmental specificity"},"animalCharacteristics":{"elementGlobalId":102413,"majorHabitat":{"id":3,"majorHabitatDescEn":"Terrestrial","majorHabitatDescEs":"Terrestre","majorHabitatDescFr":"Terrestre"},"nonMigrant":false,"localMigrant":false,"longDistanceMigrant":true,"mobilityMigrationComments":"Migrates northward in spring, usually arriving on breeding grounds in April-May (late May-early June in far north). Departs far north by end of September, southward migration through U.S. occurs mostly in October-November (Terres 1980). Scaup that breed in northern Alaska, northern Yukon, and Mackenzie Delta winter on the Atlantic and Gulf coasts of the southeastern U.S. (Johnson and Herter 1989). See Johnson and Herter 1989 for information on early summer molt migration in northern Alaska and northwestern Canada.","foodHabitsComments":"Feeds on aquatic plants and animals. Coastally mollusks (clams, scallops, mussels, etc.) comprise a significant portion of the diet. In other areas eats seeds, leaves, stems of plants (sedges, pondweeds, muskgrass, wild celery, etc.).","animalPhenologyComments":null,"colonialBreeder":false,"length":46,"width":null,"weight":957,"animalPhenologies":[{"animalCagPhenologyId":101820,"animalPhenology":{"id":3,"animalPhenologyDescEn":"Diurnal","animalPhenologyDescEs":"Diurno","animalPhenologyDescFr":"Diurne","displayOrder":3},"adult":true,"immature":true}],"animalFoodHabits":[{"animalCagFoodHabitsId":103398,"foodHabits":{"id":3,"foodHabitsDescEn":"Invertivore","foodHabitsDescEs":"Invertívoro","foodHabitsDescFr":"Invertivore","displayOrder":3},"adult":true,"immature":true},{"animalCagFoodHabitsId":103399,"foodHabits":{"id":4,"foodHabitsDescEn":"Herbivore","foodHabitsDescEs":"Herbívoro","foodHabitsDescFr":"Herbivore","displayOrder":4},"adult":true,"immature":true},{"animalCagFoodHabitsId":103400,"foodHabits":{"id":5,"foodHabitsDescEn":"Granivore","foodHabitsDescEs":"Granívoro","foodHabitsDescFr":"Granivore","displayOrder":5},"adult":true,"immature":true}]},"occurrenceDelineations":[{"eoSpecsDetailId":1067,"locationUseClass":{"id":2,"locationUseClassDescEn":"Breeding","locationUseClassDescEs":"En reproducción","locationUseClassDescFr":"Reproduction","displayOrder":2},"eoSpecGroupName":"Diving Ducks and Sea Ducks","subtypes":null,"inferredExtentDistance":null,"inferredExtentNotes":"Most home ranges too small to justify an inferred extent.","minimumEoCriteria":"Evidence of historical breeding , or current and likely recurring breeding, at a given location, minimally a reliable observation of one or more breeding pairs in appropriate habitat. Be cautious about creating EOs for observations that may represent single breeding events outside the normal breeding distribution.","mappingGuidance":null,"separationBarriers":"None.","separationDistanceUnsuitableHabitatat":10.0,"separationDistanceSuitableHabitatat":10.0,"altSeparationProcedure":null,"separationJustification":"Little information on breeding home ranges; separation distance somewhat arbitrary. Territories not defended in eiders, but goldeneyes defend small (0.18 to 1.45 hectares) territories (Eadie et al. 2000). Philopatry to breeding area strong in Common Eider (Reed 1975, Wakeley and Mendall 1976, Swennen 1990), and Spectacled Eider (Grand and Flint 1997).","versionDate":"2001-05-29","versionAuthor":"Cannings, S.","versionNotes":"Contains all members of the tribes Aythini, Mergini and Oxyurini.","lastModified":"2020-04-30T02:04:26.34749Z"},{"eoSpecsDetailId":1069,"locationUseClass":{"id":3,"locationUseClassDescEn":"Nonbreeding","locationUseClassDescEs":"No reproducción","locationUseClassDescFr":"Non-reproduction","displayOrder":3},"eoSpecGroupName":"Diving Ducks and Sea Ducks","subtypes":"Molting area, Migration staging area, Wintering area, Non-breeding feeding concentration area, Roost","inferredExtentDistance":null,"inferredExtentNotes":null,"minimumEoCriteria":"Evidence of recurring presence of molting, staging, or wintering flocks (including historical); and potential recurring presence at a given location, minimally a reliable observation of 25 birds/square kilometer in appropriate habitat. For wintering occurrences, it would be preferable to have observations documenting presence over at least 20 days annually. Be cautious about creating EOs for observations that may represent single events.","mappingGuidance":"Map roosting and feeding areas with separate polygons in same EO.","separationBarriers":"None.","separationDistanceUnsuitableHabitatat":10.0,"separationDistanceSuitableHabitatat":10.0,"altSeparationProcedure":null,"separationJustification":"Fidelity to molting sites (one or two lakes) high in Barrow's Goldeneye (van de Wetering 1997); fidelity to wintering sites probably high in Barrow's Goldeneye (Savard 1985). Separation distance somewhat arbitrary, set at 10 kilometers to define occurrences of managable size for conservation purposes. Occurrences defined primarily on the basis of areas supporting concentrations of foraging birds, rather than on the basis of distinct populations.","versionDate":"2001-03-21","versionAuthor":"Cannings, S.","versionNotes":"Contains all members of the tribes Aythini, Mergini and Oxyurini.","lastModified":"2020-04-30T02:04:26.34749Z"},{"eoSpecsDetailId":1068,"locationUseClass":{"id":4,"locationUseClassDescEn":"Migratory stopover","locationUseClassDescEs":"Parada migratoria","locationUseClassDescFr":"Halte migratoire","displayOrder":5},"eoSpecGroupName":"Diving Ducks and Sea Ducks","subtypes":"Staging area, Foraging area, Roosting area","inferredExtentDistance":null,"inferredExtentNotes":null,"minimumEoCriteria":"Evidence of recurring presence of migrating or staging flocks (including historical); and potential recurring presence at a given location, minimally a reliable observation of 25 birds/square kilometer in appropriate habitat. Occurrences should be locations where the species is resident for some time during the appropriate season; it is preferable to have observations documenting presence over at least 7 days annually. Be cautious about creating EOs for observations that may represent single events.","mappingGuidance":null,"separationBarriers":null,"separationDistanceUnsuitableHabitatat":10.0,"separationDistanceSuitableHabitatat":10.0,"altSeparationProcedure":null,"separationJustification":"Separation distance somewhat arbitrary; set at 10 kilometers to define occurrences of manageable size for conservation purposes. Occurrences defined primarily on the basis of areas supporting concentrations of foraging birds, rather than on the basis of distinct populations.","versionDate":"2001-03-21","versionAuthor":"Cannings, S.","versionNotes":null,"lastModified":"2020-12-05T01:32:08.873547Z"}],"plantCharacteristics":null,"elementManagement":{"elementGlobalId":102413,"eoManagementGroupName":null,"stewardshipOverview":null,"impacts":null,"restorationPotential":null,"siteConservationPlansConsidered":null,"managementMethods":null,"monitoringMethods":null,"managementProgramContacts":null,"monitoringProgramContacts":null,"managementResearchPrograms":null,"managementResearchNeeds":null,"biologicalResearchNeeds":"Direct estimates of wintering and breeding Greater Scaup numbers separate from Lesser Scaup is necessary for proper management of this species .  Also possible effects of heavy-metals on the species reproductive success and survival are needed.  (Kessel, Rocque, and Barclay, 2002)","additionalTopics":null},"occurrenceViabilities":[{"eoRankSpecsDetailId":103926,"eoRankSpecsGroupName":null,"locationUseClass":{"id":1,"locationUseClassDescEn":"Not applicable","locationUseClassDescEs":"No se aplica","locationUseClassDescFr":"Sans objet","displayOrder":1},"excellentViability":null,"goodViability":null,"fairViability":null,"poorViability":null,"viabilityJustification":"Use the Generic Guidelines for the Application of Occurrence Ranks (2008).<br>The Key for Ranking Species Occurrences Using the Generic Approach provides a step-wise process for implementing this method.","versionDate":null,"versionAuthor":null,"versionNotes":null,"lastModified":"2020-05-14T02:21:29.56784Z"}],"references":[{"id":153779,"citation":"American Ornithologists' Union (AOU). 1983. Check-list of North American Birds, 6th edition. 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