{"elementGlobalId":102371,"circumscripConfidence":{"id":1,"circumscripConfidenceDescEn":"1 - Strong","circumscripConfidenceDescEs":"1 - Fuerte","circumscripConfidenceDescFr":"1 – Forte"},"classificationLevel":{"id":7,"classificationLevelNameEn":"Species","classificationLevelNameEs":"Especies","classificationLevelNameFr":"Espèce"},"classificationStatus":{"id":1,"classificationStatusDescEn":"Standard","classificationStatusDescEs":"Estándar","classificationStatusDescFr":"Standard"},"iucn":{"id":11,"iucnDescEn":"Least concern","iucnDescEs":"Menos preocupante","iucnDescFr":"Moins préoccupante","iucnCode":"LC"},"nameCategory":{"id":1,"nameCategoryDescEn":"Vertebrate Animal","nameCategoryDescEs":"Animal vertebrado","nameCategoryDescFr":"Animal vertébré","nameTypeCd":"A","nameTypeDesc":"Zoological"},"rankMethodUsed":null,"formattedScientificName":"<i>Lithobates grylio</i>","scientificName":"Lithobates grylio","scientificNameAuthor":"(Stejneger, 1901)","primaryCommonName":"Pig Frog","relatedItisNames":"<i>Lithobates grylio</i> (Stejneger, 1901) (TSN 775091)","uniqueId":"ELEMENT_GLOBAL.2.102371","elcode":"AAABH01110","conceptRefFullCitation":"Frost, D. R. 1985. Amphibian species of the world. A taxonomic and geographical reference. Allen Press, Inc., and The Association of  Systematics Collections, Lawrence, Kansas. v + 732 pp.","conceptName":"<i>Rana grylio</i>","taxonomicComments":"Transferred to the genus <i>Aquarana</i> (Dubois et al. 2021). The generic taxonomy of American ranids is controversial, with three nomenclatural arrangements being consistent with current understandings of phylogeny: The single-genus arrangement of Yuan et al. (2016) which placed all Eurasian <i>Rana </i>and <i>Pseudorana </i>as well as all American ranids into <i>Rana</i>; the three-genus model of Che et al. (2007), largely in agreement with the earlier arrangement by Frost et al. (2006), which recognizes <i>Pseudorana</i> in Asia, <i>Rana </i>in Eurasia and western North America, and <i>Lithobates </i>in the Americas; and a seven-genus model of Dubois et al. (2021) which recognizes <i>Pseudorana</i>, <i>Rana</i>, and <i>Liuhurana </i>in Eurasia and <i>Amerana </i>(the Pacific Coast ranids of North America), <i>Aquarana </i>(for the bullfrogs and allies), <i>Boreorana </i>(a monotypic genus for Wood Frog, <i>L. sylvaticus</i>), and <i>Lithobates </i>(for the leopard frogs and allies). Here we follow Nicholson (2025) who defer from recognizing <i>Amerana</i>, <i>Aquarana</i>, or <i>Boreorana </i>at this time pending achievement of more phylogenetic stability, especially with respect to the position of the taxon <i>sylvaticus </i>which inconsistently is recovered as sister to the proposed <i>Aquarana </i>or as sister to <i>Lithobates</i>.","roundedGRank":"G5","conservationStatusFactorsEditionDate":"2002-04-12","conservationStatusFactorsEditionAuthors":"Hammerson, G.","primaryCommonNameLanguage":"EN","recordType":"SPECIES","elementNationals":[{"elementNationalId":161935,"classifConfidence":null,"nation":{"id":225,"nameEn":"United States","nameEs":"Estados Unidos","nameFr":"États-Unis","isoCode":"US","region":"United States"},"roundedNRank":"N5","elementSubnationals":[{"elementSubnationalId":342230,"subnation":{"id":14,"nameEn":"Georgia","nameEs":"Georgia","nameFr":"Géorgie","subnationCode":"GA","dnationId":225},"roundedSRank":"S5","dataSensitive":{"id":2,"dataSensitiveDescEn":"No","dataSensitiveDescEs":null,"dataSensitiveDescFr":null,"dataSensitiveCode":"N"},"dataSensitiveCategory":null,"srank":"S5","speciesSubnational":{"elementSubnationalId":342230,"hybrid":false,"exotic":false,"native":true}},{"elementSubnationalId":353921,"subnation":{"id":23,"nameEn":"Louisiana","nameEs":"Louisiana","nameFr":"Louisiane","subnationCode":"LA","dnationId":225},"roundedSRank":"S5","dataSensitive":{"id":2,"dataSensitiveDescEn":"No","dataSensitiveDescEs":null,"dataSensitiveDescFr":null,"dataSensitiveCode":"N"},"dataSensitiveCategory":null,"srank":"S5","speciesSubnational":{"elementSubnationalId":353921,"hybrid":false,"exotic":false,"native":true}},{"elementSubnationalId":282373,"subnation":{"id":51,"nameEn":"Texas","nameEs":"Texas","nameFr":"Texas","subnationCode":"TX","dnationId":225},"roundedSRank":"S3","dataSensitive":{"id":2,"dataSensitiveDescEn":"No","dataSensitiveDescEs":null,"dataSensitiveDescFr":null,"dataSensitiveCode":"N"},"dataSensitiveCategory":null,"srank":"S3","speciesSubnational":{"elementSubnationalId":282373,"hybrid":false,"exotic":false,"native":true}},{"elementSubnationalId":278601,"subnation":{"id":12,"nameEn":"Florida","nameEs":"Florida","nameFr":"Floride","subnationCode":"FL","dnationId":225},"roundedSRank":"S5","dataSensitive":{"id":2,"dataSensitiveDescEn":"No","dataSensitiveDescEs":null,"dataSensitiveDescFr":null,"dataSensitiveCode":"N"},"dataSensitiveCategory":null,"srank":"S5","speciesSubnational":{"elementSubnationalId":278601,"hybrid":false,"exotic":false,"native":true}},{"elementSubnationalId":295857,"subnation":{"id":32,"nameEn":"Mississippi","nameEs":"Mississippi","nameFr":"Mississippi","subnationCode":"MS","dnationId":225},"roundedSRank":"S5","dataSensitive":{"id":2,"dataSensitiveDescEn":"No","dataSensitiveDescEs":null,"dataSensitiveDescFr":null,"dataSensitiveCode":"N"},"dataSensitiveCategory":null,"srank":"S5","speciesSubnational":{"elementSubnationalId":295857,"hybrid":false,"exotic":false,"native":true}},{"elementSubnationalId":404437,"subnation":{"id":2,"nameEn":"Alabama","nameEs":"Alabama","nameFr":"Alabama","subnationCode":"AL","dnationId":225},"roundedSRank":"S4","dataSensitive":{"id":2,"dataSensitiveDescEn":"No","dataSensitiveDescEs":null,"dataSensitiveDescFr":null,"dataSensitiveCode":"N"},"dataSensitiveCategory":null,"srank":"S4","speciesSubnational":{"elementSubnationalId":404437,"hybrid":false,"exotic":false,"native":true}},{"elementSubnationalId":394353,"subnation":{"id":48,"nameEn":"South Carolina","nameEs":"Carolina del Sur","nameFr":"Caroline du Sud","subnationCode":"SC","dnationId":225},"roundedSRank":"S5","dataSensitive":{"id":2,"dataSensitiveDescEn":"No","dataSensitiveDescEs":null,"dataSensitiveDescFr":null,"dataSensitiveCode":"N"},"dataSensitiveCategory":null,"srank":"S5","speciesSubnational":{"elementSubnationalId":394353,"hybrid":false,"exotic":false,"native":true}}],"nrankReviewYear":1996,"nrank":"N5","speciesNational":{"elementNationalId":161935,"exotic":false,"native":true}}],"lastModified":"2026-10-02T21:38:30.975825Z","lastPublished":"2026-10-02T21:32:08.892226Z","promotionalDescription":null,"conceptLineageSummary":null,"nsxUrl":"/Taxon/ELEMENT_GLOBAL.2.102371/Lithobates_grylio","grankAdjustmentReasons":null,"grankChangeDate":"2001-11-21","grankReviewDate":"2002-04-12","grankReasons":null,"grank":"G5","rankInfo":{"elementGlobalId":102371,"aooPercentGood":null,"enviromentalSpecificity":{"id":10,"enviromentalSpecificityDescEn":"Broad.  Generalist or community with all key requirements common.","enviromentalSpecificityDescEs":"Amplio.  Generalista o comunidad con todos los requisitos claves comunes.","enviromentalSpecificityDescFr":"Vaste. Généralistes ou communautés répondant à tous les critères clés sont répandus."},"intrinsicVulnerability":{"id":4,"intrinsicVulnerabilityDescEn":"Moderately vulnerable","intrinsicVulnerabilityDescEs":"Moderadamente vulnerable","intrinsicVulnerabilityDescFr":"Moyennement vulnérable"},"longTermTrend":null,"numberEos":null,"numberGoodEos":null,"numberProtEos":null,"popSize":null,"rangeExtent":{"id":33,"rangeExtentDescEn":"200,000-2,500,000 square km (about 80,000-1,000,000 square miles)","rangeExtentDescEs":"200.000 a 2.500.000 kilómetros cuadrados (aproximadamente 80.000 a 1.000.000 millas cuadradas)","rangeExtentDescFr":"De 200 000 à 2 500 000 km carrés (de 80 000 à 1 000 000 miles carrés approximativement)"},"shortTermTrend":null,"threatImpactAssigned":null,"rangeExtentComments":"Southern South Carolina to southern Florida, west to southeastern Texas (Conant and Collins 1991). Introduced on Great Bahama Bank (Schwartz and Henderson 1991). Introduced and well established in northern Puerto Rico (Rios-Lopez and Joglar 2000).","areaOfOccupancy":null,"areaOfOccupancyComments":null,"numberEosComments":"Represented by many and/or large occurrences throughout most of the range.","popSizeComments":"Reported as abundant in a large lake in southern Alabama (Mount 1975).","viabilityComments":null,"threatImpactComments":null,"shortTermTrendComments":"Bartlett and Bartlett (1999) stated that this species, though still readily found, does not seem to be as common as in the past (Florida). Bartlett and Bartlett (1999) indicated that populations in Texas decline during droughts and \"erupt\" in wet years.","longTermTrendComments":null,"inventoryNeeds":null,"numberProtEosComments":null,"protectionNeeds":null,"otherConsiderations":null,"intrinsicVulnerabilityComments":null,"enviromentalSpecificityComments":null},"animalCharacteristics":{"elementGlobalId":102371,"majorHabitat":{"id":2,"majorHabitatDescEn":"Freshwater","majorHabitatDescEs":"Agua dulce","majorHabitatDescFr":"Eau douce"},"nonMigrant":true,"localMigrant":false,"longDistanceMigrant":false,"mobilityMigrationComments":null,"foodHabitsComments":"Metamorphosed individs. eat various small animals, especially insects and crayfish. Males feed infrequently during breeding season (Lamb 1984). Larvae probably eat suspended matter, organic debris, algae, plant tissue, and small invertebrates.","animalPhenologyComments":"Chorusing typically is nocturnal (Lamb 1984).","colonialBreeder":false,"length":16,"width":null,"weight":null,"animalPhenologies":[{"animalCagPhenologyId":101813,"animalPhenology":{"id":2,"animalPhenologyDescEn":"Circadian","animalPhenologyDescEs":"Circadiano","animalPhenologyDescFr":"Circadien","displayOrder":2},"adult":true,"immature":true}],"animalFoodHabits":[{"animalCagFoodHabitsId":103375,"foodHabits":{"id":3,"foodHabitsDescEn":"Invertivore","foodHabitsDescEs":"Invertívoro","foodHabitsDescFr":"Invertivore","displayOrder":3},"adult":true,"immature":false},{"animalCagFoodHabitsId":103376,"foodHabits":{"id":4,"foodHabitsDescEn":"Herbivore","foodHabitsDescEs":"Herbívoro","foodHabitsDescFr":"Herbivore","displayOrder":4},"adult":false,"immature":true}]},"occurrenceDelineations":[{"eoSpecsDetailId":1179,"locationUseClass":{"id":1,"locationUseClassDescEn":"Not applicable","locationUseClassDescEs":"No se aplica","locationUseClassDescFr":"Sans objet","displayOrder":1},"eoSpecGroupName":"Ranid Frogs","subtypes":"Breeding Location","inferredExtentDistance":null,"inferredExtentNotes":null,"minimumEoCriteria":"Occurrences are based on evidence of historical presence, or current and likely recurring presence, at a given location. Such evidence minimally includes collection or reliable observation and documentation of one or more individuals (including larvae or eggs) in or near appropriate habitat where the species is presumed to be established and breeding.","mappingGuidance":null,"separationBarriers":"Busy major highway, especially at night, such that frogs rarely if ever cross successfully; urban development dominated by buildings and pavement; habitat in which site-specific data indicate the frogs virtually never occur.","separationDistanceUnsuitableHabitatat":1.0,"separationDistanceSuitableHabitatat":5.0,"altSeparationProcedure":null,"separationJustification":"BARRIERS/UNSUITABLE HABITAT: Rivers may or may not be effective barriers, depending on stream width and flow dynamics; identification of streams as barriers is a subjective determination. Ranid frog species vary in habitat use, but even the most aquatic species may traverse upland habitat when conditions are suitable (Pope and Matthews 2001); natural and seminatural upland habitat generally does not constitute a barrier. Here, unsuitable habitat refers to upland habitat devoid or nearly devoid of wetlands, streams, ponds, or lakes. Bodies of water dominated by predatory fishes may be barriers to some species but suitable habitat for others; in most cases, such waters probably should be regarded as unsuitable habitat.<br /><br />SUITABLE HABITAT (Applies to most North American ranids, but not <i>Lithobates sevosa</i> or <i>L. </i><i>capit</i>o): Suitable habitat includes riparian/riverine corridors, wetlands, and wetland/upland mosaics in which wetland patches are separated by less than 1 km of upland habitat; it also includes any upland habitat regularly used for feeding or wintering (e.g., mesic forest for wood frogs).<br /><br />MOVEMENTS (Applies to most North American ranids, but not <i>Lithobates sevosa</i> or <i>L. </i><i>capit</i>o): Available information indicates that individual ranids occasionally move distances of several km (<i>R. luteiventris</i>: Reaser 1996, cited by Koch et al. 1997; <i>R. blairi</i>: Gillis 1975) but most individuals stay within a few kilometers of their breeding sites (<i>R. aurora draytonii</i>: USFWS, Federal Register, 11 September 2000; <i>L. capito</i>: Franz et al. 1988; <i>R. clamitans</i>: Lamoureux and Madison 1999; <i>R. luteiventris</i>: Turner 1960, Hollenbeck 1974, Bull and Hayes 2001). Similarly, maximum distance between capture points generally is a few kilometers or less (<i>R. aurora</i>: Hayes et al. 2001; USFWS, Federal Register, 11 September 2000; <i>L. catesbeiana</i>: Willis et al. 1956; <i>R. luteiventris</i>: Reaser and Pilliod, in press; Engle 2000; <i>R. muscosa</i>: Pope and Matthews 2001). Dispersal data for juveniles are lacking for most species.<br /><br />Adult and juvenile <i>L. sylvaticus</i> readily traveled in excess of 300 m from their pools of origin (Vasconcelos and Calhoun 2004). Bellis (1965) determined that adult and juvenile <i>L. sylvaticus</i> in a peat bog had traveled at least 410 m from the nearest breeding pool. Berven and Grudzien (1990) found that dispersing <i>L. sylvaticus</i> juveniles traveled an average of 1,208 m from their natal pools. In the Shenandoah Mountains, data for <i>L. sylvaticus</i> indicated that ponds separated by a distance greater than 1,000 m should experience little gene flow (Berven and Grudzien 1991). In contrast, populations in Minnesota were very similar in allelic frequencies, even at distances greater than several kilometers (Squire and Newman 2002). However, sample sizes and number of loci examined were small, and genetic patterns do not necessarily reflect movement distances.<br /><br />See Humphries and Sisson (2012) for information about movements, habitat needs, and area requirements for <i>L. capito</i>.<br /><br />The preponderance of data for ranids indicate that a separation distance of several kilometers may be appropriate for suitable habitat and practical for occurrence delineation, despite occasional movements that are longer and that may allow some genetic interchange between distant populations. The movement data for ranids are here regarded as consistent enough to allow the same separation distance to be used for different species; much of the apparent variation in movements doubtless reflects differences in study methods and in the ability to detect long-distance movements.","versionDate":"2005-04-01","versionAuthor":"Hammerson, G.","versionNotes":null,"lastModified":"2020-10-03T20:47:46.301189Z"}],"plantCharacteristics":null,"elementManagement":{"elementGlobalId":102371,"eoManagementGroupName":null,"stewardshipOverview":null,"impacts":null,"restorationPotential":null,"siteConservationPlansConsidered":null,"managementMethods":null,"monitoringMethods":null,"managementProgramContacts":null,"monitoringProgramContacts":null,"managementResearchPrograms":null,"managementResearchNeeds":null,"biologicalResearchNeeds":null,"additionalTopics":null},"occurrenceViabilities":[{"eoRankSpecsDetailId":103887,"eoRankSpecsGroupName":null,"locationUseClass":{"id":1,"locationUseClassDescEn":"Not applicable","locationUseClassDescEs":"No se aplica","locationUseClassDescFr":"Sans objet","displayOrder":1},"excellentViability":null,"goodViability":null,"fairViability":null,"poorViability":null,"viabilityJustification":"Use the Generic Guidelines for the Application of Occurrence Ranks (2008).<br>The Key for Ranking Species Occurrences Using the Generic Approach provides a step-wise process for implementing this method.","versionDate":null,"versionAuthor":null,"versionNotes":null,"lastModified":"2020-05-14T02:21:23.708535Z"}],"references":[{"id":108216,"citation":"Altig, R. and Lohoefener, R. 1982. <i>Rana grylio</i>. 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Knopf, New York. 719 pp.","shortCitationAuthor":"Behler and King","shortCitationYear":1979,"referenceCode":"B79BEH01NAUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T14:38:24.173666Z"},{"id":112779,"citation":"Blackburn, L., P. Nanjappa, and M. J. Lannoo. 2001. An Atlas of the Distribution of U.S. Amphibians. Copyright, Ball State University, Muncie, Indiana, USA.","shortCitationAuthor":"Blackburn et al.","shortCitationYear":2001,"referenceCode":"B01BLA01EHUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T14:38:24.173666Z"},{"id":1167418,"citation":"Che, J., J. Pang, E. M. Zhao, M. Matsui, and Y. P. Zhang. 2007. Phylogenetic relationships of the Chinese brown frogs (genus <i>Rana</i>) inferred from partial mitochondrial 12S and 16S rRNA gene sequences. Zoological Science 24(1):71-80.","shortCitationAuthor":"Che et al.","shortCitationYear":2007,"referenceCode":"A07CHE02NAUS","lastModified":"2026-06-06T01:37:34.510214Z"},{"id":104608,"citation":"Conant, R. and J. T. Collins. 1991. A field guide to reptiles and amphibians: eastern and central North America. Third edition. Houghton Mifflin Co., Boston, Massachusetts. 450 pp.","shortCitationAuthor":"Conant and Collins","shortCitationYear":1991,"referenceCode":"B91CON01NAUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T18:11:51.303794Z"},{"id":943912,"citation":"Crother, B. I. (editor). 2017. Scientific and standard English names of amphibians and reptiles of North America north of Mexico, with comments regarding confidence in our understanding. 8th edition. SSAR Herpetological Circular 43:1-104. [Updates in SSAR North American Species Names Database at: https://ssarherps.org/cndb]","shortCitationAuthor":"Crother","shortCitationYear":2017,"referenceCode":"B17CRO01EHUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T18:11:53.413199Z"},{"id":1107242,"citation":"Dubois, A., A. Ohler, and R. A. Pyron. 2021. New concepts and methods for phylogenetic taxonomy and nomenclature in zoology, exemplified by a new ranked cladonomy of recent amphibians (Lissamphibia). Megataxa 5:1-738.","shortCitationAuthor":"Dubois et al.","shortCitationYear":2021,"referenceCode":"A21DUB01NAUS","lastModified":"2021-12-06T19:01:16.251202Z"},{"id":119796,"citation":"Frost, D. R. 1985. Amphibian species of the world. A taxonomic and geographical reference. Allen Press, Inc., and The Association of  Systematics Collections, Lawrence, Kansas. v + 732 pp.","shortCitationAuthor":"Frost","shortCitationYear":1985,"referenceCode":"B85FRO01HQUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T14:38:24.173666Z"},{"id":650580,"citation":"Frost, D. R. 2010. Amphibian Species of the World: an Online Reference. Version 5.4 (8 April 2010). Electronic Database accessible at http://research.amnh.org/herpetology/amphibia/index.php. American Museum of Natural History, New York, USA. 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Pennsylvania State University. University Park, PA.","shortCitationAuthor":"Hedges","shortCitationYear":2001,"referenceCode":"W01HED0100LA","lastModified":"2020-02-25T18:11:57.819328Z"},{"id":1140191,"citation":"Hedges, S. B., R. Powell, R. W. Henderson, S. Hanson, and J. C. Murphy. 2019. Definition of the Caribbean Islands biogeographic region, with checklist and recommendations for standardized common names of amphibians and reptiles. Caribbean Herpetology 67: 1-53.","shortCitationAuthor":"Hedges et al.","shortCitationYear":2019,"referenceCode":"A19HED02NAUS","lastModified":"2024-04-05T22:17:02.510292Z"},{"id":122625,"citation":"Lamb, T. 1984. The influence of sex and breeding condition on microhabitat selection and diet in the pig frog <i>Rana grylio</i>. Am. Midl. Nat. 111:311-318.","shortCitationAuthor":"Lamb","shortCitationYear":1984,"referenceCode":"A84LAM01NAUS","lastModified":"2021-07-03T04:01:42.558795Z"},{"id":124025,"citation":"Martof, B. S., W. M. Palmer, J. R. Bailey, and J. R. Harrison, III. 1980. Amphibians and reptiles of the Carolinas and Virginia. University of North Carolina Press, Chapel Hill, North Carolina. 264 pp.","shortCitationAuthor":"Martof et al.","shortCitationYear":1980,"referenceCode":"B80MAR01NAUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T18:11:53.397371Z"},{"id":120174,"citation":"Mount, R. H. 1975. The reptiles and amphibians of Alabama. Auburn University Agricultural Experiment Station, Auburn, Alabama. vii + 347 pp.","shortCitationAuthor":"Mount","shortCitationYear":1975,"referenceCode":"B75MOU01NAUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T18:11:56.616394Z"},{"id":1153425,"citation":"Nicholson, K. E. (ed.). 2025. Scientific and Standard English Names of Amphibians and Reptiles of North America North of Mexico, with Comments Regarding Confidence in Our Understanding. Ninth Edition. Society for the Study of Amphibians and Reptiles. 87 pp. Online database available at: https://cnah.org/SSARnames.aspx","shortCitationAuthor":"Nicholson","shortCitationYear":2025,"referenceCode":"B25NIC01NAUS","lastModified":"2026-06-06T01:36:32.018241Z"},{"id":156340,"citation":"Rios-Lopez, N., and R. L. Joglar. 2000. Geographic distribuion.  <i>Rana grylio</i>. Herpetological Review 31:50-51.","shortCitationAuthor":"Rios-Lopez and Joglar","shortCitationYear":2000,"referenceCode":"A00RIO01NAUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T18:17:30.074566Z"},{"id":461812,"citation":"Rios, N. and Joglar, R.L. 1999. Rana grylio (Pig frog) in Puerto Rico. Herpetological Review. 30:231-232.","shortCitationAuthor":"Rios and Joglar","shortCitationYear":1999,"referenceCode":"A99RIO0200LA","lastModified":"2020-02-25T18:17:30.074566Z"},{"id":138238,"citation":"Schwartz, A., and R. W. Henderson. 1991. Amphibians and Reptiles of the West Indies: Descriptions, Distributions, and Natural History. 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