{"elementGlobalId":102248,"circumscripConfidence":{"id":1,"circumscripConfidenceDescEn":"1 - Strong","circumscripConfidenceDescEs":"1 - Fuerte","circumscripConfidenceDescFr":"1 – Forte"},"classificationLevel":{"id":7,"classificationLevelNameEn":"Species","classificationLevelNameEs":"Especies","classificationLevelNameFr":"Espèce"},"classificationStatus":{"id":1,"classificationStatusDescEn":"Standard","classificationStatusDescEs":"Estándar","classificationStatusDescFr":"Standard"},"iucn":{"id":11,"iucnDescEn":"Least concern","iucnDescEs":"Menos preocupante","iucnDescFr":"Moins préoccupante","iucnCode":"LC"},"nameCategory":{"id":1,"nameCategoryDescEn":"Vertebrate Animal","nameCategoryDescEs":"Animal vertebrado","nameCategoryDescFr":"Animal vertébré","nameTypeCd":"A","nameTypeDesc":"Zoological"},"rankMethodUsed":{"id":7,"rankMethodUsedDescEn":" Rank calculation - Biotics v2","rankMethodUsedDescEs":null,"rankMethodUsedDescFr":null,"rankMethodUsedExternalDescEn":"Ranked by calculator","rankMethodUsedExternalDescEs":null,"rankMethodUsedExternalDescFr":null},"formattedScientificName":"<i>Kinosternon flavescens</i>","scientificName":"Kinosternon flavescens","scientificNameAuthor":"(Agassiz, 1857)","primaryCommonName":"Yellow Mud Turtle","relatedItisNames":"<i>Kinosternon flavescens</i> (Agassiz, 1857) (TSN 173766)","uniqueId":"ELEMENT_GLOBAL.2.102248","elcode":"ARAAE01020","conceptRefFullCitation":"King, F. W., and R. L. Burke, editors. 1989. Crocodilian, tuatara, and turtle species of the world: a taxonomic and geographic reference. Association of Systematics Collections, Washington, D.C. 216 pp.","conceptName":"<i>Kinosternon flavescens</i>","taxonomicComments":"Disjunct midwestern populations of <i>K. flavescens</i> formerly were regarded as a distinct subspecies (<i>K. f. spooneri</i>), but they are not distinguishable from other northern populations of <i>K. flavescens</i> (Houseal et al. 1982, Berry and Berry 1984, Serb et al. 2001). Most authors no longer regard <i>spooneri</i> as warranting recognition as a valid taxonomic entity.","roundedGRank":"G5","conservationStatusFactorsEditionDate":"2023-08-28","conservationStatusFactorsEditionAuthors":"Pague, C. A., and G. Hammerson (2001); rev. B. Young (2023)","primaryCommonNameLanguage":"EN","recordType":"SPECIES","elementNationals":[{"elementNationalId":165602,"classifConfidence":null,"nation":{"id":225,"nameEn":"United States","nameEs":"Estados Unidos","nameFr":"États-Unis","isoCode":"US","region":"United States"},"roundedNRank":"N5","elementSubnationals":[{"elementSubnationalId":291323,"subnation":{"id":39,"nameEn":"New Mexico","nameEs":"Nuevo México","nameFr":"Nouveau-Mexique","subnationCode":"NM","dnationId":225},"roundedSRank":"S4","dataSensitive":{"id":2,"dataSensitiveDescEn":"No","dataSensitiveDescEs":null,"dataSensitiveDescFr":null,"dataSensitiveCode":"N"},"dataSensitiveCategory":null,"srank":"S4","speciesSubnational":{"elementSubnationalId":291323,"hybrid":false,"exotic":false,"native":true}},{"elementSubnationalId":387169,"subnation":{"id":36,"nameEn":"Nebraska","nameEs":"Nebraska","nameFr":"Nebraska","subnationCode":"NE","dnationId":225},"roundedSRank":"SU","dataSensitive":{"id":3,"dataSensitiveDescEn":"Conditional","dataSensitiveDescEs":null,"dataSensitiveDescFr":null,"dataSensitiveCode":"C"},"dataSensitiveCategory":null,"srank":"SU","speciesSubnational":{"elementSubnationalId":387169,"hybrid":false,"exotic":false,"native":true}},{"elementSubnationalId":409436,"subnation":{"id":21,"nameEn":"Kansas","nameEs":"Kansas","nameFr":"Kansas","subnationCode":"KS","dnationId":225},"roundedSRank":"S5","dataSensitive":{"id":2,"dataSensitiveDescEn":"No","dataSensitiveDescEs":null,"dataSensitiveDescFr":null,"dataSensitiveCode":"N"},"dataSensitiveCategory":null,"srank":"S5","speciesSubnational":{"elementSubnationalId":409436,"hybrid":false,"exotic":false,"native":true}},{"elementSubnationalId":274043,"subnation":{"id":30,"nameEn":"Missouri","nameEs":"Missouri","nameFr":"Missouri","subnationCode":"MO","dnationId":225},"roundedSRank":"S1","dataSensitive":{"id":2,"dataSensitiveDescEn":"No","dataSensitiveDescEs":null,"dataSensitiveDescFr":null,"dataSensitiveCode":"N"},"dataSensitiveCategory":null,"srank":"S1","speciesSubnational":{"elementSubnationalId":274043,"hybrid":false,"exotic":false,"native":true}},{"elementSubnationalId":281258,"subnation":{"id":51,"nameEn":"Texas","nameEs":"Texas","nameFr":"Texas","subnationCode":"TX","dnationId":225},"roundedSRank":"S5","dataSensitive":{"id":2,"dataSensitiveDescEn":"No","dataSensitiveDescEs":null,"dataSensitiveDescFr":null,"dataSensitiveCode":"N"},"dataSensitiveCategory":null,"srank":"S5","speciesSubnational":{"elementSubnationalId":281258,"hybrid":false,"exotic":false,"native":true}},{"elementSubnationalId":409204,"subnation":{"id":43,"nameEn":"Oklahoma","nameEs":"Oklahoma","nameFr":"Oklahoma","subnationCode":"OK","dnationId":225},"roundedSRank":"SNR","dataSensitive":{"id":2,"dataSensitiveDescEn":"No","dataSensitiveDescEs":null,"dataSensitiveDescFr":null,"dataSensitiveCode":"N"},"dataSensitiveCategory":null,"srank":"SNR","speciesSubnational":{"elementSubnationalId":409204,"hybrid":false,"exotic":false,"native":true}},{"elementSubnationalId":365861,"subnation":{"id":6,"nameEn":"Arizona","nameEs":"Arizona","nameFr":"Arizona","subnationCode":"AZ","dnationId":225},"roundedSRank":"S1","dataSensitive":{"id":2,"dataSensitiveDescEn":"No","dataSensitiveDescEs":null,"dataSensitiveDescFr":null,"dataSensitiveCode":"N"},"dataSensitiveCategory":null,"srank":"S1","speciesSubnational":{"elementSubnationalId":365861,"hybrid":false,"exotic":false,"native":true}},{"elementSubnationalId":401596,"subnation":{"id":19,"nameEn":"Illinois","nameEs":"Illinois","nameFr":"Illinois","subnationCode":"IL","dnationId":225},"roundedSRank":"S1","dataSensitive":{"id":2,"dataSensitiveDescEn":"No","dataSensitiveDescEs":null,"dataSensitiveDescFr":null,"dataSensitiveCode":"N"},"dataSensitiveCategory":null,"srank":"S1?","speciesSubnational":{"elementSubnationalId":401596,"hybrid":false,"exotic":false,"native":true}},{"elementSubnationalId":337605,"subnation":{"id":17,"nameEn":"Iowa","nameEs":"Iowa","nameFr":"Iowa","subnationCode":"IA","dnationId":225},"roundedSRank":"S1","dataSensitive":{"id":2,"dataSensitiveDescEn":"No","dataSensitiveDescEs":null,"dataSensitiveDescFr":null,"dataSensitiveCode":"N"},"dataSensitiveCategory":null,"srank":"S1","speciesSubnational":{"elementSubnationalId":337605,"hybrid":false,"exotic":false,"native":true}},{"elementSubnationalId":295860,"subnation":{"id":8,"nameEn":"Colorado","nameEs":"Colorado","nameFr":"Colorado","subnationCode":"CO","dnationId":225},"roundedSRank":"S1","dataSensitive":{"id":2,"dataSensitiveDescEn":"No","dataSensitiveDescEs":null,"dataSensitiveDescFr":null,"dataSensitiveCode":"N"},"dataSensitiveCategory":null,"srank":"S1","speciesSubnational":{"elementSubnationalId":295860,"hybrid":false,"exotic":false,"native":true}}],"nrankReviewYear":1996,"nrank":"N5","speciesNational":{"elementNationalId":165602,"exotic":false,"native":true}}],"lastModified":"2026-10-02T21:39:01.124802Z","lastPublished":"2026-10-02T21:32:08.892226Z","promotionalDescription":null,"conceptLineageSummary":null,"nsxUrl":"/Taxon/ELEMENT_GLOBAL.2.102248/Kinosternon_flavescens","grankAdjustmentReasons":null,"grankChangeDate":"2001-08-06","grankReviewDate":"2023-08-28","grankReasons":"This species has a wide range in the south-central U.S. and adjacent northern Mexico; common in many areas; relatively tolerant of human alterations of the habitat as long as water is reasonably available; not desirable within the pet trade. However, some peripheral populations are declining.","grank":"G5","rankInfo":{"elementGlobalId":102248,"aooPercentGood":null,"enviromentalSpecificity":null,"intrinsicVulnerability":null,"longTermTrend":{"id":44,"longTermTrendDescEn":"Increase of >10%","longTermTrendDescEs":"Aumento de >10%.","longTermTrendDescFr":"Augmentation de >10 %"},"numberEos":{"id":15,"numberEosDescEn":"> 300","numberEosDescEs":"> 300","numberEosDescFr":"> 300"},"numberGoodEos":null,"numberProtEos":{"id":7,"numberProtEosDescEn":"Few to several (1-12) occurrences appropriately protected and managed","numberProtEosDescEs":"Gradualmente hasta unos pocos casos (1 a 12) adecuadamente protegidos y controlados","numberProtEosDescFr":"De peu à quelques occurrences (de 1 à 12) protégées et contrôlées convenablement"},"popSize":{"id":37,"popSizeDescEn":"Unknown","popSizeDescEs":"Desconocido","popSizeDescFr":"Inconnu"},"rangeExtent":{"id":33,"rangeExtentDescEn":"200,000-2,500,000 square km (about 80,000-1,000,000 square miles)","rangeExtentDescEs":"200.000 a 2.500.000 kilómetros cuadrados (aproximadamente 80.000 a 1.000.000 millas cuadradas)","rangeExtentDescFr":"De 200 000 à 2 500 000 km carrés (de 80 000 à 1 000 000 miles carrés approximativement)"},"shortTermTrend":{"id":40,"shortTermTrendDescEn":"Relatively Stable (<=10% change)","shortTermTrendDescEs":"Relativamente estable (variación = <10%)","shortTermTrendDescFr":"Relativement stable (variation = <10 %)"},"threatImpactAssigned":{"id":9,"threatImpactAssignedDescEn":"Medium - low","threatImpactAssignedDescEs":"Medio - bajo","threatImpactAssignedDescFr":"Moyen — faible"},"rangeExtentComments":"This species occurs in south-central U.S. and adjacent north-central and northeastern Mexico; north to Nebraska, west to southeastern Arizona (Conant and Collins 1991, Serb et al. 2001, Iverson and Christiansen 2023). There is an isolated population in Illinois-Iowa-Missouri.","areaOfOccupancy":null,"areaOfOccupancyComments":null,"numberEosComments":"There are many local populations (Iverson and Christiansen 2023).","popSizeComments":"This species can be abundant in appropriate habitats in the center of the range. For example, densities of up to 80 turtles per hectare measured were measured in Kansas (Seim 2015). Populations on the periphery of the range are often isolated and low density (Iverson and Christiansen 2023). No rangewide population estimates are available.","viabilityComments":null,"threatImpactComments":"Not generally threatened, although local threats may impact some populations. These threats are habitat modification including loss of ephemeral ponds due to agricultural activities and water management. Also, habitat degradation or habitat succession are threats in areas surrounding breeding areas where the animals estivate (Iverson and Christiansen 2023). Declines in the Illinois River are thought to be caused by sewage runoff (Iverson and Christiansen 2023).","shortTermTrendComments":"The population is likely stable in the heart of the range in the Great Plains, but declining in peripheral populations (Iverson and Christiensen 2023).","longTermTrendComments":"Populations of this species have likely increased over the past two centuries with the establishment of stock tanks, cattle ponds, and windmill overflow ponds (Iverson and Christiensen 2023).","inventoryNeeds":"Inventory is needed in the peripheral areas occupied (e.g., Missouri, Illinois, Nebraska, Colorado, and Arizona).","numberProtEosComments":"Several occurrences are protected in national parks and other public lands. Others occur in TNC preserves and state park lands.","protectionNeeds":"Peripheral populations should receive some protection.","otherConsiderations":"This species lives fairly long, but has a low annual reproductive output (Ernst and Barbour 1989).","intrinsicVulnerabilityComments":null,"enviromentalSpecificityComments":null},"animalCharacteristics":{"elementGlobalId":102248,"majorHabitat":{"id":2,"majorHabitatDescEn":"Freshwater","majorHabitatDescEs":"Agua dulce","majorHabitatDescFr":"Eau douce"},"nonMigrant":true,"localMigrant":true,"longDistanceMigrant":false,"mobilityMigrationComments":"In Iowa, migrates usually 300-500 m between water and hibernation site (Christiansen et al. 1985).","foodHabitsComments":"Eats insects (e.g., aquatic beetles, dragonfly larvae), mollusks (snails, mussels), crustaceans (crayfish, fairy shrimp), amphibian larvae, carrion, and occasionally aquatic vegetation (Ernst and Barbour 1972); also worms Behler and King 1979). Forages mostly in water, sometimes on land; . capable of subterranean feeding (Moll 1979).","animalPhenologyComments":"Activity shifts with season; diurnal in spring, crepuscular and nocturnal in summer; basking occurs at midday in spring, in morning or late afternoon in hotter summer weather. Terrestrial activity is diurnal (Iverson 1990). Hibernates in winter, estivates during hottest period of summer (Cooper 1977); activity begins in April in most areas. However, activity is stimulated by summer rains in Southwest; may remain inactive underground if ponds fail to form due to lack of rain or runoff (Iverson 1989). In northeastern Missouri, most active from April to mid-June and early September to mid-October (Johnson 1987); late summer-early fall activity is most common in wet years. Cooper (1977) noted that the Illinois-Iowa-Missouri population may have the shortest annual activity of any turtle, less than 100 days.","colonialBreeder":false,"length":16,"width":null,"weight":null,"animalPhenologies":[{"animalCagPhenologyId":101765,"animalPhenology":{"id":1,"animalPhenologyDescEn":"Hibernates/aestivates","animalPhenologyDescEs":"Hibernación/Estivación","animalPhenologyDescFr":"Hiberne/estive","displayOrder":1},"adult":true,"immature":true},{"animalCagPhenologyId":101766,"animalPhenology":{"id":3,"animalPhenologyDescEn":"Diurnal","animalPhenologyDescEs":"Diurno","animalPhenologyDescFr":"Diurne","displayOrder":3},"adult":true,"immature":true},{"animalCagPhenologyId":101767,"animalPhenology":{"id":4,"animalPhenologyDescEn":"Nocturnal","animalPhenologyDescEs":"Nocturno","animalPhenologyDescFr":"Nocturne","displayOrder":4},"adult":true,"immature":true},{"animalCagPhenologyId":101768,"animalPhenology":{"id":5,"animalPhenologyDescEn":"Crepuscular","animalPhenologyDescEs":"Crepuscular","animalPhenologyDescFr":"Crépusculaire","displayOrder":5},"adult":true,"immature":true}],"animalFoodHabits":[{"animalCagFoodHabitsId":103286,"foodHabits":{"id":1,"foodHabitsDescEn":"Carnivore","foodHabitsDescEs":"Carnívoro","foodHabitsDescFr":"Carnivore","displayOrder":1},"adult":true,"immature":true},{"animalCagFoodHabitsId":103287,"foodHabits":{"id":3,"foodHabitsDescEn":"Invertivore","foodHabitsDescEs":"Invertívoro","foodHabitsDescFr":"Invertivore","displayOrder":3},"adult":true,"immature":true},{"animalCagFoodHabitsId":103288,"foodHabits":{"id":4,"foodHabitsDescEn":"Herbivore","foodHabitsDescEs":"Herbívoro","foodHabitsDescFr":"Herbivore","displayOrder":4},"adult":true,"immature":true}]},"occurrenceDelineations":[{"eoSpecsDetailId":1148,"locationUseClass":{"id":1,"locationUseClassDescEn":"Not applicable","locationUseClassDescEs":"No se aplica","locationUseClassDescFr":"Sans objet","displayOrder":1},"eoSpecGroupName":"Mud Turtles (Kinosternon)","subtypes":null,"inferredExtentDistance":1.0,"inferredExtentNotes":null,"minimumEoCriteria":"Occurrences are based on evidence of historical presence, or current and likely recurring presence, at a given location. Such evidence minimally includes collection or reliable observation and documentation of one or more individuals (including eggs) in or near appropriate habitat where the species is presumed to be established and  breeding.","mappingGuidance":"Occurrences should include nesting areas, travel corridors between the wetlands and nest sites, and other upland use areas, if known, but occurrences based on captures/observations of individuals in wetlands should include only the known distribution of the population and not include large areas of upland habitat (not known to be occupied) that may extend between occupied wetlands within the appropriate separation distances.","separationBarriers":"Busy highway or highway with obstructions such that turtles rarely if ever cross successfully; untraversable topography (e.g., cliff); urbanized area dominated by buildings and pavement and lacking aquatic or wetland habitat.","separationDistanceUnsuitableHabitatat":null,"separationDistanceSuitableHabitatat":null,"altSeparationProcedure":"Separation distance along riverine corridors or continuous aquatic/wetlands habitats: 10 km.  Separation distance for upland habitat: 3 km. Use intermediate values for intermediate circumstances.","separationJustification":"Mud turtles can be sedentary but sometimes move multiple kilometers across various kinds of wetland and upland habitats to reach suitable nesting areas or disjunct ponds or wetlands. Movements likely are least restricted along riverine corridors and other continuous aquatic/wetland habitats.<br><br>Kinosternon baurii may travel at least 50-100 m from wetlands to nest (Mushinsky and Wilson 1992).  <br><br>Tagged K. subrubrum in South Carolina traveled up to 600 m from capture sites and sometimes overwintered more than 1 km from water (Bennett et al. 1970). In South Carolina from late summer through winter, individuals were found in upland refugia up to 135 m from the delineated wetland boundary (Buhlmann and Gibbons 2001). Individuals exhibited site fidelity to refugia in successive years. Aquatic home range size was estimated at about 0.05 ha in Oklahoma, but movements of up to 408 m were recorded (Mahmoud 1969).  <br><br>In Iowa, K. flavescens migrated usually 300-500 m between water and hibernation site (Christiansen et al. 1985). All terrestrial habitats used by radio-tagged individuals were within 450 m of water. In Nebraska, eggs were laid 21-191 m from (Iverson 1990), within a few hundred feet of water in Iowa (Cooper 1977). Aquatic home range size was estimated to be about 0.1 ha in Oklahoma, but movements of up to 435 m sometimes were made (Mahmoud 1969). In Colorado, these turtles sometimes show up in isolated temporary ponds far from permanent water (G. Hammerson, pers. obs.).  <br><br>In New Mexico, K. sonoriense sometimes appears at farm ponds up to 8 km from permanent water (Degenhardt and Christiansen 1974), but these turtles mostly are restricted to permanent water, do not migrate very far, and probably have small home ranges (Ernst et al. 1994).  However, in a multi-year study in New Mexico, 13 individuals moved distances of at least 1 km; individuals occasionally moved more than 2 km since their last capture, but usually less than 2 km (Stone 2001).","versionDate":"2004-09-10","versionAuthor":"Hammerson, G.","versionNotes":null,"lastModified":"2026-02-28T02:49:08.786418Z"}],"plantCharacteristics":null,"elementManagement":{"elementGlobalId":102248,"eoManagementGroupName":null,"stewardshipOverview":"Stewardship needs for the Illinois-Iowa-Missouri population, in order of priority: (1) protect habitat, (2) reduce excessive predation, (3) reduce human disturbance and collecting, (4) monitor and reduce pollution, (5) restore habitat (prairie, savanna), (6) artificial propagation and stocking.","impacts":null,"restorationPotential":"Recovery potential depends upon the degree of habitat degradation. Populations have declined in Illinois (Morris 1978), yet the cause has not been determined; there may be more than one factor. Some watersheds are probably so degraded (pollution, siltation, lack of suitable nesting habitat) that recovery potential is low. <br><br>It is suggested that efforts concentrate first on protecting extant populations, restoring adjacent prairie and savanna, reducing human disturbance, and controlling predators. Once some success has been obtained in maintaining natural populations, then efforts could be made to reintroduce populations at other suitable sites.","siteConservationPlansConsidered":"Area protected must include water source and adjacent sandy areas. Radiotelemetry studies by Kangas et al. (1980) indicate that home range may extend from several hundred meters to 5 km from water. Prairie corridors connecting ponds may be important for turtle movement (Moll 1979). Protection from human disturbance is important; buffers may be necessary for this.","managementMethods":"The following summary of management requirements pertains primarily to the Illinois-Iowa-Missouri population. <br><br>1) Restore prairie and oak savanna communities (Brown and Moll 1978, Moll 1979, Louisa Ecological Advisory Committee 1980, Morris and Smith 1981). These communities comprise feeding, nesting, and hibernation habitat (Cooper 1977). In many cases these sandy communities have been planted with pines or invaded by exotics, such as multiflora rose and honeysuckle (Brown and Moll 1978, Moll 1979). Moll (1979) recommended restoring prairie corridors between ponds, as turtle movement between ponds may be important. For prairie and oak savanna restoration if prescribed burning is used, it should be done in fall or before early April, when the turtle becomes active (Brown and Moll 1978, E. Moll 1979). <br><br>2) Predator control is probably necessary (Brown and Moll 1978, Springer et al. 1978, E. Moll 1979, Christiansen, pers. comm.). Skunks, raccoons, foxes, and western hognose snakes prey upon eggs, while bass, bullfrogs, gar, and snapping turtles prey upon hatchlings (Christiansen, pers. comm.). According to Christiansen (pers. comm.), the most important nest predators are raccoons. Control efforts might also include skunks. The impact of foxes and western hognose snakes is probably minor (Christiansen, pers. comm.). In Iowa, the number of nests that were not destroyed and the number of hatchlings reaching water apparently were enhanced by predator (raccoon) removal (Christiansen and Gallaway 1984). Studies of the age structure of the population before predator control had shown the vast majority were adults 5 years or older, after predator control the proportion of the population that was 5 years old or younger increased to 49%. After predator control efforts ceased, the number of raccoons and nest predation increased while the number of observed hatchlings decreased (Christiansen, pers. comm.). Springer et al. (1978) at Big Sand Mound and Brown and Moll (1978) at Sand Ridge State Forest recommended fencing and active predator control efforts to reduce nest predation. Moll (1979) called for discontinuing stocking of bass in lakes. <br><br>3) Water level control. Semi-permanent ponds, sloughs, and wetlands are important habitats. Brown and Moll (1978) discussed the loss of these due to draining projects, agriculture, and siltation. Low water levels may result in winter kills (Murphy and Corn 1977). These winter kills also affect other species, and this can benefit mud turtle. Christiansen (pers. comm.) found that low water levels at Big Sand Mound resulted in winter kills of gar, bass, and snapping turtles (predators on mud turtle hatchlings). Christiansen (pers. comm.) stated that adults probably survive drought and winter stress fairly well, although hatchlings may not. In subsequent years however, more hatchlings survive because hatchling predators have been reduced. Efforts should be made to maintain water levels in ponds and wetlands, prevent draining projects, reduce siltation, and groundwater irrigation pumping, where these activities threaten critical mud turtle habitat. Declining water tables at Big Sand Mound are a concern, and Springer et al. (1978) recommended pumping Mississippi River water to maintain water levels in ponds. Unfortunately this process did not work (Rex Boner, pers. comm.) and was discontinued after one year (Dodd 1982). Where water level manipulation is possible, draining ponds in fall should be considered to reduce the population of predators on mud turtle hatchlings. <br><br>4) Human disturbance should be reduced or minimized. Collecting has been a problem (Christiansen et al. 1976, Brown and Moll 1978, Springer and Gallaway 1979). Moll (1979) cautioned against the use of heavy machinery, as turtles in shallow burrows could be crushed. For similar reasons, off-road vehicles should be restricted (Christiansen et al. 1976, Morris and Smith 1981). The effect of plowing was investigated by Kansas et al. (1980). While they found some evidence of injuries and fatalities from plowing, this was less than 5% of the population. The relative threat from plowing should be evaluated at each site. <br><br>5) Surface water pollution. Murphy and Corn (1977) expressed concern about pesticide levels at Big Sand Mound. Groundwater pollution is also a concern, as the water table is less than one foot below the surface in many places at Big Sand Mound (Cooper 1977). Christiansen et al. (1976) expressed concern about thermal pollution from the power plant at Big Sand Mound. In smaller ponds in Illinois, pollutants may enter ponds from runoff and erosion (Brown and Moll 1978). There is insufficient evidence at present to show that pollution is or has affected population levels, but it would be prudent to conduct baseline studies. For surface water, Springer et al. (1978) recommended testing river and pond water for pollutants and taking tissue samples to test for pesticides at Big Sand Mound. For sub-surface water, well water could be used to test for pollutants. <br><br>6) Artificial propagation and stocking. Brown and Moll (1978) noted that this turtle is docile and easy to raise in captivity but may be difficult to use for artificial propagation due to low fecundity. More research should be done, as restocking may be the most practical way to stabilize populations in Illinois. <br><br>As of 1991, management needed in northeastern Missouri included the establishment of permanent water levels in marsh habitat, provision of nesting habitat through sand prairie restoration, and elimination of encroaching woody vegetation (Figg 1991).","monitoringMethods":"Monitoring of population trends should be continued. Age structure studies, such as those of Christiansen (pers. comm.) and Kanges et al. (1980) provide important insights about responses to management activities.","managementProgramContacts":null,"monitoringProgramContacts":null,"managementResearchPrograms":null,"managementResearchNeeds":"(1) Continue research on age structure, reproduction, hatchling success, and survivorship (Christiansen, pers. comm.), (2) research artificial propagation and stocking (Springer et al. 1978), (3) continue radiotelemetry studies on home range and life history (e.g., Kangas et al. 1980), (4) study pesticide residue levels and susceptibility to pollutants (Springer et al. 1978).","biologicalResearchNeeds":null,"additionalTopics":null},"occurrenceViabilities":[{"eoRankSpecsDetailId":103768,"eoRankSpecsGroupName":null,"locationUseClass":{"id":1,"locationUseClassDescEn":"Not applicable","locationUseClassDescEs":"No se aplica","locationUseClassDescFr":"Sans objet","displayOrder":1},"excellentViability":null,"goodViability":null,"fairViability":null,"poorViability":null,"viabilityJustification":"Use the Generic Guidelines for the Application of Occurrence Ranks (2008).<br>The Key for Ranking Species Occurrences Using the Generic Approach provides a step-wise process for implementing this method.","versionDate":null,"versionAuthor":null,"versionNotes":null,"lastModified":"2020-05-14T02:21:08.083141Z"}],"references":[{"id":145708,"citation":"Anderson, P. 1957. A second list of new herpetological records for Missouri. Natural History Miscellanea, Chicago Academy of Science 161:1-5.","shortCitationAuthor":"Anderson","shortCitationYear":1957,"referenceCode":"A57AND02NAUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T18:17:14.995963Z"},{"id":137372,"citation":"Behler, J. L., and F. W. King. 1979. The Audubon Society field guide to North American reptiles and amphibians. Alfred A. Knopf, New York. 719 pp.","shortCitationAuthor":"Behler and King","shortCitationYear":1979,"referenceCode":"B79BEH01NAUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T14:38:24.173666Z"},{"id":121057,"citation":"Berry, J. F., and C. M. Berry. 1984. A re-analysis of geographic variation and systematics in the yellow mud turtle, <i>Kinosternon flavescens</i> (Agassiz). Annals of Carnegie Museum of Natural History 53:185-206.","shortCitationAuthor":"Berry and Berry","shortCitationYear":1984,"referenceCode":"A84BER04NAUS","lastModified":"2022-01-11T02:25:37.525751Z"},{"id":139259,"citation":"Bickham, J. W. and B. J. Gallaway. 1980. A status report on studies of the taxonomy of the Illinois mud turtle ( <i>Kinosternon flavescens spooneri</i>) with supplementary notes on its distribution and ecology. Report of LGL Ecological Research Associates, Brynam, TX. 81 pp.","shortCitationAuthor":"Bickham and Gallaway","shortCitationYear":1980,"referenceCode":"R80BIC01NAUS","lastModified":"2022-01-11T02:25:37.525751Z"},{"id":124482,"citation":"Bickham, J. W., M. D. Springer, and B. J. Gallaway. 1984. Distributional survey of the yellow mud turtle (<i>Kinosternon flavescens</i>) in Iowa, Illinois, and Missouri: a proposed endangered species. Southwest Nat. 29:123-132.","shortCitationAuthor":"Bickham et al.","shortCitationYear":1984,"referenceCode":"A84BIC01NAUS","lastModified":"2022-01-11T02:25:37.525751Z"},{"id":145406,"citation":"Brown, L. E. and D. Moll. 1978. A report on the status of the nearly extinct Illinois mud turtle (<i>Kinosternon flavescens spooneri</i> Smith, 1951) with recommendations for its conservation. Milwaukee Publ. Mus. Special Publication, Biology and Geology, No. 3. 49 pp.","shortCitationAuthor":"Brown and Moll","shortCitationYear":1978,"referenceCode":"R78BRO01NAUS","lastModified":"2022-01-11T02:25:37.525751Z"},{"id":135385,"citation":"Cahn, A. R. 1931. <i>Kinosternon flavescens</i>, a surprising turtle record from Illinois. Copeia 1931:120-32.","shortCitationAuthor":"Cahn","shortCitationYear":1931,"referenceCode":"A31CAH01NAUS","lastModified":"2022-01-11T02:25:37.525751Z"},{"id":761760,"citation":"Christiansen, J. L., and A. E. Dunham. 1972. Reproduction of the yellow mud turtle (<i>Kinosternon flavescens flavescens</i>) in New Mexico. 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Disjunct Missouri-Illinois-Iowa population inhabits natural marshes, oxbow lakes, and flooded fields in areas of sandy soil (sand prairie, scrub oak savanna) (Brown and Moll 1978, Johnson 1987); rarely moves more than 200 m from pond edges. Often in temporary water. Often travels overland. Seeks shelter underground on land or burrows in mud underwater. <br/><br/>Lays eggs in soft soil among scattered clumps of grass within a few hundred feet of water in Iowa (Cooper 1977). In Nebraska, laid eggs while completely buried underground, 21-191 m from water; eggs 17-23 cm beneath soil surface (Iverson 1990). <br/><br/>Illinois-Iowa-Missouri population (Cooper 1977): after emerging from hibernation on land in April, there is a short (several week) period of movement from land to water; from early May until mid-July turtles are aquatic; during July and August, adults abandon ponds as these dry up, and become terrestrial; estivates in burrows in August; may go directly into terrestrial hibernation until spring, or, in wet years, may emerge and become active again in late August and September. This pattern of habitat use probably is typical of many populations.","generalDescription":"A relatively small turtle (adults 10-16 cm carapace length); carapace is smooth, olive to brown with no ornamentation; four pairs of barbels are present on the throat; chin is yellow (throat also in most areas); plastron has two well-developed transverse hinges; emits a disagreeable odor from musk glands when disturbed. <br/><br/>Fourth and fifth vertebrals are subequal and smaller than anterior vertebrals; first and fifth pentagonal, the others hexagonal. Fourth costal is less than half the size of the anterior costals. Nuchal is less than size of eye. Marginals 2-7 and 11 are subequal and smaller than the rest. Plastron is black except where worn. Humerals are rectangular, abdominals square, other plastral plates triangular. Gular plates extend as far forward as the carapace. Axillary and inguinal scutes are usually in contact. Bridge is grooved posteriorly. Male has a slightly concave plastron, a long, thick, spine-tipped tail, and patches of scales on thigh and crus of each hind leg. Female has a short, stubby tail and a flat plastron. Feet are strongly webbed (Smith 1951, Smith 1961, Cooper 1977). <br/><br/>See McCord et al. 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Turtles of the World: Annotated Checklist and Atlas of Taxonomy, Synonymy, Distribution, and Conservation Status (10th Ed.). In: Rhodin, A.G.J., Iverson, J.B., van Dijk, P.P., Stanford, C.B., Goode, E.V., Buhlmann, K.A., and Mittermeier, R.A. (Eds.). Conservation Biology of Freshwater Turtles and Tortoises: A Compilation Project of the IUCN SSC Tortoise and Freshwater Turtle Specialist Group. Chelonian Research Monographs 10:1–575. doi:10.3854/crm.10.checklist.atlas.v10.2025.","shortCitationAuthor":"TTWG","shortCitationYear":2025,"referenceCode":"B25TTW01NAUS","lastModified":"2025-12-05T22:55:46.14503Z"},"predecessors":[{"predecessorId":107402,"elCode":"ARAAE01021","name":"Kinosternon flavescens flavescens","formattedName":"<i>Kinosternon flavescens flavescens</i>","classficationCode":null,"uniqueId":"ELEMENT_GLOBAL.2.104499","lineageDate":null,"nsxUrl":null}],"elementGlobalThreatAssessments":[{"elementGlobalThreatAssessId":52722,"iucnThreatCategory":{"id":5,"iucnThreatCategoryCd":"2","iucnThreatCategoryDescEn":"Agriculture & aquaculture","iucnThreatCategoryDescEs":null,"iucnThreatCategoryDescFr":null,"displayValueEn":"2 - Agriculture & aquaculture","displayValueEs":null,"displayValueFr":null,"displayOrder":50,"iucnThreat":"Y","parentThreatId":null,"iucnThreatLevel":1},"iucnThreatScope":{"id":4,"iucnThreatScopeDescEn":"Small: Affects a small proportion (1-10%) of the total population or occurrences or extent","iucnThreatScopeDescEs":null,"iucnThreatScopeDescFr":null,"displayValueEn":"Small (1-10%)","displayValueEs":null,"displayValueFr":null,"displayOrder":4},"iucnThreatSeverity":{"id":2,"iucnThreatSeverityDescEn":"Serious: Likely to seriously degrade/reduce affected occurrences or habitat, or reduce  population 31-70%","iucnThreatSeverityDescEs":null,"iucnThreatSeverityDescFr":null,"displayValueEn":"Serious or 31-70% pop. decline","displayValueEs":null,"displayValueFr":null,"displayOrder":2},"iucnThreatTiming":{"id":1,"iucnThreatTimingDescEn":"High: Continuing","iucnThreatTimingDescEs":null,"iucnThreatTimingDescFr":null,"displayValueEn":"High (continuing)","displayValueEs":null,"displayValueFr":null,"displayOrder":1},"threatImpactCalc":{"id":10,"threatImpactCalcCd":"D","threatImpactCalcDescEn":"Low","threatImpactCalcDescEs":null,"threatImpactCalcDescFr":null,"displayValueEn":"D = Low","displayValueEs":null,"displayValueFr":null,"displayOrder":4}},{"elementGlobalThreatAssessId":52723,"iucnThreatCategory":{"id":6,"iucnThreatCategoryCd":"2.1","iucnThreatCategoryDescEn":"Annual & perennial non-timber crops","iucnThreatCategoryDescEs":null,"iucnThreatCategoryDescFr":null,"displayValueEn":"2.1 - 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