{"elementGlobalId":102208,"circumscripConfidence":null,"classificationLevel":{"id":7,"classificationLevelNameEn":"Species","classificationLevelNameEs":"Especies","classificationLevelNameFr":"Espèce"},"classificationStatus":{"id":1,"classificationStatusDescEn":"Standard","classificationStatusDescEs":"Estándar","classificationStatusDescFr":"Standard"},"iucn":{"id":11,"iucnDescEn":"Least concern","iucnDescEs":"Menos preocupante","iucnDescFr":"Moins préoccupante","iucnCode":"LC"},"nameCategory":{"id":1,"nameCategoryDescEn":"Vertebrate Animal","nameCategoryDescEs":"Animal vertebrado","nameCategoryDescFr":"Animal vertébré","nameTypeCd":"A","nameTypeDesc":"Zoological"},"rankMethodUsed":{"id":7,"rankMethodUsedDescEn":" Rank calculation - Biotics v2","rankMethodUsedDescEs":null,"rankMethodUsedDescFr":null,"rankMethodUsedExternalDescEn":"Ranked by calculator","rankMethodUsedExternalDescEs":null,"rankMethodUsedExternalDescFr":null},"formattedScientificName":"<i>Drymarchon couperi</i>","scientificName":"Drymarchon couperi","scientificNameAuthor":"(Holbrook, 1842)","primaryCommonName":"Eastern Indigo Snake","relatedItisNames":"<i>Drymarchon couperi</i> (Holbrook, 1842) (TSN 683031)","uniqueId":"ELEMENT_GLOBAL.2.102208","elcode":"ARADB11020","conceptRefFullCitation":"Folt, B., J. Bauder, S. Spear, D. Stevenson, M. Hoffman, J. R. Oaks, P. L. Wood, Jr., C. Jenkins, D. A. Steen, and C. Guyer. 2019. Taxonomic and conservation implications of population genetic admixture, mito-nuclear discordance, and malebiased dispersal of a large endangered snake, <i>Drymarchon couperi</i>. PLoS ONE 14(3): e0214439","conceptName":"<i>Drymarchon couperi</i>","taxonomicComments":"Wüster et al. (2001) using morphological evidence, demonstrated that <i>D. couperi</i> is a distinct species (Crother 2017). Krysko et al. (2016a) supported recognition of <i>D. couperi</i> as distinct from <i>D. melanurus</i> and suggested that <i>D. couperi</i> is split into 2 distinct genetic lineages (termed \"Atlantic\" and \"Gulf,\" but see Fig. 2 for map) that correspond to historical biogeography and sea level changes in peninsular Florida. Subsequently, Krysko et al. (2016b) erected a new species, <i>D. kolpobasileus</i>, to represent the Atlantic lineage. However, re-evaluation by Folt et al. (2019) from a broader genetic perspective cast doubt on the 2-species hypothesis, and <i>D. kolpobasileus</i> was synonymized into <i>D. couperi</i>. <i>D. kolpobasileus</i> is currently recognized by SSAR.","roundedGRank":"G2","conservationStatusFactorsEditionDate":"2025-06-09","conservationStatusFactorsEditionAuthors":"Gundy, R. L. (2025)","primaryCommonNameLanguage":"EN","recordType":"SPECIES","elementNationals":[{"elementNationalId":162721,"classifConfidence":null,"nation":{"id":225,"nameEn":"United States","nameEs":"Estados Unidos","nameFr":"États-Unis","isoCode":"US","region":"United States"},"roundedNRank":"N3","elementSubnationals":[{"elementSubnationalId":357484,"subnation":{"id":12,"nameEn":"Florida","nameEs":"Florida","nameFr":"Floride","subnationCode":"FL","dnationId":225},"roundedSRank":"S2","dataSensitive":{"id":3,"dataSensitiveDescEn":"Conditional","dataSensitiveDescEs":null,"dataSensitiveDescFr":null,"dataSensitiveCode":"C"},"dataSensitiveCategory":{"id":1,"dataSensitiveCategoryDescEn":"Poaching/Collection Threat","dataSensitiveCategoryDescEs":null,"dataSensitiveCategoryDescFr":null,"nsStandardInd":true},"srank":"S2?","speciesSubnational":{"elementSubnationalId":357484,"hybrid":false,"exotic":false,"native":true}},{"elementSubnationalId":278454,"subnation":{"id":2,"nameEn":"Alabama","nameEs":"Alabama","nameFr":"Alabama","subnationCode":"AL","dnationId":225},"roundedSRank":"S1","dataSensitive":{"id":2,"dataSensitiveDescEn":"No","dataSensitiveDescEs":null,"dataSensitiveDescFr":null,"dataSensitiveCode":"N"},"dataSensitiveCategory":null,"srank":"S1","speciesSubnational":{"elementSubnationalId":278454,"hybrid":false,"exotic":false,"native":true}},{"elementSubnationalId":358465,"subnation":{"id":32,"nameEn":"Mississippi","nameEs":"Mississippi","nameFr":"Mississippi","subnationCode":"MS","dnationId":225},"roundedSRank":"SX","dataSensitive":{"id":2,"dataSensitiveDescEn":"No","dataSensitiveDescEs":null,"dataSensitiveDescFr":null,"dataSensitiveCode":"N"},"dataSensitiveCategory":null,"srank":"SX","speciesSubnational":{"elementSubnationalId":358465,"hybrid":false,"exotic":false,"native":true}},{"elementSubnationalId":382376,"subnation":{"id":14,"nameEn":"Georgia","nameEs":"Georgia","nameFr":"Géorgie","subnationCode":"GA","dnationId":225},"roundedSRank":"S2","dataSensitive":{"id":2,"dataSensitiveDescEn":"No","dataSensitiveDescEs":null,"dataSensitiveDescFr":null,"dataSensitiveCode":"N"},"dataSensitiveCategory":null,"srank":"S2","speciesSubnational":{"elementSubnationalId":382376,"hybrid":false,"exotic":false,"native":true}}],"nrankReviewYear":2002,"nrank":"N3","speciesNational":{"elementNationalId":162721,"exotic":false,"native":true}}],"lastModified":"2026-10-02T21:38:12.763809Z","lastPublished":"2026-10-02T21:32:08.892226Z","promotionalDescription":null,"conceptLineageSummary":null,"nsxUrl":"/Taxon/ELEMENT_GLOBAL.2.102208/Drymarchon_couperi","grankAdjustmentReasons":null,"grankChangeDate":"2025-06-09","grankReviewDate":"2025-06-09","grankReasons":"This species is restricted to the Coastal Plain of the southeastern U.S. An estimated 95% of longleaf pine forest, the primary habitat used by this species, was destroyed due to logging, agriculture, and development. Development continues to be a threat. Habitat degradation continues in the forms of long-term fire exclusion, the loss of gopher tortoises (<i>Gopherus polyphemus</i>) from the landscape, which provide crucial refuge sites in xeric habitats, and fragmentation by roads. The population declined by over 50% from historical levels and was extirpated from the entire western extent of the historical range. The population is presumably continuing to decline due to threats.","grank":"G2G3","rankInfo":{"elementGlobalId":102208,"aooPercentGood":null,"enviromentalSpecificity":null,"intrinsicVulnerability":{"id":4,"intrinsicVulnerabilityDescEn":"Moderately vulnerable","intrinsicVulnerabilityDescEs":"Moderadamente vulnerable","intrinsicVulnerabilityDescFr":"Moyennement vulnérable"},"longTermTrend":{"id":19,"longTermTrendDescEn":"Decline of 50-80%","longTermTrendDescEs":"Disminución de 50 a 80","longTermTrendDescFr":"Diminution de 50 à 80 %"},"numberEos":{"id":10,"numberEosDescEn":"21 - 80","numberEosDescEs":"De 21 a 80","numberEosDescFr":"De 21 à 80"},"numberGoodEos":{"id":16,"numberGoodEosDescEn":"Some (13-40)","numberGoodEosDescEs":"Algunos (13-40)","numberGoodEosDescFr":"Quelques-uns (de 13 à 40)"},"numberProtEos":{"id":13,"numberProtEosDescEn":"Many (13-40) occurrences appropriately protected and managed","numberProtEosDescEs":"Varias ocurrencias (13 a 40) adecuadamente protegidas y controladas","numberProtEosDescFr":"Plusieurs occurrences (de 13 à 40) protégées et contrôlées convenablement"},"popSize":{"id":28,"popSizeDescEn":"2500 - 100,000 individuals","popSizeDescEs":"De 2.500 a 100.000 individuos","popSizeDescFr":"De 2 500 à 100 000 individus"},"rangeExtent":{"id":33,"rangeExtentDescEn":"200,000-2,500,000 square km (about 80,000-1,000,000 square miles)","rangeExtentDescEs":"200.000 a 2.500.000 kilómetros cuadrados (aproximadamente 80.000 a 1.000.000 millas cuadradas)","rangeExtentDescFr":"De 200 000 à 2 500 000 km carrés (de 80 000 à 1 000 000 miles carrés approximativement)"},"shortTermTrend":{"id":32,"shortTermTrendDescEn":"Decline of 10-50%","shortTermTrendDescEs":"Disminución del 10 al 50%.","shortTermTrendDescFr":"Diminution de 10 à 50 %"},"threatImpactAssigned":{"id":5,"threatImpactAssignedDescEn":"High","threatImpactAssignedDescEs":"Alto","threatImpactAssignedDescFr":"Élevé"},"rangeExtentComments":"The current range includes southeastern Georgia, throughout Florida, and one reintroduced population in southern Alabama (Diemer and Speake 1983, Krysko et al. 2019, Chandler et al. 2023). In Florida, it is primarily found in the peninsula and is likely extirpated from the Panhandle except at Apalachicola Bluffs and Ravines Preserve where it has been reintroduced (Krysko et al. 2019, Chandler et al. 2023). In Alabama, it is being reintroduced in Conecuh National Forest in the south-central part of the state (Chandler et al. 2023). Using Global Biodiversity Information Facility (GBIF) (2025) records from 2005-2025, range extent is estimated to be 283,532 km² (RARECAT 2025).<br/><br/>The historical range extended throughout the lower Coastal Plain of the southeastern United States, from southern South Carolina through Georgia and Florida to the Florida Keys, and west to southern Alabama and perhaps southeastern Mississippi (Diemer and Speake 1983). The species is apparently very rare or extirpated in Alabama, western Florida, Mississippi, and South Carolina.","areaOfOccupancy":null,"areaOfOccupancyComments":null,"numberEosComments":"USFWS (2019) determined there were 51 extant natural populations and two extant reintroduced populations.","popSizeComments":"Total adult population size is unknown but may exceed 10,000.","viabilityComments":"USFWS (2024) ranked 17 occurrences as having good viability.","threatImpactComments":"Historical declines are primarily due to habitat loss of mature longleaf pine habitat due to conversion to slash pine (<i>Pinus elliottii</i>) and sand pine (<i>P. clausa</i>) plantations for lumber and paper industries, citrus groves and other agriculture, and mining (Moler 1992, Krysko et al. 2019). An estimated 95% of historical longleaf pine habitat was lost in the 1800s and 1900s (Ware et al. 1993). Habitat loss continues and relatively few sites have been adequately restored. By virtue of the loss of gopher tortoises (<i>Gopherus polyphemus</i>) from the landscape, which provide important refuges, habitat suitability continues to decline (Moler 1992, Bolt et al. 2023, USFWS 2024). Florida Fish and Wildlife Conservation Commission (FWC) allowed tens of thousands of tortoise burrows to be entombed prior to 2008, and continues to allow the destruction of habitat and tortoise burrows for development (FWC 2024). FWC provides permits for the relocation of over 10,000 tortoises annually, a quantity greater than the capacity of authorized recipient sites (Miller 2021, Turner 2021, FWC 2024). The removal of stumps and fallen trees also eliminates another source of refuge sites for this snake (Moler 1992, Bolt et al. 2023). Habitat fragmentation from roads is a continuing threat with ongoing impacts. Long-term fire exclusion from fire-adapted habitats is also an ongoing threat reducing habitat quality (FNAI 2010). Multiple diseases impact this species and may be impacting overall health of individuals with unknown consequences at the population level (Bogan, Jr. et al. 2024).<br/><br/>Gassing of gopher tortoise burrows, which also incidentally killed this species, is considered a past threat after it was made illegal in Florida in 1978 (USFWS 1998, FWC 2024). Similarly, commercial collection for the pet trade is now illegal and has drastically declined (USFWS 1998).","shortTermTrendComments":"This species is presumably still declining to some degree due to ongoing habitat loss and degradation. Two reintroduction sites have been established where captive-raised individuals from wild-sourced parents have been released. At Conecuh National Forest in Alabama, 240 snakes have been released between 2010-2024 (USFWS 2024). At The Nature Conservancy's Apalachicola Bluffs and Ravines Preserve in Florida, 167 snakes have been between 2017-2024 (USFWS 2024). Survival has been relatively low in at least one site, though reproduction has occurred (Piccolomini 2020).","longTermTrendComments":"The population was entirely extirpated from the historical ranges in the Florida Panhandle, southwest Alabama, and southern Mississippi (USFWS 2024). In Georgia, area of occupancy has declined by 32% including at least four extirpated populations (USFWS 2024). Area of occupancy in peninsular Florida declined by 42% and 56% in north Florida, with at least 14 extirpated populations (USFWS 2024). Millions of acres of longleaf pine habitat was lost in the 19th and 20th centuries, accounting for a loss of approximately 95% of the historical range (Ware et al. 1993).","inventoryNeeds":"Determine population status and distribution. Improved methods of determine presence and abundance are needed to assess population trends. Further studies detecting this species with soil eDNA needed to determine if this is a viable field method for detection of presence (Santamaria et al. 2024).","numberProtEosComments":"USFWS (2024) ranked 15 protected occurrences as having good viability. This species occurs on many federal, state, and private conservation lands throughout the range.","protectionNeeds":"Strict enforcement of anti-collection laws. Ban gassing (and enforce prohibition) of holes and tortoise burrows in all states. Protect large tracts of habitat, especially sandhills and adjacent wetlands. Identify for acquisition lands adjacent to managed areas known to support species. Assure that both wetland and upland communities are protected within same managed areas. Protect gopher tortoises and habitat from development.","otherConsiderations":null,"intrinsicVulnerabilityComments":"This species has large home ranges and requires large tracts of intact habitat (Krysko et al. 2019, Metcalf et al. 2021, USFWS 2024).","enviromentalSpecificityComments":null},"animalCharacteristics":{"elementGlobalId":102208,"majorHabitat":{"id":3,"majorHabitatDescEn":"Terrestrial","majorHabitatDescEs":"Terrestre","majorHabitatDescFr":"Terrestre"},"nonMigrant":true,"localMigrant":true,"longDistanceMigrant":false,"mobilityMigrationComments":"May move seasonally between upland wintering sites and wetter lowland feeding areas (Moler 1992).","foodHabitsComments":"Eats small mammals, birds, frogs, snakes, lizards, and other vertebrates of appropriate size. Rossi (1994, Herpetol. Rev. 25:123-124) reported a juvenile that had eaten a large slug. Active forager; often searches along edges of wetlands (Moler 1992).","animalPhenologyComments":"Primarily diurnal, but partly nocturnal in some areas (McCranie 1980). Inactive for a week or two prior to shedding (Moler 1992).","colonialBreeder":false,"length":213,"width":null,"weight":null,"animalPhenologies":[{"animalCagPhenologyId":101750,"animalPhenology":{"id":3,"animalPhenologyDescEn":"Diurnal","animalPhenologyDescEs":"Diurno","animalPhenologyDescFr":"Diurne","displayOrder":3},"adult":true,"immature":true}],"animalFoodHabits":[{"animalCagFoodHabitsId":103260,"foodHabits":{"id":1,"foodHabitsDescEn":"Carnivore","foodHabitsDescEs":"Carnívoro","foodHabitsDescFr":"Carnivore","displayOrder":1},"adult":true,"immature":true}]},"occurrenceDelineations":[{"eoSpecsDetailId":1142,"locationUseClass":{"id":1,"locationUseClassDescEn":"Not applicable","locationUseClassDescEs":"No se aplica","locationUseClassDescFr":"Sans objet","displayOrder":1},"eoSpecGroupName":"Medium And Large Colubrid Snakes","subtypes":null,"inferredExtentDistance":0.5,"inferredExtentNotes":null,"minimumEoCriteria":"Occurrences are based on evidence of historical presence, or current and likely recurring presence, at a given location. Such evidence minimally includes collection or reliable observation and documentation of one or more individuals (including eggs) in or near appropriate habitat where the species is presumed to be established and  breeding.","mappingGuidance":null,"separationBarriers":"Busy highway or highway with obstructions such that snakes rarely if ever cross successfully; major river, lake, pond, or deep marsh (this barrier pertains only to upland species and does not apply to aquatic or wetland snakes); densely urbanized area dominated by buildings and pavement.","separationDistanceUnsuitableHabitatat":1.0,"separationDistanceSuitableHabitatat":10.0,"altSeparationProcedure":null,"separationJustification":"Available information on movements of colubrid snakes is limited to a small minority of species. These data indicate that nearly all species have home ranges smaller or much smaller than 25 ha (e.g., less than 3 ha, <i>Pituophis catenifer</i> in California, Rodriguez-Robles 2003), with some up to about 75 ha (<i>Heterodon platirhinos</i>, average 50 ha, Plummer and Mills 2000), and the largest up to 225 ha in the biggest colubrids (<i>Drymarchon</i>, summer mean 50-100 ha, USFWS 1998). <br><br>Radiotelemetry data for <i>Pantherophis </i>indicate that residents of hibernacula that are 1-2 km apart (with suitable intervening habitat) probably interbreed (Prior et al. 1997, Blouin-Demers and Weatherhead 2002). However, \"evidence of genetic structure even over short distances (e.g., 2-20 km) implies that gene flow among rat snake populations can be easily disrupted\" (Prior et al. 1997). Loughheed et al. (1999) found evidence of substantial genetic exchange among local hibernacula (< 6 km apart), but gene flow over distances of 10s of km appears to be substantially less. Based on extensive radio-tracking data, Blouin-Demers and Weatherhead (2002) found that home range size of <i>Pantherophis </i>averaged 18.5 ha and ranged up to 93 ha; based on the most mobile individuals, <i>Pantherophis </i>from hibernacula up to 8 km apart can come together for mating. <i>Pantherophis </i>and probably other colubrids exhibit high fidelity to hibernacula and shift even to nearby sites only rarely (Prior et al. 2001). <br><br>Many of the several studies that report small home ranges for colubrids did not employ methods (e.g., radio telemetry) suitable for detecting full annual or multi-annual home range size, dispersal, or other long-distance movements, so these may have yielded underestimates of home ranges or activity areas.  <br><br>At least some colubrids, including medium-sized species such as garter snakes, not uncommonly move between areas up to a few kilometers apart, and several species make extensive movements of up to several kilometers, so separation distances of 1-2 km for suitable habitat are too small for medium-sized and large colubrids.<br><br>A separation distance of 10 km for suitable habitat was selected as most appropriate for snakes assigned to this Specs Group because it seems generally unlikely that two locations separated by less than 10 km of suitable habitat would represent distinct occurrences.<br><br>For the purposes of these occurrence specifications, upland habitat is regarded as unsuitable habitat for aquatic and wetland snakes. For upland snakes, shallow or patchy wetlands are treated as unsuitable habitat whereas large deepwater habitats (subjective determination) are barriers.","versionDate":"2013-02-12","versionAuthor":"Hammerson, G.","versionNotes":"Separation distance for suitable habitat was changed from 5 km to 10 km based on comments from Dale Jackson (12 Feb 2013).","lastModified":"2020-04-30T02:04:05.987846Z"}],"plantCharacteristics":null,"elementManagement":{"elementGlobalId":102208,"eoManagementGroupName":null,"stewardshipOverview":"Protect large tracts of habitat, especially sandhills and adjacent wetlands. Protect gopher tortoises and tortoise burrows. Do not remove fallen trees from the landscape, which provide important refuge sites. Apply prescribed fire during the growing season to maintain healthy, diverse plant groundcover communities that support prey species. Avoid Educate the public not to kill snakes of any kind and that this species eats other snakes, including venomous species. Avoid burning during the winter, which can be logistically convenient but is generally ecologically unsound because it promotes woody plant encroachment. Continue with reintroduction programs and monitoring.","impacts":null,"restorationPotential":"Apparently reproduces well in captivity; reintroductions using captive-bred animals might be feasible once habitat is protected and properly managed. As of 1990, the Alabama Cooperative Wildlife Research Unit had released captive-reared individuals in Florida, Alabama, Georgia, and Mississippi; some of the releases have been \"successful\" (USFWS 1990).","siteConservationPlansConsidered":"Moler (1992) emphasized the need for protection of large tracts of suitable habitat (generally at least 1000 ha).","managementMethods":"Beneficial management techniques include mechanical thinning and controlled burning to prevent overgrowth of pine by hardwoods, prohibition of clear-cutting, and public education to discourage killing and collecting. In xeric habitats, will benefit from efforts to rebuild gopher tortoise populations (Moler 1992). Existing prohibitions against the gassing of tortoise burrows should be strongly enforced (Moler 1992). Unnecessary roads in managed areas should be closed. <br/><br/>See USFWS (1998) for specific information on recovery and management in Florida.","monitoringMethods":"Monitor managed areas for illegal collection. Monitor highway mortality and crossings to determine need for underpasses.","managementProgramContacts":"The Alabama Cooperative Wildlife Research Unit has been involved in releases of captive-reared individuals (see restoration potential).","monitoringProgramContacts":null,"managementResearchPrograms":null,"managementResearchNeeds":"Determine habitat requirements, limiting factors, movements and home range in different areas and habitats, population densities, and critical size of habitat needed to assure population viability.","biologicalResearchNeeds":"More research needed on impacts of threats and causes of decline. Further studies needed on the impact of ophidiomycosis (Chandler et al. 2019).","additionalTopics":null},"occurrenceViabilities":[{"eoRankSpecsDetailId":103729,"eoRankSpecsGroupName":null,"locationUseClass":{"id":1,"locationUseClassDescEn":"Not applicable","locationUseClassDescEs":"No se aplica","locationUseClassDescFr":"Sans objet","displayOrder":1},"excellentViability":null,"goodViability":null,"fairViability":null,"poorViability":null,"viabilityJustification":"Use the Generic Guidelines for the Application of Occurrence Ranks (2008).<br>The Key for Ranking Species Occurrences Using the Generic Approach provides a step-wise process for implementing this method.","versionDate":null,"versionAuthor":null,"versionNotes":null,"lastModified":"2020-05-14T02:21:01.520691Z"}],"references":[{"id":100882,"citation":"Ashton, R. E., Jr., and P. S. Ashton. 1981. Handbook of reptiles and amphibians of Florida. Part One: The Snakes. Windward Publishing Company, Miami, Florida. 176 pp.","shortCitationAuthor":"Ashton and Ashton","shortCitationYear":1981,"referenceCode":"B81ASH01NAUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T18:12:09.428867Z"},{"id":129616,"citation":"Ballard, S. R. 1992. Geographic distribution: <i>Drymarchon corais couperi</i>. Herpetological Review 23:26-27.","shortCitationAuthor":"Ballard","shortCitationYear":1992,"referenceCode":"A92BAL03NAUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T18:17:08.652295Z"},{"id":137372,"citation":"Behler, J. L., and F. W. King. 1979. The Audubon Society field guide to North American reptiles and amphibians. Alfred A. Knopf, New York. 719 pp.","shortCitationAuthor":"Behler and King","shortCitationYear":1979,"referenceCode":"B79BEH01NAUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T14:38:24.173666Z"},{"id":1154559,"citation":"Bogan, J. E., Jr., R. J. Ossiboff, A. L. Childress, J. F. X. Wellehan, and A. K. Mason. 2024. Evaluating the effects of viruses on eastern indigo snakes (<i>Drymarchon couperi</i>) with gastric cryptosporidiosis. Viruses 16(9): 1496. doi: 10.3390/v16091496","shortCitationAuthor":"Bogan, Jr.","shortCitationYear":2024,"referenceCode":"A24BOG01NAUS","lastModified":"2025-07-03T21:56:21.789824Z"},{"id":1154506,"citation":"Bolt, M. R., J. M. Bauder, M. L. Legare, C. L. Jenkins, B. B. Rothemel, and D. R. Breininger. 2023. Easter indigo snake (<i>Drymarchon couperi</i>) shelter site use in peninsular Florida, USA, and implications for habitat conservation. Herpetological Conservation and Biology 18(2): 362–373.","shortCitationAuthor":"Bolt et al.","shortCitationYear":2023,"referenceCode":"A23BOL01NAUS","lastModified":"2025-07-03T21:56:21.762025Z"},{"id":130905,"citation":"Carr, A., and C. J. Goin. 1955. Guide to the reptiles, amphibians and fresh-water fishes of Florida. Univ. Florida Press, Gainesville.","shortCitationAuthor":"Carr and Goin","shortCitationYear":1955,"referenceCode":"B55CAR01NAUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T18:11:58.710124Z"},{"id":1154503,"citation":"Chandler, H. C., D. Steen, J. Blue, J. E. Bogan, M. R. Bolt, T. Brady, D. R. Beininger, J. Buening, M. Elliott, J. Godiwn, C. Guyer, R. L. Hill, et al. 2023. Evaluating growth rates of captive, wild, and reintroduced populations of the imperiled eastern indigo snake (<i>Drymarchon couperi</i>). Herpetologica 79(4): 220–230.","shortCitationAuthor":"Chandler et al.","shortCitationYear":2023,"referenceCode":"A23CHA02NAUS","lastModified":"2025-07-03T21:56:21.6978Z"},{"id":1154563,"citation":"Chandler, H. C., M. C. Allender, B. S. Stegenga, E. Haynes, E. Ospina, and D. J. Stevenson. 2019. Ophidiomycosis prevalence in Georgia’s eastern indigo snake (<i>Drymarchon couperi</i>) populations. PLoS ONE 14(6): e0218351. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0218351","shortCitationAuthor":"Chandler et al.","shortCitationYear":2019,"referenceCode":"A19CHA02NAUS","lastModified":"2025-07-03T21:56:21.859781Z"},{"id":137880,"citation":"Collins, J. T. 1990. Standard common and current scientific names for North American amphibians and reptiles. 3rd ed. Society for the Study of Amphibians and Reptiles. Herpetological Circular No. 19. 41 pp.","shortCitationAuthor":"Collins","shortCitationYear":1990,"referenceCode":"B90COL01NAUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T14:38:15.579798Z"},{"id":122357,"citation":"Collins, J. T. 1991. Viewpoint: a new taxonomic arrangement for some North American amphibians and reptiles. SSAR Herpetol. Review 22:42-43.","shortCitationAuthor":"Collins","shortCitationYear":1991,"referenceCode":"A91COL01NAUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T18:11:56.631788Z"},{"id":156650,"citation":"Collins, J. T., and T. W. Taggart. 2002. Standard common and current scientific names for North American amphibians, turtles, reptiles, & crocodilians. Fifth edition. Publication of The Center for North American Herpetology, Lawrence, Kansas. iv + 44 pp.","shortCitationAuthor":"Collins and Taggart","shortCitationYear":2002,"referenceCode":"B02COL01NAUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T18:11:56.631788Z"},{"id":104608,"citation":"Conant, R. and J. T. Collins. 1991. A field guide to reptiles and amphibians: eastern and central North America. Third edition. Houghton Mifflin Co., Boston, Massachusetts. 450 pp.","shortCitationAuthor":"Conant and Collins","shortCitationYear":1991,"referenceCode":"B91CON01NAUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T18:11:51.303794Z"},{"id":140525,"citation":"Conant, R., and J. T. Collins. 1998. A field guide to reptiles and amphibians: eastern and central North America. Third edition, expanded. 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