{"elementGlobalId":102149,"circumscripConfidence":{"id":1,"circumscripConfidenceDescEn":"1 - Strong","circumscripConfidenceDescEs":"1 - Fuerte","circumscripConfidenceDescFr":"1 – Forte"},"classificationLevel":{"id":7,"classificationLevelNameEn":"Species","classificationLevelNameEs":"Especies","classificationLevelNameFr":"Espèce"},"classificationStatus":{"id":1,"classificationStatusDescEn":"Standard","classificationStatusDescEs":"Estándar","classificationStatusDescFr":"Standard"},"iucn":{"id":11,"iucnDescEn":"Least concern","iucnDescEs":"Menos preocupante","iucnDescFr":"Moins préoccupante","iucnCode":"LC"},"nameCategory":{"id":1,"nameCategoryDescEn":"Vertebrate Animal","nameCategoryDescEs":"Animal vertebrado","nameCategoryDescFr":"Animal vertébré","nameTypeCd":"A","nameTypeDesc":"Zoological"},"rankMethodUsed":{"id":4,"rankMethodUsedDescEn":"Expertise without calculation","rankMethodUsedDescEs":null,"rankMethodUsedDescFr":null,"rankMethodUsedExternalDescEn":"Ranked by inspection","rankMethodUsedExternalDescEs":null,"rankMethodUsedExternalDescFr":null},"formattedScientificName":"<i>Ambystoma laterale</i>","scientificName":"Ambystoma laterale","scientificNameAuthor":"Hallowell, 1856","primaryCommonName":"Blue-spotted Salamander","relatedItisNames":"<i>Ambystoma laterale</i> Hallowell, 1856 (TSN 173599)","uniqueId":"ELEMENT_GLOBAL.2.102149","elcode":"AAAAA01060","conceptRefFullCitation":"Frost, D. R. 1985. Amphibian species of the world. A taxonomic and geographical reference. Allen Press, Inc., and The Association of  Systematics Collections, Lawrence, Kansas. v + 732 pp.","conceptName":"<i>Ambystoma laterale</i>","taxonomicComments":"<i>Ambystoma jeffersonianum</i> and <i>A. laterale</i> comprise a complex that includes pure bisexual diploid populations and populations that may be represented by bisexual diploid individuals, female hybrids with several different combinations of parental chromosomes (including diploids, triploids, tetraploids, and pentaploids), and/or rare male hybrids. Up to at least five different chromosomal combinations have been found at a single site. Bogart (2019) discussed the biological and taxonomic history of the unisexual <i>Ambystoma</i>, concluding that “none of the various unisexual salamanders can be considered a distinct species.” Raffaëlli (2022) recognized <i>A. platineum</i> for the asexual forms, but most recent workers have not. See also Dubois and Rafaëlli (2012).<br/><br/>To accommodate the genetic variation in these salamanders (and the often uncertain genetic composition of particular populations), we have established for this database the following elements: (1) <i>Ambystoma jeffersonianum</i> (Jefferson Salamander), used for pure populations only; (2) <i>Ambystoma laterale</i> (Blue-spotted salamander), used for pure populations only; (3) <i>Ambystoma</i> hybrid pop. 1 (<i>jeffersonianum</i> x <i>laterale</i>; <i>jeffersonianum</i> genome dominates), used for hybrid populations dominated by the <i>jeffersonianum </i>genome (e.g., populations that include mainly LJJ individuals); this element includes \"<i>Ambystoma platineum</i>\"; (4) <i>Ambystoma</i> hybrid pop. 2 (<i>jeffersonianum</i> x <i>laterale</i>; <i>laterale</i> genome dominates), used for hybrid populations dominated by the laterale genome (e.g., populations that include mainly LLJ individuals); this element includes \"<i>Ambystoma tremblayi</i>\"; (5) <i>Ambystoma</i> pop. 3 (<i>jeffersonianum</i>/<i>laterale</i> complex - uncertain composition), used for populations for which chromosomal representation is unknown. If needed we could establish additional elements for hybrid populations that involve <i>A. laterale</i>, <i>A. texanum</i>, and/or <i>A. tigrinum</i>.","roundedGRank":"G5","conservationStatusFactorsEditionDate":"2011-05-02","conservationStatusFactorsEditionAuthors":"Hammerson, G.","primaryCommonNameLanguage":"EN","recordType":"SPECIES","elementNationals":[{"elementNationalId":167155,"classifConfidence":null,"nation":{"id":38,"nameEn":"Canada","nameEs":"Canadá","nameFr":"Canada","isoCode":"CA","region":"Canada"},"roundedNRank":"N5","elementSubnationals":[{"elementSubnationalId":284191,"subnation":{"id":66,"nameEn":"Nova Scotia","nameEs":"Nueva 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small, nocturnal creatures are cautious and secretive but are striking if you know where to look. The blue-spotted salamander population in North America is secure but that does not mean there aren’t active threats to their survival. Loss of habitat due to agriculture and urban development impact blue-spotted salamanders across their range, which stretches from the Midwestern and Northeastern United States into Canada.","conceptLineageSummary":null,"nsxUrl":"/Taxon/ELEMENT_GLOBAL.2.102149/Ambystoma_laterale","grankAdjustmentReasons":null,"grankChangeDate":"2001-12-14","grankReviewDate":"2015-06-05","grankReasons":null,"grank":"G5","rankInfo":{"elementGlobalId":102149,"aooPercentGood":null,"enviromentalSpecificity":{"id":5,"enviromentalSpecificityDescEn":"Narrow.  Specialist or community with key requirements common.","enviromentalSpecificityDescEs":"Estrecho.  Especialista o comunidad con requisitos claves comunes.","enviromentalSpecificityDescFr":"Étroit. Spécialistes ou communautés répondant aux critères clés sont répandues."},"intrinsicVulnerability":{"id":4,"intrinsicVulnerabilityDescEn":"Moderately vulnerable","intrinsicVulnerabilityDescEs":"Moderadamente vulnerable","intrinsicVulnerabilityDescFr":"Moyennement vulnérable"},"longTermTrend":{"id":33,"longTermTrendDescEn":"Decline of <50% to Relatively Stable","longTermTrendDescEs":"Disminución de <50% a relativamente estable","longTermTrendDescFr":"Diminution de <50 % à relativement stable"},"numberEos":{"id":14,"numberEosDescEn":"81 to >300","numberEosDescEs":"De 81 a >300","numberEosDescFr":"De 81 à >300"},"numberGoodEos":{"id":22,"numberGoodEosDescEn":"Unknown","numberGoodEosDescEs":"Desconocido","numberGoodEosDescFr":"Inconnu"},"numberProtEos":{"id":12,"numberProtEosDescEn":"Several to very many (4 to >40) occurrences appropriately protected and managed","numberProtEosDescEs":"De varios a muchos casos (4 a >40) adecuadamente protegidos y controlados","numberProtEosDescFr":"De plusieurs à beaucoup d’occurrences (de 4 à >40) protégées et contrôlées convenablement"},"popSize":{"id":34,"popSizeDescEn":"100,000 - 1,000,000 individuals","popSizeDescEs":"De 100.000 a 1.000.000 de individuos","popSizeDescFr":"De 100 000 à 1 000 000 individus"},"rangeExtent":{"id":31,"rangeExtentDescEn":"20,000-2,500,000 square km (about 8000-1,000,000 square miles)","rangeExtentDescEs":"De 20.000 a 2.500.000 kilómetros cuadrados (aproximadamente 8.000 a 1.000.000 de millas cuadradas)","rangeExtentDescFr":"De 20 000 à 2 500 000 km carrés (de 8 000 à 1 000 000 miles carrés approximativement)"},"shortTermTrend":{"id":37,"shortTermTrendDescEn":"Decline of <30% to relatively stable","shortTermTrendDescEs":"Disminución de <30% a relativamente estable","shortTermTrendDescFr":"Diminution de <30 % à relativement stable"},"threatImpactAssigned":{"id":8,"threatImpactAssignedDescEn":"Medium","threatImpactAssignedDescEs":"Medio","threatImpactAssignedDescFr":"Moyen"},"rangeExtentComments":"Southeastern Quebec to Lake Winnipeg, south through Great Lakes region and New England to northern Indiana and New Jersey. Several apparently disjunct populations occur around the periphery of the range (e.g., see Brownlie [1988] for Nova Scotia record). Hybridizes with <i>A. jeffersonianum</i> over a large area south of this range. See Nyman et al. (1988) for distribution in New Jersey.","areaOfOccupancy":null,"areaOfOccupancyComments":null,"numberEosComments":"Number of occurrences of pure <i>A. laterale</i> is uncertain, but there are many.","popSizeComments":"Total adult population size is unknown but likely exceeds 100,000.","viabilityComments":null,"threatImpactComments":"Biggest threat is loss and degradation of habitat as a result of coversion to agricultural and urban use. Roads negatively impact salamander abundance in roadside habitat (deMaynadier and Hunter 2000). Increased acid deposition is a potential threat.","shortTermTrendComments":null,"longTermTrendComments":null,"inventoryNeeds":null,"numberProtEosComments":null,"protectionNeeds":null,"otherConsiderations":null,"intrinsicVulnerabilityComments":null,"enviromentalSpecificityComments":null},"animalCharacteristics":{"elementGlobalId":102149,"majorHabitat":null,"nonMigrant":false,"localMigrant":true,"longDistanceMigrant":false,"mobilityMigrationComments":"Migrates up to several hundred meters between breeding pools and summer range.","foodHabitsComments":"Metamorphosed individuals eat snails, earthworms, beetles, beetle larvae, springtails, spiders, and other small invertebrates. Larvae eat small aquatic animals (zooplankton and benthic invertebrates).","animalPhenologyComments":"Inactive late fall through most of winter.","colonialBreeder":true,"length":13,"width":null,"weight":null,"animalPhenologies":[{"animalCagPhenologyId":101709,"animalPhenology":{"id":1,"animalPhenologyDescEn":"Hibernates/aestivates","animalPhenologyDescEs":"Hibernación/Estivación","animalPhenologyDescFr":"Hiberne/estive","displayOrder":1},"adult":true,"immature":true},{"animalCagPhenologyId":101710,"animalPhenology":{"id":4,"animalPhenologyDescEn":"Nocturnal","animalPhenologyDescEs":"Nocturno","animalPhenologyDescFr":"Nocturne","displayOrder":4},"adult":true,"immature":true}],"animalFoodHabits":[{"animalCagFoodHabitsId":103206,"foodHabits":{"id":3,"foodHabitsDescEn":"Invertivore","foodHabitsDescEs":"Invertívoro","foodHabitsDescFr":"Invertivore","displayOrder":3},"adult":true,"immature":true}]},"occurrenceDelineations":[{"eoSpecsDetailId":1000,"locationUseClass":{"id":1,"locationUseClassDescEn":"Not applicable","locationUseClassDescEs":"No se aplica","locationUseClassDescFr":"Sans objet","displayOrder":1},"eoSpecGroupName":"Ambystomatid Salamanders","subtypes":null,"inferredExtentDistance":0.3,"inferredExtentNotes":"Inferred extent distance pertains to breeding sites (with the center of the circle in the center of the breeding site). Most ambystomatids stay within a few hundred meters of their breeding pool (see separation justification section).","minimumEoCriteria":"Occurrences are based on evidence of historical presence, or current and likely recurring presence, at a given location. Such evidence minimally includes collection or reliable observation and documentation of one or more individuals (including larvae or eggs) in or near appropriate habitat where the species is presumed to be established and  breeding.","mappingGuidance":null,"separationBarriers":"Heavily traveled road, especially at night during salamander breeding season, such that salamanders almost never successfully traverse the road; road with a barrier that is impermeable to salamanders; wide, fast rivers; areas of intensive development dominated by buildings and pavement.","separationDistanceUnsuitableHabitatat":1.0,"separationDistanceSuitableHabitatat":3.0,"altSeparationProcedure":null,"separationJustification":"BARRIERS/UNSUITABLE HABITAT: Rivers may or may not be effective barriers, depending on stream width and hydrodynamics; identification of streams as barriers is a subjective determination. Bodies of water dominated by predatory fishes have been described as barriers but probably should be regarded as unsuitable habitat. For A. barbouri, a stream-pool breeder, predatory fishes appeared to act as a barrier to larval dispersal and gene flow for populations separated by as little as 500-1000 m (Storfer 1999). Highly disturbed land, such as the cleared and bedded soils of some silvicultural site preparation, may serve as an impediment to movement of A. cingulatum (Means et al. 1996), although Ashton (1998) noted the species' use of pine plantations, pastures, and three-year-old clearcuts. Such areas should be treated as unsuitable habitat rather than barriers. <br><br>MOVEMENTS: Palis's (1997b) suggested use of 3.2 km between breeding sites to distinguish breeding populations of A. cingulatum was based on Ashton's (1992) finding that individuals may move as much as 1.6 km from their breeding ponds. Ambystoma californiense sometimes migrates up to 2 km between breeding ponds and terrestrial habitat (see USFWS 2004). Funk and Dunlap (1999) found that A. macrodactylum managed to recolonize lakes after trout extirpation despite evidence of low levels of interpopulation dispersal. Based on a review of several Ambystoma species (e.g., Semlitsch 1981, Douglas and Monroe 1981, Kleeberger and Werner 1983, Madison 1997), Semlitsch (1998) concluded that a radius of less than 200 meters around a breeding pond would likely encompass the terrestrial habitat used by more than 95 percent of adults. Faccio's (2003) study of radio-tagged A. maculatum and A. jeffersonianum in Vermont supports this conclusion. In New York, all movements of A. tigrinum occurred in areas within 300 m of the nearest breeding pond (Madison and Farrand 1998). However, most studies of these salamanders had small sample sizes and/or were not designed to detect long-distance movements, so migration distance may be somewhat underestimated.<br><br>In summary, ambystomatid salamanders generally stay within a few hundred meters of their breeding pool. Due to high breeding site fidelity and limitation of breeding to pool basins, populations using different breeding sites exhibit little or no interbreeding among adults. Thus one might argue that each pool constitutes a separate occurrence or that the separation distance for suitable habitat should be the nominal minimum of 1 km. However, little is known about how frequently first-time (or experienced) breeders use non-natal pools (pools from which they did not originate) or how far they may move to such sites. Frequent colonization of new and remote habitats by at least some species suggests that dispersal movements sometimes may be longer than typical adult migration distances. It seems unlikely that locations separated by a gap of less than a few kilometers of suitable habitat would represent independent occurrences over the long term.","versionDate":"2004-09-10","versionAuthor":"Hammerson, G.","versionNotes":null,"lastModified":"2020-04-30T02:04:15.597347Z"}],"plantCharacteristics":null,"elementManagement":{"elementGlobalId":102149,"eoManagementGroupName":null,"stewardshipOverview":null,"impacts":null,"restorationPotential":null,"siteConservationPlansConsidered":null,"managementMethods":null,"monitoringMethods":null,"managementProgramContacts":null,"monitoringProgramContacts":null,"managementResearchPrograms":null,"managementResearchNeeds":null,"biologicalResearchNeeds":null,"additionalTopics":null},"occurrenceViabilities":[{"eoRankSpecsDetailId":103673,"eoRankSpecsGroupName":null,"locationUseClass":{"id":1,"locationUseClassDescEn":"Not applicable","locationUseClassDescEs":"No se aplica","locationUseClassDescFr":"Sans objet","displayOrder":1},"excellentViability":null,"goodViability":null,"fairViability":null,"poorViability":null,"viabilityJustification":"Use the Generic Guidelines for the Application of Occurrence Ranks (2008).<br>The Key for Ranking Species Occurrences Using the Generic Approach provides a step-wise process for implementing this method.","versionDate":null,"versionAuthor":null,"versionNotes":null,"lastModified":"2020-05-14T02:20:50.42994Z"}],"references":[{"id":112779,"citation":"Blackburn, L., P. 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