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There are no major threats or declines reported, although the species has likely declined slightly due to urbanization and droughts.","grank":"G5","rankInfo":{"elementGlobalId":102128,"aooPercentGood":null,"enviromentalSpecificity":null,"intrinsicVulnerability":null,"longTermTrend":{"id":36,"longTermTrendDescEn":"Decline of 10-30%","longTermTrendDescEs":"Disminución del 10 al 30%.","longTermTrendDescFr":"Diminution de 10 à 30 %"},"numberEos":{"id":15,"numberEosDescEn":"> 300","numberEosDescEs":"> 300","numberEosDescFr":"> 300"},"numberGoodEos":{"id":21,"numberGoodEosDescEn":"Very many (>125)","numberGoodEosDescEs":"Muchos (>125)","numberGoodEosDescFr":"Beaucoup (>125)"},"numberProtEos":{"id":15,"numberProtEosDescEn":"Very many (>40) occurrences appropriately protected and managed","numberProtEosDescEs":"Muchas ocurrencias (>40) protegidas y controladas adecuadamente","numberProtEosDescFr":"Beaucoup d’occurrences (>40) protégées et contrôlées convenablement"},"popSize":{"id":35,"popSizeDescEn":"100,000 to >1,000,000 individuals","popSizeDescEs":"De 100.000 a >1.000.000 de individuos","popSizeDescFr":"De 100 000 à >1 000 000 individus"},"rangeExtent":{"id":34,"rangeExtentDescEn":"200,000 to >2,500,000 square km (about 80,000 to >1,000,000 square miles)","rangeExtentDescEs":"200.000 a >2.500.000 kilómetros cuadrados (aproximadamente 80.000 a >1.000.000 millas cuadradas)","rangeExtentDescFr":"De 200 000 à >2 500 000 km carrés (de 80 000 à >1 000 000 miles carrés approximativement)"},"shortTermTrend":{"id":37,"shortTermTrendDescEn":"Decline of <30% to relatively stable","shortTermTrendDescEs":"Disminución de <30% a relativamente estable","shortTermTrendDescFr":"Diminution de <30 % à relativement stable"},"threatImpactAssigned":{"id":10,"threatImpactAssignedDescEn":"Low","threatImpactAssignedDescEs":"Bajo","threatImpactAssignedDescFr":"Faible"},"rangeExtentComments":"This species is widespread through the eastern United States. and Canada. The range extends from southern Manitoba and southern Quebec, Canada south to southeastern Texas, the Gulf Coast, and central Florida. This includes isolated populations in the Black Hills of extreme eastern Wyoming and western South Dakota, and south-central Nebraska (Ernst 2002, Ernst and Ernst 2003, Cairns et al. 2018, Schaaf and Caven 2023).","areaOfOccupancy":null,"areaOfOccupancyComments":null,"numberEosComments":"This species is represented by a large number of occurrences (subpopulations) (Ernst 2002).","popSizeComments":"Adult population size is unknown but presumably exceeds 100,000. This snake, though secretive and sometimes hard to detect, is locally common in many parts of its large range.","viabilityComments":"Most occurrences likely have good viability.","threatImpactComments":"No major threats are known. This snake is tolerant of minor habitat alterations. Urbanization results in localized declines (Gigeroff and Blouin-Demers 2023). The increasing probability of droughts due to human-induced climate change will likely cause declines in this species by reducing activity levels and habitat suitability (Eli et al. 2015).","shortTermTrendComments":"This species is likely declining slightly due to habitat loss (Eli et al. 2015, Gigeroff and Blouin-Demers 2023).","longTermTrendComments":"This species has suffered localized declines due to urbanization (Eli et al. 2015).","inventoryNeeds":null,"numberProtEosComments":"Many occurrences are in protected areas.","protectionNeeds":null,"otherConsiderations":null,"intrinsicVulnerabilityComments":null,"enviromentalSpecificityComments":null},"animalCharacteristics":{"elementGlobalId":102128,"majorHabitat":{"id":3,"majorHabitatDescEn":"Terrestrial","majorHabitatDescEs":"Terrestre","majorHabitatDescFr":"Terrestre"},"nonMigrant":false,"localMigrant":true,"longDistanceMigrant":false,"mobilityMigrationComments":"Migrates between winter hibernaculum and summer range in at least some areas (Vogt 1981).","foodHabitsComments":"Eats mainly various small invertebrates, including slugs, snails, earthworms, isopods, and beetle larvae.","animalPhenologyComments":"Inactive from November through March or April in north (Vogt 1981, DeGraaf and Rudis 1983). Active during all months in South Carolina.","colonialBreeder":false,"length":41,"width":null,"weight":null,"animalPhenologies":[{"animalCagPhenologyId":101701,"animalPhenology":{"id":1,"animalPhenologyDescEn":"Hibernates/aestivates","animalPhenologyDescEs":"Hibernación/Estivación","animalPhenologyDescFr":"Hiberne/estive","displayOrder":1},"adult":true,"immature":true},{"animalCagPhenologyId":101702,"animalPhenology":{"id":2,"animalPhenologyDescEn":"Circadian","animalPhenologyDescEs":"Circadiano","animalPhenologyDescFr":"Circadien","displayOrder":2},"adult":true,"immature":true}],"animalFoodHabits":[{"animalCagFoodHabitsId":103200,"foodHabits":{"id":3,"foodHabitsDescEn":"Invertivore","foodHabitsDescEs":"Invertívoro","foodHabitsDescFr":"Invertivore","displayOrder":3},"adult":true,"immature":true}]},"occurrenceDelineations":[{"eoSpecsDetailId":1203,"locationUseClass":{"id":1,"locationUseClassDescEn":"Not applicable","locationUseClassDescEs":"No se aplica","locationUseClassDescFr":"Sans objet","displayOrder":1},"eoSpecGroupName":"Small Colubrid Snakes","subtypes":null,"inferredExtentDistance":0.2,"inferredExtentNotes":null,"minimumEoCriteria":"Occurrences are based on evidence of historical presence, or current and likely recurring presence, at a given location. Such evidence minimally includes collection or reliable observation and documentation of one or more individuals (including eggs) in or near appropriate habitat where the species is presumed to be established and  breeding.","mappingGuidance":null,"separationBarriers":"Busy highway or highway with obstructions such that snakes rarely if ever cross successfully; major river, lake, pond, or deep marsh (this barrier does not apply to aquatic or wetland species); densely urbanized area dominated by buildings and pavement.","separationDistanceUnsuitableHabitatat":1.0,"separationDistanceSuitableHabitatat":5.0,"altSeparationProcedure":null,"separationJustification":"Data are limited to only a few species, but small colubrid snakes such as Diadophis punctatus (Fitch 1975) and Carphophis amoenus (Barbour et al. 1969, Clark 1970) generally have relatively small home ranges less than, or much less than, 1 ha. However, because even small snakes occasionally move large distances (e.g., up to at least 1.7 km in Diadophis punctatus, Fitch 1975). Also, these snakes tend to be secretive and may be easily overlooked or not recorded in areas where they do in fact occur. It seems unlikely that occupied locations separated by a gap of less than several kilometers of suitable habitat would represent independent occurrences over the long term.","versionDate":"2004-09-21","versionAuthor":"Hammerson, G.","versionNotes":"This specs group is a somewhat arbitrary assemblage of small snakes that are believed to be among the most sedentary species of the family Colubridae.","lastModified":"2020-04-30T02:04:28.019404Z"}],"plantCharacteristics":null,"elementManagement":{"elementGlobalId":102128,"eoManagementGroupName":null,"stewardshipOverview":null,"impacts":null,"restorationPotential":null,"siteConservationPlansConsidered":null,"managementMethods":null,"monitoringMethods":null,"managementProgramContacts":null,"monitoringProgramContacts":null,"managementResearchPrograms":null,"managementResearchNeeds":null,"biologicalResearchNeeds":null,"additionalTopics":null},"occurrenceViabilities":[{"eoRankSpecsDetailId":103653,"eoRankSpecsGroupName":null,"locationUseClass":{"id":1,"locationUseClassDescEn":"Not applicable","locationUseClassDescEs":"No se aplica","locationUseClassDescFr":"Sans objet","displayOrder":1},"excellentViability":null,"goodViability":null,"fairViability":null,"poorViability":null,"viabilityJustification":"Use the Generic Guidelines for the Application of Occurrence Ranks (2008).<br>The Key for Ranking Species Occurrences Using the Generic Approach provides a step-wise process for implementing this method.","versionDate":null,"versionAuthor":null,"versionNotes":null,"lastModified":"2020-05-14T02:20:47.45782Z"}],"references":[{"id":137372,"citation":"Behler, J. L., and F. W. King. 1979. The Audubon Society field guide to North American reptiles and amphibians. Alfred A. Knopf, New York. 719 pp.","shortCitationAuthor":"Behler and King","shortCitationYear":1979,"referenceCode":"B79BEH01NAUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T14:38:24.173666Z"},{"id":119447,"citation":"Blanchard, Frank N. 1937. Data on the natural history of thered-bellied snake, Storeria occipitomaculata (Storer), in northern Michigan. Copeia 1937(3):151-162.","shortCitationAuthor":"Blanchard","shortCitationYear":1937,"referenceCode":"A37BLA01NAUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T18:16:56.136529Z"},{"id":1153325,"citation":"Cairns, N. A., P. L. Rutherford, and D. J. Hoysak. 2018. Morphology, reproduction, habitat use, and hibernation of red-bellied snake (<i>Storeria occipitomaculata</i>) near its northern range limit. The Canadian Field-Naturalist 132: 150-162.","shortCitationAuthor":"Cairns et al.","shortCitationYear":2018,"referenceCode":"A18CAI01NAUS","lastModified":"2025-05-30T21:56:19.237318Z"},{"id":137880,"citation":"Collins, J. T. 1990. Standard common and current scientific names for North American amphibians and reptiles. 3rd ed. Society for the Study of Amphibians and Reptiles. Herpetological Circular No. 19. 41 pp.","shortCitationAuthor":"Collins","shortCitationYear":1990,"referenceCode":"B90COL01NAUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T14:38:15.579798Z"},{"id":140525,"citation":"Conant, R., and J. T. Collins. 1998. A field guide to reptiles and amphibians: eastern and central North America. Third edition, expanded. Houghton Mifflin Co., Boston, Massachusetts. 616 pp.","shortCitationAuthor":"Conant and Collins","shortCitationYear":1998,"referenceCode":"B98CON01EHUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T18:11:57.819328Z"},{"id":621810,"citation":"Crother, B. I. (editor). 2008. Scientific and standard English names of amphibians and reptiles of North America north of Mexico, with comments regarding confidence in our understanding. Sixth edition. Society for the Study of Amphibians and Reptiles Herpetological Circular 37:1-84. Online with updates at: http://www.ssarherps.org/pages/comm_names/Index.php","shortCitationAuthor":"Crother","shortCitationYear":2008,"referenceCode":"B08CRO01NAUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T14:38:20.142383Z"},{"id":722484,"citation":"Crother, B. I. (editor). 2012. Scientific and standard English names of amphibians and reptiles of North America north of Mexico, with comments regarding confidence in our understanding. 7th edition. SSAR Herpetological Circular 39:1-92.","shortCitationAuthor":"Crother","shortCitationYear":2012,"referenceCode":"B12CRO01NAUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T18:11:51.08501Z"},{"id":943912,"citation":"Crother, B. I. (editor). 2017. Scientific and standard English names of amphibians and reptiles of North America north of Mexico, with comments regarding confidence in our understanding. 8th edition. SSAR Herpetological Circular 43:1-104. [Updates in SSAR North American Species Names Database at: https://ssarherps.org/cndb]","shortCitationAuthor":"Crother","shortCitationYear":2017,"referenceCode":"B17CRO01EHUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T18:11:53.413199Z"},{"id":115940,"citation":"DeGraaf, R. M., and D. D. Rudis. 1983a. Amphibians and reptiles of New England. Habitats and natural history. Univ. Massachusetts Press. vii + 83 pp.","shortCitationAuthor":"DeGraaf and Rudis","shortCitationYear":1983,"referenceCode":"B83DEG01NAUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T18:12:26.951601Z"},{"id":1153328,"citation":"Eli, J., B. Haines-Eitzen, J. Lee, D. Lee, and G. R. Pisani. 2015. Effects of drought on two small Kansas snakes. IRCF Reptiles & Amphibians 22(4): 153–155.","shortCitationAuthor":"Eli et al.","shortCitationYear":2015,"referenceCode":"A15ELI01NAUS","lastModified":"2025-05-30T21:56:19.239317Z"},{"id":116470,"citation":"Ernst, C. H. 2002. Storeria occipitomaculata. Catalogue of American Amphibians and Reptiles 759:1-8.","shortCitationAuthor":"Ernst","shortCitationYear":2002,"referenceCode":"A02ERN03NAUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T18:16:56.136529Z"},{"id":1153327,"citation":"Gigeroff, A. E. S., and G. Blouin-Demers. 2023. Do roads affect the abundance of garter (Thamnophis sirtalis) and redbelly snakes (Storeria occipitomaculata)? Canadian Journal of Zoology 101: 267–275. doi: 10.1139/cjz-2022-0127","shortCitationAuthor":"Gigeroff and Blouin-Demers","shortCitationYear":2023,"referenceCode":"A23GIG01NAUS","lastModified":"2025-05-30T21:56:19.270295Z"},{"id":111949,"citation":"Grudzien, T. A., and P. J. Owens. 1991. Genic similarity in the gray and brown color morphs of the snake <i>Storeria occipitomaculata</i>. J. Herpetol. 25:90-92.","shortCitationAuthor":"Grudzien and Owens","shortCitationYear":1991,"referenceCode":"A91GRU01NAUS","lastModified":"2020-11-11T02:06:49.359637Z"},{"id":138383,"citation":"Lang, Jeffery W. 1969. Hibernation and movements of Storeriaoccipitomaculata in northern Minnesota. J. Herpetologica. 3(3-4):196-197.","shortCitationAuthor":"Lang","shortCitationYear":1969,"referenceCode":"A69LAN01NAUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T18:16:56.136529Z"},{"id":127198,"citation":"Minton, S. A., Jr. 1972. Amphibians and reptiles of Indiana. Indiana Academy Science Monographs 3. v + 346 pp.","shortCitationAuthor":"Minton","shortCitationYear":1972,"referenceCode":"B72MIN01NAUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T18:11:59.913087Z"},{"id":1153326,"citation":"Schaaf, M. and A. J. Caven. 2023. Occurrence of the red-bellied snake (<i>Storeria occipitomaculata</i>) on the margins of a disjunct range. Reptiles and Amphibians 30: e18216.","shortCitationAuthor":"Schaaf and Caven","shortCitationYear":2023,"referenceCode":"A23SCH03NAUS","lastModified":"2025-05-30T21:56:19.28033Z"},{"id":151562,"citation":"Semlitsch, R. D., and G. B. Moran. 1984. Ecology of the redbelly snake (Storeria occipitomaculata) using mesic habitats in South Carolina. Am. Midl. Nat. 111:33-40.","shortCitationAuthor":"Semlitsch and Moran","shortCitationYear":1984,"referenceCode":"A84SEM01NAUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T18:16:56.136529Z"},{"id":266629,"citation":"Stebbins, R. C. 2003. A field guide to western reptiles and amphibians. Third edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, Boston.","shortCitationAuthor":"Stebbins","shortCitationYear":2003,"referenceCode":"B03STE01NAUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T18:11:51.08501Z"},{"id":130155,"citation":"Trapido, Harold. 1944. The snakes of the genus Storeria. Am. Midl. 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Milwaukee Public Museum. 205 pp.","shortCitationAuthor":"Vogt","shortCitationYear":1981,"referenceCode":"B81VOG01NAUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T18:12:18.569643Z"}],"otherCommonNames":[{"id":136104,"name":"Couleuvre à ventre rouge","language":"FR"},{"id":145466,"name":"red-bellied snake","language":"EN"},{"id":119262,"name":"Redbelly Snake","language":"EN"}],"speciesGlobal":{"elementGlobalId":102128,"cites":null,"cosewic":null,"fwsRegion":null,"genusSize":{"id":2,"genusSizeDescEn":"Very small genus","genusSizeDescEs":"Un género muy pequeño","genusSizeDescFr":"Très petit genre"},"jurisEndem":{"id":5,"jurisEndemDescEn":"occurs (regularly, as a native taxon) in multiple nations","jurisEndemDescEs":"Se encuentra en varias naciones (de manera regular, como un taxón nativo)","jurisEndemDescFr":"Se trouve dans plusieurs nations (de façon régulière, tel un taxon indigène)"},"nomenclaturallyEst":null,"usesa":null,"informalTaxonomy":{"informalTaxonomyId":7,"level1":"Animals","level2":"Vertebrates","level3":"Reptiles","level":3,"hasChildren":false,"parentId":2,"distributionStatus":"complete","displayOrder":1100},"parentSpecies":null,"infraspecies":false,"kingdom":"Animalia","phylum":"Craniata","taxclass":"Reptilia","taxorder":"Squamata","family":"Colubridae","genus":"Storeria","americanFisheriesStatus":null,"americanFisheriesStatusDate":null,"saraStatus":null,"saraStatusDate":null,"cosewicDate":null,"interpretedCosewic":null,"cosewicComments":null,"usesaDate":null,"interpretedUsesa":null,"usesaComments":null,"completeDistribution":true,"synonyms":[],"infraspeciesList":[{"infraspeciesId":103663,"uniqueId":"ELEMENT_GLOBAL.2.103663","formattedScientificName":"<i>Storeria occipitomaculata occipitomaculata</i>","scientificName":"Storeria occipitomaculata occipitomaculata","primaryCommonName":"Northern Red-bellied Snake","nsxUrl":null},{"infraspeciesId":106069,"uniqueId":"ELEMENT_GLOBAL.2.106069","formattedScientificName":"<i>Storeria occipitomaculata obscura</i>","scientificName":"Storeria occipitomaculata obscura","primaryCommonName":"Florida Red-bellied Snake","nsxUrl":null},{"infraspeciesId":104356,"uniqueId":"ELEMENT_GLOBAL.2.104356","formattedScientificName":"<i>Storeria occipitomaculata pahasapae</i>","scientificName":"Storeria occipitomaculata pahasapae","primaryCommonName":"Black Hills Red-bellied Snake","nsxUrl":null}],"ebarId":null,"ebarCanadianScope":false,"ebarGlobalScope":false,"ebarKbaGroup":"Amphibians and Reptiles","caGeneralStatusId":"GS000787"},"speciesCharacteristics":{"elementGlobalId":102128,"reproductionComments":"Litter size 1-21 (average 9 in South Carolina, 7 in Michigan); larger females have larger litters; young born late July-early September in Michigan, July-August in South Carolina; females breed annually; sexually mature in 2 years (Behler and King 1979, Semlitsch and Moran 1984).","ecologyComments":null,"habitatComments":"Habitats are varied and include mountainous or hilly woodland/forest, upland meadows and valleys, and swamp and bog edges (Ernst and Ernst 2003). This snake shelters under and in ground cover, in building foundations, and in abandoned ant mounds. 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