{"elementGlobalId":102054,"circumscripConfidence":{"id":1,"circumscripConfidenceDescEn":"1 - Strong","circumscripConfidenceDescEs":"1 - Fuerte","circumscripConfidenceDescFr":"1 – Forte"},"classificationLevel":{"id":7,"classificationLevelNameEn":"Species","classificationLevelNameEs":"Especies","classificationLevelNameFr":"Espèce"},"classificationStatus":{"id":1,"classificationStatusDescEn":"Standard","classificationStatusDescEs":"Estándar","classificationStatusDescFr":"Standard"},"iucn":{"id":11,"iucnDescEn":"Least concern","iucnDescEs":"Menos preocupante","iucnDescFr":"Moins préoccupante","iucnCode":"LC"},"nameCategory":{"id":1,"nameCategoryDescEn":"Vertebrate Animal","nameCategoryDescEs":"Animal vertebrado","nameCategoryDescFr":"Animal vertébré","nameTypeCd":"A","nameTypeDesc":"Zoological"},"rankMethodUsed":{"id":4,"rankMethodUsedDescEn":"Expertise without calculation","rankMethodUsedDescEs":null,"rankMethodUsedDescFr":null,"rankMethodUsedExternalDescEn":"Ranked by inspection","rankMethodUsedExternalDescEs":null,"rankMethodUsedExternalDescFr":null},"formattedScientificName":"<i>Phalacrocorax carbo</i>","scientificName":"Phalacrocorax carbo","scientificNameAuthor":"(Linnaeus, 1758)","primaryCommonName":"Great Cormorant","relatedItisNames":"<i>Phalacrocorax carbo</i> (Linnaeus, 1758) (TSN 174715)","uniqueId":"ELEMENT_GLOBAL.2.102054","elcode":"ABNFD01010","conceptRefFullCitation":"American Ornithologists' Union (AOU). 1998. Check-list of North American birds. Seventh edition. American Ornithologists' Union, Washington, D.C. [as modified by subsequent supplements and corrections published in <i>The Auk</i>]. Also available online: http://www.aou.org/.","conceptName":"<i>Phalacrocorax carbo</i>","taxonomicComments":"Regarded as conspecific with African <i>P. lucidus</i> by AOU (1983, 1998). Constitutes a superspecies with <i>P. capillatus</i> (AOU 1998). See Siegel-Causey (1988) for analysis of relationships within family. Following Kennedy and Spencer (2014), HBW and BirdLife International (2018) recognize the division of the genus <i>Phalacrocorax </i>into seven genera: <i>Microcarbo</i>, <i>Poikilocarbo</i>, <i>Urile</i>, <i>Phalacrocorax</i>, <i>Gulosus</i>, <i>Nannopterum</i>, and <i>Leucocarbo</i>. <i>P. carbo</i> remains in <i>Phalacrocorax</i>.","roundedGRank":"G5","conservationStatusFactorsEditionDate":null,"conservationStatusFactorsEditionAuthors":null,"primaryCommonNameLanguage":"EN","recordType":"SPECIES","elementNationals":[{"elementNationalId":168022,"classifConfidence":null,"nation":{"id":225,"nameEn":"United States","nameEs":"Estados Unidos","nameFr":"États-Unis","isoCode":"US","region":"United States"},"roundedNRank":"N1B,N4N","elementSubnationals":[{"elementSubnationalId":340127,"subnation":{"id":24,"nameEn":"Massachusetts","nameEs":"Massachusetts","nameFr":"Massachusetts","subnationCode":"MA","dnationId":225},"roundedSRank":"S1B,S4N","dataSensitive":{"id":2,"dataSensitiveDescEn":"No","dataSensitiveDescEs":null,"dataSensitiveDescFr":null,"dataSensitiveCode":"N"},"dataSensitiveCategory":null,"srank":"S1B,S4N","speciesSubnational":{"elementSubnationalId":340127,"hybrid":false,"exotic":false,"native":true}},{"elementSubnationalId":265232,"subnation":{"id":38,"nameEn":"New Jersey","nameEs":"Nueva Jersey","nameFr":"New Jersey","subnationCode":"NJ","dnationId":225},"roundedSRank":"S4N","dataSensitive":{"id":2,"dataSensitiveDescEn":"No","dataSensitiveDescEs":null,"dataSensitiveDescFr":null,"dataSensitiveCode":"N"},"dataSensitiveCategory":null,"srank":"S4N","speciesSubnational":{"elementSubnationalId":265232,"hybrid":false,"exotic":false,"native":true}},{"elementSubnationalId":292967,"subnation":{"id":25,"nameEn":"Maryland","nameEs":"Maryland","nameFr":"Maryland","subnationCode":"MD","dnationId":225},"roundedSRank":"S2N","dataSensitive":{"id":2,"dataSensitiveDescEn":"No","dataSensitiveDescEs":null,"dataSensitiveDescFr":null,"dataSensitiveCode":"N"},"dataSensitiveCategory":null,"srank":"S2N","speciesSubnational":{"elementSubnationalId":292967,"hybrid":false,"exotic":false,"native":true}},{"elementSubnationalId":373410,"subnation":{"id":47,"nameEn":"Rhode Island","nameEs":"Rhode Island","nameFr":"Rhode Island","subnationCode":"RI","dnationId":225},"roundedSRank":"SNA","dataSensitive":{"id":2,"dataSensitiveDescEn":"No","dataSensitiveDescEs":null,"dataSensitiveDescFr":null,"dataSensitiveCode":"N"},"dataSensitiveCategory":null,"srank":"SNA","speciesSubnational":{"elementSubnationalId":373410,"hybrid":false,"exotic":false,"native":true}},{"elementSubnationalId":367841,"subnation":{"id":41,"nameEn":"New York","nameEs":"Nueva York","nameFr":"New York","subnationCode":"NY","dnationId":225},"roundedSRank":"SNRN","dataSensitive":{"id":2,"dataSensitiveDescEn":"No","dataSensitiveDescEs":null,"dataSensitiveDescFr":null,"dataSensitiveCode":"N"},"dataSensitiveCategory":null,"srank":"SNRN","speciesSubnational":{"elementSubnationalId":367841,"hybrid":false,"exotic":false,"native":true}},{"elementSubnationalId":370749,"subnation":{"id":53,"nameEn":"Virginia","nameEs":"Virginia","nameFr":"Virginie","subnationCode":"VA","dnationId":225},"roundedSRank":"SNRN","dataSensitive":{"id":2,"dataSensitiveDescEn":"No","dataSensitiveDescEs":null,"dataSensitiveDescFr":null,"dataSensitiveCode":"N"},"dataSensitiveCategory":null,"srank":"SNRN","speciesSubnational":{"elementSubnationalId":370749,"hybrid":false,"exotic":false,"native":true}},{"elementSubnationalId":348250,"subnation":{"id":37,"nameEn":"New Hampshire","nameEs":"New Hampshire","nameFr":"New Hampshire","subnationCode":"NH","dnationId":225},"roundedSRank":"SNA","dataSensitive":{"id":2,"dataSensitiveDescEn":"No","dataSensitiveDescEs":null,"dataSensitiveDescFr":null,"dataSensitiveCode":"N"},"dataSensitiveCategory":null,"srank":"SNA","speciesSubnational":{"elementSubnationalId":348250,"hybrid":false,"exotic":false,"native":true}},{"elementSubnationalId":305196,"subnation":{"id":26,"nameEn":"Maine","nameEs":"Maine","nameFr":"Maine","subnationCode":"ME","dnationId":225},"roundedSRank":"S3B,S3N","dataSensitive":{"id":2,"dataSensitiveDescEn":"No","dataSensitiveDescEs":null,"dataSensitiveDescFr":null,"dataSensitiveCode":"N"},"dataSensitiveCategory":null,"srank":"S3B,S3N","speciesSubnational":{"elementSubnationalId":305196,"hybrid":false,"exotic":false,"native":true}},{"elementSubnationalId":350891,"subnation":{"id":11,"nameEn":"Delaware","nameEs":"Delaware","nameFr":"Delaware","subnationCode":"DE","dnationId":225},"roundedSRank":"S1N","dataSensitive":{"id":2,"dataSensitiveDescEn":"No","dataSensitiveDescEs":null,"dataSensitiveDescFr":null,"dataSensitiveCode":"N"},"dataSensitiveCategory":null,"srank":"S1N","speciesSubnational":{"elementSubnationalId":350891,"hybrid":false,"exotic":false,"native":true}},{"elementSubnationalId":1281015,"subnation":{"id":45,"nameEn":"Pennsylvania","nameEs":"Pennsylvania","nameFr":"Pennsylvanie","subnationCode":"PA","dnationId":225},"roundedSRank":"S3M,S2N","dataSensitive":{"id":2,"dataSensitiveDescEn":"No","dataSensitiveDescEs":null,"dataSensitiveDescFr":null,"dataSensitiveCode":"N"},"dataSensitiveCategory":null,"srank":"S3M,S2N","speciesSubnational":{"elementSubnationalId":1281015,"hybrid":false,"exotic":false,"native":true}},{"elementSubnationalId":296995,"subnation":{"id":48,"nameEn":"South Carolina","nameEs":"Carolina del Sur","nameFr":"Caroline du Sud","subnationCode":"SC","dnationId":225},"roundedSRank":"SNA","dataSensitive":{"id":2,"dataSensitiveDescEn":"No","dataSensitiveDescEs":null,"dataSensitiveDescFr":null,"dataSensitiveCode":"N"},"dataSensitiveCategory":null,"srank":"SNA","speciesSubnational":{"elementSubnationalId":296995,"hybrid":false,"exotic":false,"native":true}},{"elementSubnationalId":332796,"subnation":{"id":9,"nameEn":"Connecticut","nameEs":"Connecticut","nameFr":"Connecticut","subnationCode":"CT","dnationId":225},"roundedSRank":"SNA","dataSensitive":{"id":2,"dataSensitiveDescEn":"No","dataSensitiveDescEs":null,"dataSensitiveDescFr":null,"dataSensitiveCode":"N"},"dataSensitiveCategory":null,"srank":"SNA","speciesSubnational":{"elementSubnationalId":332796,"hybrid":false,"exotic":false,"native":true}},{"elementSubnationalId":386422,"subnation":{"id":34,"nameEn":"North Carolina","nameEs":"Carolina del Norte","nameFr":"Caroline du Nord","subnationCode":"NC","dnationId":225},"roundedSRank":"S1N","dataSensitive":{"id":2,"dataSensitiveDescEn":"No","dataSensitiveDescEs":null,"dataSensitiveDescFr":null,"dataSensitiveCode":"N"},"dataSensitiveCategory":null,"srank":"S1N","speciesSubnational":{"elementSubnationalId":386422,"hybrid":false,"exotic":false,"native":true}}],"nrankReviewYear":1997,"nrank":"N1B,N4N","speciesNational":{"elementNationalId":168022,"exotic":false,"native":true}},{"elementNationalId":165553,"classifConfidence":null,"nation":{"id":38,"nameEn":"Canada","nameEs":"Canadá","nameFr":"Canada","isoCode":"CA","region":"Canada"},"roundedNRank":"N3B,N3N","elementSubnationals":[{"elementSubnationalId":308934,"subnation":{"id":68,"nameEn":"Prince Edward Island","nameEs":"Isla del Príncipe Eduardo","nameFr":"Île-du-Prince-Édouard","subnationCode":"PE","dnationId":38},"roundedSRank":"S1B","dataSensitive":{"id":2,"dataSensitiveDescEn":"No","dataSensitiveDescEs":null,"dataSensitiveDescFr":null,"dataSensitiveCode":"N"},"dataSensitiveCategory":null,"srank":"S1B","speciesSubnational":{"elementSubnationalId":308934,"hybrid":false,"exotic":false,"native":true}},{"elementSubnationalId":314014,"subnation":{"id":69,"nameEn":"Quebec","nameEs":"Quebec","nameFr":"Québec","subnationCode":"QC","dnationId":38},"roundedSRank":"S3","dataSensitive":{"id":2,"dataSensitiveDescEn":"No","dataSensitiveDescEs":null,"dataSensitiveDescFr":null,"dataSensitiveCode":"N"},"dataSensitiveCategory":null,"srank":"S3S4","speciesSubnational":{"elementSubnationalId":314014,"hybrid":false,"exotic":false,"native":true}},{"elementSubnationalId":268183,"subnation":{"id":63,"nameEn":"New Brunswick","nameEs":"New Brunswick","nameFr":"Nouveau-Brunswick","subnationCode":"NB","dnationId":38},"roundedSRank":"S2N","dataSensitive":{"id":2,"dataSensitiveDescEn":"No","dataSensitiveDescEs":null,"dataSensitiveDescFr":null,"dataSensitiveCode":"N"},"dataSensitiveCategory":null,"srank":"S2N","speciesSubnational":{"elementSubnationalId":268183,"hybrid":false,"exotic":false,"native":true}},{"elementSubnationalId":280739,"subnation":{"id":92,"nameEn":"Island of Newfoundland","nameEs":"Isla de Terranova","nameFr":"Île de Terre­Neuve","subnationCode":"NF","dnationId":38},"roundedSRank":"S3B,S3N","dataSensitive":{"id":2,"dataSensitiveDescEn":"No","dataSensitiveDescEs":null,"dataSensitiveDescFr":null,"dataSensitiveCode":"N"},"dataSensitiveCategory":null,"srank":"S3B,S3N","speciesSubnational":{"elementSubnationalId":280739,"hybrid":false,"exotic":false,"native":true}},{"elementSubnationalId":381541,"subnation":{"id":91,"nameEn":"Labrador","nameEs":"Labrador","nameFr":"Labrador","subnationCode":"LB","dnationId":38},"roundedSRank":"S1B,SUM","dataSensitive":{"id":2,"dataSensitiveDescEn":"No","dataSensitiveDescEs":null,"dataSensitiveDescFr":null,"dataSensitiveCode":"N"},"dataSensitiveCategory":null,"srank":"S1S2B,SUM","speciesSubnational":{"elementSubnationalId":381541,"hybrid":false,"exotic":false,"native":true}},{"elementSubnationalId":377762,"subnation":{"id":66,"nameEn":"Nova Scotia","nameEs":"Nueva Escocia","nameFr":"Nouvelle-Écosse","subnationCode":"NS","dnationId":38},"roundedSRank":"S2B,S2N","dataSensitive":{"id":2,"dataSensitiveDescEn":"No","dataSensitiveDescEs":null,"dataSensitiveDescFr":null,"dataSensitiveCode":"N"},"dataSensitiveCategory":null,"srank":"S2S3B,S2S3N","speciesSubnational":{"elementSubnationalId":377762,"hybrid":false,"exotic":false,"native":true}}],"nrankReviewYear":2023,"nrank":"N3N4B,N3N4N","speciesNational":{"elementNationalId":165553,"exotic":false,"native":true}}],"lastModified":"2026-10-02T21:37:45.53183Z","lastPublished":"2026-10-02T21:32:08.892226Z","promotionalDescription":null,"conceptLineageSummary":null,"nsxUrl":"/Taxon/ELEMENT_GLOBAL.2.102054/Phalacrocorax_carbo","grankAdjustmentReasons":null,"grankChangeDate":"1996-11-20","grankReviewDate":"2016-04-09","grankReasons":null,"grank":"G5","rankInfo":{"elementGlobalId":102054,"aooPercentGood":null,"enviromentalSpecificity":null,"intrinsicVulnerability":null,"longTermTrend":null,"numberEos":null,"numberGoodEos":null,"numberProtEos":null,"popSize":null,"rangeExtent":null,"shortTermTrend":null,"threatImpactAssigned":null,"rangeExtentComments":"The most widely distributed of all cormorant species. Breeds in North America along Atlantic coast from northern shore of Gulf of St. Lawrence and southwestern Newfoundland south to Prince Edward Island and Nova Scotia, formerly to Bay of Fundy; recently recolonized Maine (Buckley and Buckley 1984); also in Iceland, southwestern Greenland, and much of Old World (see map in Johnsgard 1993). Winters: breeding range and regularly south to North Carolina, sometimes farther south and even to the Gulf Coast. In North America, the highest winter densities occur from Long Island Sound north to the Bay of Fundy and off the southern tip of Nova Scotia (Root 1988). Rangewide, sea level to 3400 m (Johnsgard 1993).","areaOfOccupancy":null,"areaOfOccupancyComments":null,"numberEosComments":null,"popSizeComments":"In the 1970s, there were about 5400 breeding birds (Johnsgard 1993). See Johnsgard (1993) for population estimates for various areas in the Old World.","viabilityComments":null,"threatImpactComments":"Abundance probably has not been greatly affected by humans because the eggs and meat are unpalatable (Root 1988), but in North America may be constrained by limited nesting habitat and disturbance of nesting colonies by humans.","shortTermTrendComments":"Range and status in Canada have not changed in recent decades (Johnsgard 1993). See Evans (1984) for information on status in Greenland and northwestern Europe.","longTermTrendComments":null,"inventoryNeeds":null,"numberProtEosComments":null,"protectionNeeds":null,"otherConsiderations":null,"intrinsicVulnerabilityComments":null,"enviromentalSpecificityComments":null},"animalCharacteristics":{"elementGlobalId":102054,"majorHabitat":{"id":3,"majorHabitatDescEn":"Terrestrial","majorHabitatDescEs":"Terrestre","majorHabitatDescFr":"Terrestre"},"nonMigrant":true,"localMigrant":true,"longDistanceMigrant":true,"mobilityMigrationComments":"The more northerly populations are migratory. Some individuals migrate far to south for winter.","foodHabitsComments":"Eats almost entirely fishes (e.g., in North America, sculpin, cod, flounder, cunner, pollack); dives from surface of water, usually seeks prey near bottom in 5 or fewer fathoms of water but takes mainly pelagic forms in some areas (Palmer 1962).","animalPhenologyComments":"Most active in morning and late afternoon; probably never fishes after dark (Palmer 1962).","colonialBreeder":true,"length":91,"width":null,"weight":2500,"animalPhenologies":[{"animalCagPhenologyId":101675,"animalPhenology":{"id":3,"animalPhenologyDescEn":"Diurnal","animalPhenologyDescEs":"Diurno","animalPhenologyDescFr":"Diurne","displayOrder":3},"adult":true,"immature":true},{"animalCagPhenologyId":101676,"animalPhenology":{"id":5,"animalPhenologyDescEn":"Crepuscular","animalPhenologyDescEs":"Crepuscular","animalPhenologyDescFr":"Crépusculaire","displayOrder":5},"adult":true,"immature":true}],"animalFoodHabits":[{"animalCagFoodHabitsId":103161,"foodHabits":{"id":2,"foodHabitsDescEn":"Piscivore","foodHabitsDescEs":"Piscivore","foodHabitsDescFr":"Piscivore","displayOrder":2},"adult":true,"immature":true}]},"occurrenceDelineations":[{"eoSpecsDetailId":1051,"locationUseClass":{"id":2,"locationUseClassDescEn":"Breeding","locationUseClassDescEs":"En reproducción","locationUseClassDescFr":"Reproduction","displayOrder":2},"eoSpecGroupName":"Cormorants","subtypes":"Breeding Colony, Foraging Area","inferredExtentDistance":5.0,"inferredExtentNotes":"Somewhat arbitrary, but well within foraging distances of this group. Not applicable for colonies that are distinctly separate from foraging grounds.","minimumEoCriteria":"Evidence of historical breeding , or current and likely recurring breeding, at a given location, minimally a reliable observation of one or more breeding pairs in appropriate habitat. Be cautious about creating EOs for observations that may represent single breeding events outside the normal breeding distribution.","mappingGuidance":"Map foraging areas as separate polygons if they are separated from the breeding colony by areas simply flown over on commuting routes.","separationBarriers":"None.","separationDistanceUnsuitableHabitatat":5.0,"separationDistanceSuitableHabitatat":10.0,"altSeparationProcedure":null,"separationJustification":"Occurrences include nesting areas and associated nesting-season foraging areas, but separation distance pertains to nesting areas (breeding colonies). Thus different breeding occurrences may overlap if birds from different nesting areas forage in the same area. Separation distance is not intended to delineate demographically independent populations or metapopulations (such units would be quite large) but rather serves to circumscribe breeding occurrences that are of practical size for conservation/management use.<br /><br />Unsuitable habitat: upland areas not closely bordering water.<br /><br />Cormorants usually nest in relatively dense colonies. Within-colony movement limited, but individuals can forage many kilometers from colony. Double-crested Cormorants on the Farallon Islands regularly fly a roundtrip of at least 70 kilometers to feed (Ainley and Boekelheide 1990); in Massachusetts, most feed much closer to colony than that, but some traveled 30 kilometers out (Hatch and Weseloh 1999). Pelagic Cormorants ranged up to 15 kilometers from Farallon Islands, but usually stayed much closer (Ainley and Sanger 1979). Great Cormorants had a maximum foraging range of 37 kilometers in Nova Scotia (Ross 1974-1976) and France; in France returned repeatedly to restricted feeding sites (Gremillet et al. 1999).<br /><br />Philopatry to proximity of natal colony suggested by median band recovery distance of only 25 kilometers for Double-crested Cormorants at least three years old (Dolbeer 1991); substantial fidelity to previous-year's nest site in Great Cormorants (Schjorring et al. 2000). However, an expanding group of double-crested cormorant colonies in Lake Huron, Michigan, included individuals from most breeding sites within 230 km (Belyea et al. in press, cited by Hatch and Weseloh 1999).","versionDate":"2004-04-26","versionAuthor":"Cannings, S., and G. Hammerson","versionNotes":null,"lastModified":"2021-11-06T21:37:49.316993Z"},{"eoSpecsDetailId":1052,"locationUseClass":{"id":3,"locationUseClassDescEn":"Nonbreeding","locationUseClassDescEs":"No reproducción","locationUseClassDescFr":"Non-reproduction","displayOrder":3},"eoSpecGroupName":"Cormorants","subtypes":"Foraging area, Loafing site, Roosting site","inferredExtentDistance":null,"inferredExtentNotes":null,"minimumEoCriteria":"Evidence of past or present presence of flocks of nonbreeding birds (including nonbreeding birds within the breeding season and breeding individuals outside the breeding season) and potential recurring presence at a given location. Normally only areas where concentrations greater than 25 birds regularly occur for at least 20 days per year would be deemed EOs. Be cautious about creating EOs for observations that may represent single events.","mappingGuidance":"Roosting and loafing sites that are separated from foraging concentration areas by commuting routes should be mapped as separate source feature polygons.","separationBarriers":"None.","separationDistanceUnsuitableHabitatat":10.0,"separationDistanceSuitableHabitatat":10.0,"altSeparationProcedure":"Roost and loafing sites associated with specific foraging concentration areas should be included with the foraging occurrence, even if they are separated by more than the nominal separation distance.","separationJustification":"Separation distance is arbitrary but intended to yield occurrences that are not impractically large. Occurrences are defined primarily on the basis of areas supporting concentrations of foraging cormorants, rather than on the basis of distinct populations. Roost and loafing sites associated with specific foraging concentration areas should be treated as one occurrence, even if they are separated by more than the nominal separation distance.","versionDate":"2004-04-26","versionAuthor":"Cannings, S., and G. Hammerson","versionNotes":"Includes all cormorants.","lastModified":"2020-04-30T02:07:08.287539Z"}],"plantCharacteristics":null,"elementManagement":{"elementGlobalId":102054,"eoManagementGroupName":null,"stewardshipOverview":null,"impacts":null,"restorationPotential":null,"siteConservationPlansConsidered":null,"managementMethods":null,"monitoringMethods":null,"managementProgramContacts":null,"monitoringProgramContacts":null,"managementResearchPrograms":null,"managementResearchNeeds":null,"biologicalResearchNeeds":null,"additionalTopics":null},"occurrenceViabilities":[{"eoRankSpecsDetailId":103580,"eoRankSpecsGroupName":null,"locationUseClass":{"id":1,"locationUseClassDescEn":"Not applicable","locationUseClassDescEs":"No se aplica","locationUseClassDescFr":"Sans objet","displayOrder":1},"excellentViability":null,"goodViability":null,"fairViability":null,"poorViability":null,"viabilityJustification":"Use the Generic Guidelines for the Application of Occurrence Ranks (2008).<br>The Key for Ranking Species Occurrences Using the Generic Approach provides a step-wise process for implementing this method.","versionDate":null,"versionAuthor":null,"versionNotes":null,"lastModified":"2020-05-14T02:20:35.754673Z"}],"references":[{"id":116625,"citation":"Ainley, D. G., and G. A. Sanger. 1979. Trophic relationships of seabirds in the northeastern Pacific Ocean and Bering Sea. Pp. 95-122 IN J. C. Bartonek and D. N. Nettleship, editors. Conservation of marine birds of northern North America. U.S. Department of Interior, FIsh and Wildlife Service, Wildlife Research Report 11.","shortCitationAuthor":"Ainley and Sanger","shortCitationYear":1979,"referenceCode":"A79AIN01NACA","lastModified":"2020-02-25T18:13:28.55506Z"},{"id":141599,"citation":"Ainley, D. G., and R. J. Boekelheide, editors. 1990. Seabirds of the Farallon Islands. Stanford University Press, Stanford, CA.","shortCitationAuthor":"Ainley and Boekelheide","shortCitationYear":1990,"referenceCode":"B90AIN01NACA","lastModified":"2020-02-25T18:13:28.55506Z"},{"id":153779,"citation":"American Ornithologists' Union (AOU). 1983. Check-list of North American Birds, 6th edition. Allen Press, Inc., Lawrence, Kansas. 877 pp.","shortCitationAuthor":"American Ornithologists' Union (AOU)","shortCitationYear":1983,"referenceCode":"B83AOU01NAUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T14:38:12.689104Z"},{"id":134424,"citation":"American Ornithologists' Union (AOU). 1998. Check-list of North American birds. Seventh edition. American Ornithologists' Union, Washington, D.C. [as modified by subsequent supplements and corrections published in <i>The Auk</i>]. Also available online: http://www.aou.org/.","shortCitationAuthor":"American Ornithologists' Union (AOU)","shortCitationYear":1998,"referenceCode":"B98AOU01NAUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T14:38:12.673494Z"},{"id":119232,"citation":"Barrett, R. T., and W. Vader. 1990. The status and conservation of breeding seabirds in Norway. Pages 323-333 in Croxall et al., eds. Status and conservation of the world's seabirds. ICBP Tech. Pub. No. 2.","shortCitationAuthor":"Barrett and Vader","shortCitationYear":1990,"referenceCode":"A84BAR03NAUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T18:11:59.475593Z"},{"id":107130,"citation":"Buckley, P. A., and F. G. Buckley. 1984. Seabirds of the north and middle Atlantic coast of the United States: their status and conservation. Pages 101-133 in Croxall et al., eds. Status and conservation of the world's seabirds. ICBP Tech. Pub. No. 2.","shortCitationAuthor":"Buckley and Buckley","shortCitationYear":1984,"referenceCode":"A84BUC01NAUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T18:12:30.945016Z"},{"id":106025,"citation":"Cooper, J., A. J. Williams, and P. L. Britton. 1984. Distribution, population sizes and conservation of breeding seabirds in the Afrotropical region. Pages 403-419 in Croxall et al., eds. Status and conservation of the world's seabirds. ICBP Tech. Pub. No. 2.","shortCitationAuthor":"Cooper et al.","shortCitationYear":1984,"referenceCode":"A84COO01NAUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T18:14:48.228138Z"},{"id":151349,"citation":"de Juana A., E. 1984. The status and conservation of seabirds in the Spanish Meditteranean. Pages 347-361 in Croxall et al., eds. Status and conservation of the world's seabirds. ICBP Tech. Pub. No. 2.","shortCitationAuthor":"de Juana A.","shortCitationYear":1984,"referenceCode":"A84DEJ01NAUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T18:13:31.789525Z"},{"id":824794,"citation":"del Hoyo, J., N. J. Collar, D. A. Christie, A. Elliott, and L. D. C. Fishpool. 2014. HBW and BirdLife International Illustrated Checklist of the Birds of the World. Lynx Edicions BirdLife International, Barcelona, Spain and Cambridge, UK.","shortCitationAuthor":"del Hoyo et al.","shortCitationYear":2014,"referenceCode":"B14DEL01EHUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T18:13:06.914102Z"},{"id":154362,"citation":"Dolbeer, R. A. 1991. Migration patterns of Double-crested Cormorants east of the Rocky Mountains. Journal of Field Ornithology 62:83-93.","shortCitationAuthor":"Dolbeer","shortCitationYear":1991,"referenceCode":"A91DOL02NAUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T18:13:28.55506Z"},{"id":104085,"citation":"Evans, P. G. H. 1984a. The seabirds of Greenland: their status and conservation. Pages 49-84 in Croxall et al., eds. Status and conservation of the world's seabirds. ICBP Tech. Pub. No. 2.","shortCitationAuthor":"Evans","shortCitationYear":1984,"referenceCode":"A84EVA01NAUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T14:38:21.111106Z"},{"id":127893,"citation":"Evans, P. G. H. 1984b. Status and conservation of seabirds in northwest Europe (excluding Norways and the USSR). Pages 293-321 in Croxall et al., eds. Status and conservation of the world's seabirds. ICBP Tech. Pub. No. 2.","shortCitationAuthor":"Evans","shortCitationYear":1984,"referenceCode":"A84EVA02NAUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T14:38:21.111106Z"},{"id":135596,"citation":"Gremillet, D., R. P. Wilson, S. Storch, and Y. Gary. 1999. Three-dimensional space utilization by a marine predator. Marine Ecology Progress Series 183:263-273.","shortCitationAuthor":"Gremillet et al.","shortCitationYear":1999,"referenceCode":"A99GRE01NACA","lastModified":"2020-02-25T18:13:28.55506Z"},{"id":1032855,"citation":"Handbook of the Birds of the World and BirdLife International. 2018. Handbook of the Birds of the World and BirdLife International digital checklist of the birds of the world. Version 3. Available at: http://datazone.birdlife.org/userfiles/file/Species/Taxonomy/HBW-BirdLife_Checklist_v3_Nov18.zip.","shortCitationAuthor":"Handbook of the Birds of the World (HBW) and BirdLife International","shortCitationYear":2018,"referenceCode":"W18HBW01NAUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T18:13:28.55506Z"},{"id":118122,"citation":"Hasegawa, H. 1984. Status and conservation of seabirds in Japan, with special attention to the short-tailed albatross. Pages 487-500 in Croxall et al., eds. Status and conservation of the world's seabirds. ICBP Tech. Pub. No. 2.","shortCitationAuthor":"Hasegawa","shortCitationYear":1984,"referenceCode":"A84HAS01NAUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T18:11:59.475593Z"},{"id":150641,"citation":"Hatch, J. J., and D. V. Weseloh. 1999. Double-crested Cormorant (PHALACROCORAX AURITUS). No. 441 IN A. Poole and F. Gill, editors, The birds of North America. The Birds of North America, Inc., Philadelphia, PA. 36pp.","shortCitationAuthor":"Hatch and Weseloh","shortCitationYear":1999,"referenceCode":"A99HAT01NACA","lastModified":"2020-02-25T18:13:28.55506Z"},{"id":142804,"citation":"James, P. C. 1984. The status and conservation of seabirds in the Mediterranean region. Pages 371-375 in Croxall et al., eds. Status and conservation of the world's seabirds. ICBP Tech. Pub. No. 2.","shortCitationAuthor":"James","shortCitationYear":1984,"referenceCode":"A84JAM01NAUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T18:13:31.789525Z"},{"id":120353,"citation":"Johnsgard, P. A. 1993.  Cormorants, darters, and pelicans of the world.  Smithsonian Institute Press, Washington, D.C. xiv + 445 pp.","shortCitationAuthor":"Johnsgard","shortCitationYear":1993,"referenceCode":"B93JOH02NAUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T18:12:16.428982Z"},{"id":1032854,"citation":"Kennedy, M., and H. G. Spencer. 2014. Classification of the cormorants of the world. Molecular phylogenetics and evolution 79:249-257.","shortCitationAuthor":"Kennedy and Spencer","shortCitationYear":2014,"referenceCode":"A14KEN01NAUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T18:13:28.55506Z"},{"id":137091,"citation":"Le Grand, G., K. Emmerson, and A. Martin. 1984. The status and conservation of seabirds in the Macaronesian Islands. Pages 377-391 in Croxall et al., eds. Status and conservation of the world's seabirds. ICBP Tech. Pub. No. 2.","shortCitationAuthor":"Le Grand et al.","shortCitationYear":1984,"referenceCode":"A84LEG01NAUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T18:13:31.789525Z"},{"id":149971,"citation":"Melville, D. S. 1984. Seabirds of China and the surrounding seas. Pages 501-511 in Croxall et al., eds. Status and conservation of the world's seabirds. ICBP Tech. Pub. No. 2.","shortCitationAuthor":"Melville","shortCitationYear":1984,"referenceCode":"A84MEL01NAUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T18:14:40.103023Z"},{"id":110586,"citation":"Palmer, R. S. (editor). 1962. Handbook of North American birds. Vol. 1. Loons through flamingos. Yale University Press, New Haven. 567 pp.","shortCitationAuthor":"Palmer","shortCitationYear":1962,"referenceCode":"B62PAL01NAUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T14:38:16.673564Z"},{"id":158711,"citation":"Poole, A. F. and F. B. Gill. 1992. The birds of North America. The American Ornithologists' Union, Washington, D.C. and The Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia, PA.","shortCitationAuthor":"Poole and Gill","shortCitationYear":1992,"referenceCode":"B92POO0100LA","lastModified":"2020-02-25T14:38:12.673494Z"},{"id":131885,"citation":"Robertson, C. J. R., and B. D. Bell. 1984. Seabird status and conservation in the New Zealand region. Pages 573-586 in Croxall et al., eds. Status and conservation of the world's seabirds. ICBP Tech. Pub. No. 2.","shortCitationAuthor":"Robertson and Bell","shortCitationYear":1984,"referenceCode":"A84ROB01NAUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T18:12:15.272707Z"},{"id":101852,"citation":"Root, T. 1988. Atlas of wintering North American birds: An analysis of Christmas Bird Count data. University of Chicago Press. 336 pp.","shortCitationAuthor":"Root","shortCitationYear":1988,"referenceCode":"B88ROO01NAUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T14:38:16.673564Z"},{"id":142176,"citation":"Ross, R. K. 1974-1976. A comparison of the feeding and nesting requirements of the Great Cormorant (PHALACROCORAX CARBO L.) and Double-crested Cormorant (P. AURITUS Lesson) in Nova Scotia. Proceedings of the Nova Scotia Institute of Science 27:114-132.","shortCitationAuthor":"Ross","shortCitationYear":1974,"referenceCode":"A74ROS01NACA","lastModified":"2020-02-25T18:13:28.55506Z"},{"id":127705,"citation":"Schjorring, S., J. Gregersen, and T. Bregnballe. 2000. Sex difference in criteria determining fidelity towards breeding sites in the Great Cormorant. Journal of Animal Ecology 69:214-223.","shortCitationAuthor":"Schjorring et al.","shortCitationYear":2000,"referenceCode":"A00SCH01NACA","lastModified":"2020-02-25T18:13:28.55506Z"},{"id":122623,"citation":"Siegel-Causey, D. 1988. Phylogeny of the Phalacrocoracidae. Condor 90:885-905.","shortCitationAuthor":"Siegel-Causey","shortCitationYear":1988,"referenceCode":"A88SIE01NAUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T18:13:28.55506Z"},{"id":148565,"citation":"Terres, J. K. 1980. The Audubon Society encyclopedia of North American birds. Alfred A. Knopf, New York.","shortCitationAuthor":"Terres","shortCitationYear":1980,"referenceCode":"B80TER01NAUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T14:38:12.657866Z"},{"id":127669,"citation":"van Tets, G. F., and P. J. Fullagar. 1984. Status of seabirds breeding in Australia. Pages 559-571 in Croxall et al., eds. Status and conservation of the world's seabirds. ICBP Tech. Pub. No. 2.","shortCitationAuthor":"van Tets and Fullagar","shortCitationYear":1984,"referenceCode":"A84VAN05NAUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T18:12:15.288422Z"}],"otherCommonNames":[{"id":112718,"name":"Grand Cormoran","language":"FR"}],"speciesGlobal":{"elementGlobalId":102054,"cites":null,"cosewic":null,"fwsRegion":null,"genusSize":{"id":4,"genusSizeDescEn":"Medium to large genus","genusSizeDescEs":"Género de mediano a grande","genusSizeDescFr":"Moyen à grand genre"},"jurisEndem":{"id":5,"jurisEndemDescEn":"occurs (regularly, as a native taxon) in multiple nations","jurisEndemDescEs":"Se encuentra en varias naciones (de manera regular, como un taxón nativo)","jurisEndemDescFr":"Se trouve dans plusieurs nations (de façon régulière, tel un taxon indigène)"},"nomenclaturallyEst":null,"usesa":null,"informalTaxonomy":{"informalTaxonomyId":4,"level1":"Animals","level2":"Vertebrates","level3":"Birds","level":3,"hasChildren":false,"parentId":2,"distributionStatus":"complete","displayOrder":1070},"parentSpecies":null,"infraspecies":false,"kingdom":"Animalia","phylum":"Craniata","taxclass":"Aves","taxorder":"Suliformes","family":"Phalacrocoracidae","genus":"Phalacrocorax","americanFisheriesStatus":null,"americanFisheriesStatusDate":null,"saraStatus":null,"saraStatusDate":null,"cosewicDate":null,"interpretedCosewic":null,"cosewicComments":null,"usesaDate":null,"interpretedUsesa":null,"usesaComments":null,"completeDistribution":true,"synonyms":[],"infraspeciesList":[],"ebarId":null,"ebarCanadianScope":null,"ebarGlobalScope":null,"ebarKbaGroup":"Birds","caGeneralStatusId":"GS001386"},"speciesCharacteristics":{"elementGlobalId":102054,"reproductionComments":"Active nests occur mainly late May-early July in Canada. Clutch size averages 4-5 in North America. Incubation, by both sexes, lasts 28-31 days. Both parents feed young, which first fly well at about 7-8 weeks. Young are independent at 12-13 weeks or as early as 8 weeks in some areas. In Nova Scotia, 17 nests produced an average of 1.2 young fledged per nest (see Johnsgard 1993). Reportedly first breeds at 3-5 years; more recent information indicates that the youngest breeders may be 2-3 years old (see Johnsgard 1993). In North America, colonies usually include fewer than 200 pairs.","ecologyComments":"Most foraging is done solitarily. Adults fly up to 32 km from colony to feed (Palmer 1962).","habitatComments":"Lakes, rivers, and seacoasts; in North America, seacoasts and lower parts of large rivers, especially sheltered areas. In North America, nests mostly on higher parts of cliffs or slopes, on flat tops of rocky islands, or in low, dense, stunted spruce (Prince Edward Island). See Johnsgard (1993) for information from Old World.","generalDescription":null,"diagnosticCharacteristics":null,"speciesMarineHabitats":[{"cagMarineHabId":-100433,"marineHabitat":{"id":3,"marineHabitatDescEn":"Near shore","marineHabitatDescEs":"Cercano a la costa","marineHabitatDescFr":"Côtier","displayOrder":3}}],"speciesTerrestrialHabitats":[{"cagTerrHabId":-107351,"terrestrialHabitat":{"id":18,"terrestrialHabitatDescEn":"Cliff","terrestrialHabitatDescEs":"Acantilado","terrestrialHabitatDescFr":"Falaise","displayOrder":21}}],"speciesRiverineHabitats":[{"cagRiverineHabId":-103709,"riverineHabitat":{"id":1,"riverineHabitatDescEn":"BIG RIVER","riverineHabitatDescEs":"RÍO GRANDE","riverineHabitatDescFr":"GRANDE RIVIÈRE","displayOrder":1}}],"speciesPalustrineHabitats":[],"speciesLacustrineHabitats":[{"cagLacusHabId":-100554,"lacustrineHabitat":{"id":1,"lacustrineHabitatDescEn":"Deep water","lacustrineHabitatDescEs":"Aguas profundas","lacustrineHabitatDescFr":"Eau profonde","displayOrder":1}},{"cagLacusHabId":-100555,"lacustrineHabitat":{"id":2,"lacustrineHabitatDescEn":"Shallow water","lacustrineHabitatDescEs":"Aguas poco profundas","lacustrineHabitatDescFr":"Eau peu profonde","displayOrder":2}}],"speciesSubterraneanHabitats":[],"speciesEstuarineHabitats":[{"cagEstuarineHabId":-100711,"estuarineHabitat":{"id":1,"estuarineHabitatDescEn":"Bay/sound","estuarineHabitatDescEs":"Bahía/Estrecho","estuarineHabitatDescFr":"Baie/détroit","displayOrder":1}},{"cagEstuarineHabId":-100712,"estuarineHabitat":{"id":2,"estuarineHabitatDescEn":"River mouth/tidal river","estuarineHabitatDescEs":"Desembocadura del río/río de marea","estuarineHabitatDescFr":"Embouchure/rivière à marées","displayOrder":2}}]},"primaryReference":{"id":134424,"citation":"American Ornithologists' Union (AOU). 1998. Check-list of North American birds. Seventh edition. American Ornithologists' Union, Washington, D.C. [as modified by subsequent supplements and corrections published in <i>The Auk</i>]. Also available online: http://www.aou.org/.","shortCitationAuthor":"American Ornithologists' Union (AOU)","shortCitationYear":1998,"referenceCode":"B98AOU01NAUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T14:38:12.673494Z"},"predecessors":[],"elementGlobalThreatAssessments":[]}