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Bailey, C.E. Bond, J.R. Brooker, E.A. Lachner, R.N. Lea, and W.B. Scott. 1991. Common and scientific names of fishes from the United States and Canada. American Fisheries Society, Special Publication 20. 183 pp.","conceptName":"<i>Lutjanus campechanus</i>","taxonomicComments":"Genetic data are consistent with the hypothesis that red snappers in the northern Gulf of Mexico comprise a single, panmictic population (Camper et al. 1993).","roundedGRank":"GNR","conservationStatusFactorsEditionDate":"1994-08-01","conservationStatusFactorsEditionAuthors":"Schmitt, E.","primaryCommonNameLanguage":"EN","recordType":"SPECIES","elementNationals":[{"elementNationalId":1253357,"classifConfidence":null,"nation":{"id":225,"nameEn":"United States","nameEs":"Estados Unidos","nameFr":"États-Unis","isoCode":"US","region":"United States"},"roundedNRank":"NNR","elementSubnationals":[{"elementSubnationalId":1253375,"subnation":{"id":51,"nameEn":"Texas","nameEs":"Texas","nameFr":"Texas","subnationCode":"TX","dnationId":225},"roundedSRank":"S4","dataSensitive":{"id":2,"dataSensitiveDescEn":"No","dataSensitiveDescEs":null,"dataSensitiveDescFr":null,"dataSensitiveCode":"N"},"dataSensitiveCategory":null,"srank":"S4","speciesSubnational":{"elementSubnationalId":1253375,"hybrid":false,"exotic":false,"native":true}},{"elementSubnationalId":1311308,"subnation":{"id":32,"nameEn":"Mississippi","nameEs":"Mississippi","nameFr":"Mississippi","subnationCode":"MS","dnationId":225},"roundedSRank":"SNR","dataSensitive":{"id":2,"dataSensitiveDescEn":"No","dataSensitiveDescEs":null,"dataSensitiveDescFr":null,"dataSensitiveCode":"N"},"dataSensitiveCategory":null,"srank":"SNR","speciesSubnational":{"elementSubnationalId":1311308,"hybrid":false,"exotic":false,"native":true}},{"elementSubnationalId":1266439,"subnation":{"id":48,"nameEn":"South Carolina","nameEs":"Carolina del Sur","nameFr":"Caroline du Sud","subnationCode":"SC","dnationId":225},"roundedSRank":"S4","dataSensitive":{"id":2,"dataSensitiveDescEn":"No","dataSensitiveDescEs":null,"dataSensitiveDescFr":null,"dataSensitiveCode":"N"},"dataSensitiveCategory":null,"srank":"S4","speciesSubnational":{"elementSubnationalId":1266439,"hybrid":false,"exotic":false,"native":true}}],"nrankReviewYear":null,"nrank":"NNR","speciesNational":{"elementNationalId":1253357,"exotic":false,"native":true}}],"lastModified":"2026-10-02T21:38:32.426812Z","lastPublished":"2026-10-02T21:32:08.892226Z","promotionalDescription":null,"conceptLineageSummary":null,"nsxUrl":"/Taxon/ELEMENT_GLOBAL.2.102024/Lutjanus_campechanus","grankAdjustmentReasons":null,"grankChangeDate":null,"grankReviewDate":null,"grankReasons":null,"grank":"GNR","rankInfo":{"elementGlobalId":102024,"aooPercentGood":null,"enviromentalSpecificity":null,"intrinsicVulnerability":null,"longTermTrend":null,"numberEos":null,"numberGoodEos":null,"numberProtEos":null,"popSize":null,"rangeExtent":null,"shortTermTrend":null,"threatImpactAssigned":null,"rangeExtentComments":"North Carolina to the Florida Keys and around the Gulf of Mexico to Yucatan; very similar L. PURPUREUS occurs from the Greater Antilles and Central America (possibly Gulf of Mexico) to the Guianas (Robins and Ray 1986). Camber (1955): largest concentrations in the Gulf of Mexico, especially off the Yucatan, Texas, and Louisiana.","areaOfOccupancy":null,"areaOfOccupancyComments":null,"numberEosComments":null,"popSizeComments":null,"viabilityComments":null,"threatImpactComments":"Huntsman and Waters (1986): decline in the Gulf of Mexico has been attributed to several factors, including mortality due to bottom-trawl fishing for shrimp. Fee (1991): fifty to 75 percent of all juvenile red snapper are caught and discarded each year by shrimpers. Murray et al. (1992): 19 million killed as by-catch in 1989 by shrimp trawlers.","shortTermTrendComments":"Ogren and Brusher (1977): probably more abundant in St. Andrew Bay, Florida, 10 years ago. Bradley and Bryan (1975): fishermen stated that prior to 1965, they averaged about 454 kg per day, but in recent years, only 227 kg per day. Huntsman and Waters (1986): abundance has declined steadily over the last 20 years and reached an all time low between 1986 and 1988.","longTermTrendComments":null,"inventoryNeeds":null,"numberProtEosComments":null,"protectionNeeds":"The Gulf of Mexico Fisheries Management Council extended the deadline for stock recovery to the year 2014 and recommended an annual commercial quota of 2 million pounds and a daily bag limit of 2 fish.","otherConsiderations":null,"intrinsicVulnerabilityComments":null,"enviromentalSpecificityComments":null},"animalCharacteristics":{"elementGlobalId":102024,"majorHabitat":{"id":1,"majorHabitatDescEn":"Marine","majorHabitatDescEs":"Marino","majorHabitatDescFr":"Marine"},"nonMigrant":false,"localMigrant":false,"longDistanceMigrant":false,"mobilityMigrationComments":"Beaumariage (1969): most tagged fish caught at same point, can move up to 150 nautical miles. Moseley (1966): no movement patterns indicated. Topp (1963), Beaumariage and Wittich (1966), Fable (1980): adults remain in reef habitats during cooler months. Tagging studies indicate little movement, particularly when the individuals are released in water less than 14 m deep. Gutherz and Pellegrin (1988): juveniles move offshore in colder months. Parker (1990): apparently vacate reef habitats when water temperatures drop below 16 C.","foodHabitsComments":"Moseley (1966): eats most anything available. Adults are mainly piscivorous and can eat tunicates when they were abundant. Juveniles eat mainly crustaceans. Bradley and Bryan (1975): small zooplankters are common prey of juveniles up to 150 mm FL, but individuals probably prefer larger prey at 100 mm FL. Juveniles eat mostly shrimp, while adults eat fishes. Tunicates are preyed upon during spring blooms. Camber (1955), Bradley and Bryan (1975): stomachs of juveniles most frequently contained shrimp throughout the year in the Gulf of Mexico. Moran (1988): other crustaceans (including crabs), fish, and squid were found in 2-12 percent of the sampled fish; the types of prey that contributed the greatest percentage by volume to the diet of juveniles were squid, octopus, and shrimp; juveniles and adults eat a large variety of species of mollusks, crustaceans, and fishes. Camber (1955): adults in the Gulf of Mexico took the following prey (in decreasing order of frequency of occurrence): shrimp, small reef fish, crabs, and gastropods; tunicates may be taken in spring.","animalPhenologyComments":null,"colonialBreeder":false,"length":null,"width":null,"weight":null,"animalPhenologies":[],"animalFoodHabits":[{"animalCagFoodHabitsId":103132,"foodHabits":{"id":2,"foodHabitsDescEn":"Piscivore","foodHabitsDescEs":"Piscivore","foodHabitsDescFr":"Piscivore","displayOrder":2},"adult":true,"immature":true},{"animalCagFoodHabitsId":103133,"foodHabits":{"id":3,"foodHabitsDescEn":"Invertivore","foodHabitsDescEs":"Invertívoro","foodHabitsDescFr":"Invertivore","displayOrder":3},"adult":true,"immature":true}]},"occurrenceDelineations":[{"eoSpecsDetailId":-1,"locationUseClass":null,"eoSpecGroupName":"Default","subtypes":null,"inferredExtentDistance":null,"inferredExtentNotes":null,"minimumEoCriteria":null,"mappingGuidance":null,"separationBarriers":null,"separationDistanceUnsuitableHabitatat":1.0,"separationDistanceSuitableHabitatat":1.0,"altSeparationProcedure":null,"separationJustification":null,"versionDate":null,"versionAuthor":null,"versionNotes":null,"lastModified":"2020-02-25T14:20:12.251048Z"}],"plantCharacteristics":null,"elementManagement":{"elementGlobalId":102024,"eoManagementGroupName":null,"stewardshipOverview":null,"impacts":null,"restorationPotential":null,"siteConservationPlansConsidered":null,"managementMethods":null,"monitoringMethods":null,"managementProgramContacts":null,"monitoringProgramContacts":null,"managementResearchPrograms":null,"managementResearchNeeds":null,"biologicalResearchNeeds":null,"additionalTopics":null},"occurrenceViabilities":[{"eoRankSpecsDetailId":103550,"eoRankSpecsGroupName":null,"locationUseClass":{"id":1,"locationUseClassDescEn":"Not applicable","locationUseClassDescEs":"No se aplica","locationUseClassDescFr":"Sans objet","displayOrder":1},"excellentViability":null,"goodViability":null,"fairViability":null,"poorViability":null,"viabilityJustification":"Use the Generic Guidelines for the Application of Occurrence Ranks (2008).<br>The Key for Ranking Species Occurrences Using the Generic Approach provides a step-wise process for implementing this method.","versionDate":null,"versionAuthor":null,"versionNotes":null,"lastModified":"2022-09-30T22:14:43.971392Z"}],"references":[{"id":147741,"citation":"Allen, D.M. and Tashiro, J.E. 1976. Status of the U.S. commercial snapper-grouper fishery. Pp. 41-76 In: Proceedings: Colloquium on Snapper-Grouper Fishery Resources of the Western Central Atlantic Ocean. H.R. Bullis and A.C. Jones (Eds.), Florida Sea Grant Program Report Number 17, Miami, Florida.","shortCitationAuthor":"Allen and Tashiro","shortCitationYear":1976,"referenceCode":"A76ALL01FCUS","lastModified":"2022-09-30T22:14:43.971392Z"},{"id":131372,"citation":"Allen, G.R. 1987. Synopsis of the circumtropical fish genus Lutjanus (Lutjanidae). Pp. 33-87 In: Tropical Snappers and Groupers: Biology and fisheries management. J.J. Polovina and S. Ralston (Eds.), Westview Press, Boulder, Colorado.","shortCitationAuthor":"Allen","shortCitationYear":1987,"referenceCode":"A87ALL01FCUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T18:15:18.853619Z"},{"id":146317,"citation":"Arnold, C.R., Wakeman, J.M., Williams, T.D. and Treece, G.D. 1978. Spawning of red snapper (Lutjanus campechanus) in captivity. Aquaculture 15: 301-302.","shortCitationAuthor":"Arnold et al.","shortCitationYear":1978,"referenceCode":"A78ARN01FCUS","lastModified":"2022-09-30T22:14:43.971392Z"},{"id":136593,"citation":"Beaumariage, D.S. 1969. Returns from the 1965 Schlitz tagging program including a cumulative analysis of previous results. Florida Department of Natural Resources Marine Research Laboratory Technical Series 59, 38 pp.","shortCitationAuthor":"Beaumariage","shortCitationYear":1969,"referenceCode":"A69BEA01FCUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T18:21:47.515769Z"},{"id":132661,"citation":"Beaumariage, D.S. and Wittich, A.C. 1966. Returns from the 1964 Schlitz tagging program. Florida Board of Conservation, Marine Laboratory Technical Series 47, 51 pp.","shortCitationAuthor":"Beaumariage and Wittich","shortCitationYear":1966,"referenceCode":"A66BEA01FCUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T18:21:47.515769Z"},{"id":151951,"citation":"Bradley, E. and Bryan, C.E. 1975. Life history and fishery of the red snapper (Lutjanus campechanus) in the Northwestern Gulf of Mexico: 1970-1974. Proceedings of the Gulf and Caribbean Fisheries Institute 27: 77-106.","shortCitationAuthor":"Bradley and Bryan","shortCitationYear":1975,"referenceCode":"A75BRA01FCUS","lastModified":"2022-09-30T22:14:43.971392Z"},{"id":151845,"citation":"Camber, C.I. 1955. A survey of the red snapper fishery of the Gulf of Mexico, with special reference to the Campeche Banks. State of Florida Board of Conservation Technical Series 12.","shortCitationAuthor":"Camber","shortCitationYear":1955,"referenceCode":"A55CAM01FCUS","lastModified":"2022-09-30T22:14:43.987093Z"},{"id":118105,"citation":"Camper, J.D., Barber, R.C., Richardson, L.R. and Gold, J.R. 1993. Mitochondrial DNA variation among red snapper (Lutjanus campechanus) from the Gulf of Mexico. Molecular Marine Biology and Biotechnology 2(3): 154-161.","shortCitationAuthor":"Camper et al.","shortCitationYear":1993,"referenceCode":"A93CAM01FCUS","lastModified":"2022-09-30T22:14:43.987093Z"},{"id":117097,"citation":"Druzhinin, A.D. 1970. The range and biology of snappers (Fam. Lutjanidae). Journal of Ichthyology 10: 717-735.","shortCitationAuthor":"Druzhinin","shortCitationYear":1970,"referenceCode":"A70DRU01FCUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T18:21:47.515769Z"},{"id":131890,"citation":"Fable, W.A., Jr. 1980. Tagging studies of red snapper (Lutjanus campechanus) and vermilion snapper (Rhomboplites aurorubens) off the south Texas coast. Contributions in Marine Science 23: 115-121.","shortCitationAuthor":"Fable","shortCitationYear":1980,"referenceCode":"A80FAB01FCUS","lastModified":"2022-09-30T22:14:43.987093Z"},{"id":133976,"citation":"Fee, R. 1991. Gulf of Mexico: Shrimp-trawl bycatch and avoiding red snapper collapse topped the agenda in 1990. 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Moran (1988): spawns in summer and fall in the Gulf of Mexico; one peak spawning period in Florida waters and two peak spawning periods in Texas waters; individuals probably spawn several times during the spawning season. Bradley and Bryan (1975): major period of spawning occurs from June to July. Grimes (1987): in the western Gulf of Mexico spawning is thought to occur several times throughout the summer, particularly during July through September; a second spawning during \"fall\" off Texas has been postulated.. Arnold et al. (1978): conditions for artificial spawning were 15L-9D photoperiod, 23-25 C, and 31-34 ppt salinity. Grimes (1987): maximum fecundity of 9,320,0000 eggs. <br><br>Camber (1955): sexual maturity at 300-320 mm FL. Grimes (1987): In the South Atlantic Bight and Gulf of Mexico, the length at sexual maturity is 325 mm FL; thought to mature within one year, but this has yet to be verified. Moran (1988): exhibits partial sexual maturity at one year old and show full sexual maturity at two years old and 375 mm FL. Bradley and Bryan (1975): after 1 year, growth rates are 40-80 mm per year. Manooch (1986): maximum age of 10 years in the Gulf of Mexico. Bradley and Bryan (1975): sex ratio of 1:1.","ecologyComments":null,"habitatComments":"Camber (1955): a deep-water fish, inhabits hard-bottom areas with coral and seagrass, irregular bottom formations such as depressions, elevations, or folds; few specimens recorded deeper than 100 fathoms. Ogren and Brusher (1977): adults sometimes move close to shore in summer. Rivas (1970b): depth range 5-80 fathoms. Bradley and Bryan (1975): adults collected at 13.7-146.3 m depth. Gutherz and Pellegrin (1988): 66 percent of by-catch snappers in the Gulf of Mexico were caught in 11-20 fathoms. Moseley (1966): prefers waters warmer than 14 C. <br><br>Moseley (1966): juveniles caught over sandy or muddy bottoms. Bradley and Bryan (1975): peak abundance of juveniles is in shallower water (20-46 m) relative to adults. Juveniles caught in 2.5-82.3 m depth. Ogren and Brusher (1977): juveniles are restricted to higher salinity, deeper portions of St. Andrew Bay, Florida. The lower bay provides a nursery ground for juveniles in the summer and fall. It is generally thought that as red snapper grow older, they seek deeper water, although some evidence indicates that juveniles subsequently return to shallower waters during spring and summer after the first winter's emigration from such areas. Young red snapper do no stay in one location for very long, but definitely return to the same vicinity in subsequent summers. <br><br>Grimes (1987): two spawning areas were observed in July and August by commercial fishermen; these areas were in 10-20 fathoms, due south of Panama City, Florida, over a firm sand bottom of gentle gradient and little relief.","generalDescription":"Camber (1955): occasionally exceeds 35 pounds, largest individual observed was greater than 778 mm FL. Rabalais et al. 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