{"elementGlobalId":102022,"circumscripConfidence":{"id":1,"circumscripConfidenceDescEn":"1 - Strong","circumscripConfidenceDescEs":"1 - Fuerte","circumscripConfidenceDescFr":"1 – Forte"},"classificationLevel":{"id":7,"classificationLevelNameEn":"Species","classificationLevelNameEs":"Especies","classificationLevelNameFr":"Espèce"},"classificationStatus":{"id":1,"classificationStatusDescEn":"Standard","classificationStatusDescEs":"Estándar","classificationStatusDescFr":"Standard"},"iucn":{"id":5,"iucnDescEn":"Vulnerable","iucnDescEs":"Vulnerable","iucnDescFr":"Vulnérable","iucnCode":"VU"},"nameCategory":{"id":1,"nameCategoryDescEn":"Vertebrate Animal","nameCategoryDescEs":"Animal vertebrado","nameCategoryDescFr":"Animal vertébré","nameTypeCd":"A","nameTypeDesc":"Zoological"},"rankMethodUsed":{"id":1,"rankMethodUsedDescEn":"Legacy Rank calculation - Excel v3.1x","rankMethodUsedDescEs":null,"rankMethodUsedDescFr":null,"rankMethodUsedExternalDescEn":"Ranked by calculator","rankMethodUsedExternalDescEs":null,"rankMethodUsedExternalDescFr":null},"formattedScientificName":"<i>Lepus callotis</i>","scientificName":"Lepus callotis","scientificNameAuthor":"Wagler, 1830","primaryCommonName":"White-sided Jackrabbit","relatedItisNames":"<i>Lepus callotis</i> Wagler, 1830 (TSN 180116)","uniqueId":"ELEMENT_GLOBAL.2.102022","elcode":"AMAEB03060","conceptRefFullCitation":"Wilson, D. E., and D. M. Reeder (editors). 1993. Mammal species of the world: a taxonomic and geographic reference. Second edition. Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, DC. xviii + 1206 pp. Available online at: http://www.nmnh.si.edu/msw/.","conceptName":"<i>Lepus callotis</i>","taxonomicComments":null,"roundedGRank":"G4","conservationStatusFactorsEditionDate":"2015-07-13","conservationStatusFactorsEditionAuthors":"Hammerson, G.","primaryCommonNameLanguage":"EN","recordType":"SPECIES","elementNationals":[{"elementNationalId":167065,"classifConfidence":null,"nation":{"id":225,"nameEn":"United States","nameEs":"Estados Unidos","nameFr":"États-Unis","isoCode":"US","region":"United States"},"roundedNRank":"N1","elementSubnationals":[{"elementSubnationalId":335788,"subnation":{"id":39,"nameEn":"New Mexico","nameEs":"Nuevo México","nameFr":"Nouveau-Mexique","subnationCode":"NM","dnationId":225},"roundedSRank":"S1","dataSensitive":{"id":1,"dataSensitiveDescEn":"Yes","dataSensitiveDescEs":null,"dataSensitiveDescFr":null,"dataSensitiveCode":"Y"},"dataSensitiveCategory":null,"srank":"S1","speciesSubnational":{"elementSubnationalId":335788,"hybrid":false,"exotic":false,"native":true}}],"nrank":"N1","nrankReviewYear":1996,"speciesNational":{"elementNationalId":167065,"exotic":false,"native":true}}],"lastModified":"2026-10-02T21:37:50.027834Z","lastPublished":"2026-10-02T21:32:08.892226Z","promotionalDescription":null,"conceptLineageSummary":null,"nsxUrl":"/Taxon/ELEMENT_GLOBAL.2.102022/Lepus_callotis","grankChangeDate":"2015-07-13","grankReasons":"Widely distributed in Mexico, also occurs in extreme southwestern New Mexico; possibly declining in many areas due to loss and degradation of open grassland habitat, but supporting data are minimal, and a 2010 conservation assessment found no major threats; however, better information is needed on current distribution, abundance, and trend throughout most of the range in Mexico.","grankReviewDate":"2015-07-13","grank":"G4","grankAdjustmentReasons":null,"rankInfo":{"elementGlobalId":102022,"aooPercentGood":null,"enviromentalSpecificity":null,"intrinsicVulnerability":null,"longTermTrend":{"id":26,"longTermTrendDescEn":"Decline of 30-70%","longTermTrendDescEs":"Disminución del 30 al 70%.","longTermTrendDescFr":"Diminution de 30 à 70 %"},"numberEos":null,"numberGoodEos":{"id":22,"numberGoodEosDescEn":"Unknown","numberGoodEosDescEs":"Desconocido","numberGoodEosDescFr":"Inconnu"},"numberProtEos":{"id":7,"numberProtEosDescEn":"Few to several (1-12) occurrences appropriately protected and managed","numberProtEosDescEs":"Gradualmente hasta unos pocos casos (1 a 12) adecuadamente protegidos y controlados","numberProtEosDescFr":"De peu à quelques occurrences (de 1 à 12) protégées et contrôlées convenablement"},"popSize":{"id":31,"popSizeDescEn":"10,000 - 100,000 individuals","popSizeDescEs":"De 10.000 a 100.000 individuos","popSizeDescFr":"De 10 000 à 100 000 individus"},"rangeExtent":{"id":33,"rangeExtentDescEn":"200,000-2,500,000 square km (about 80,000-1,000,000 square miles)","rangeExtentDescEs":"200.000 a 2.500.000 kilómetros cuadrados (aproximadamente 80.000 a 1.000.000 millas cuadradas)","rangeExtentDescFr":"De 200 000 à 2 500 000 km carrés (de 80 000 à 1 000 000 miles carrés approximativement)"},"shortTermTrend":{"id":37,"shortTermTrendDescEn":"Decline of <30% to relatively stable","shortTermTrendDescEs":"Disminución de <30% a relativamente estable","shortTermTrendDescFr":"Diminution de <30 % à relativement stable"},"threatImpactAssigned":{"id":8,"threatImpactAssignedDescEn":"Medium","threatImpactAssignedDescEs":"Medio","threatImpactAssignedDescFr":"Moyen"},"rangeExtentComments":"Range encompasses southern North America, from the southwestern corner of New Mexico (Diamond A Ranch; southern Animas and Playas valleys, southern Hidalgo County; may be extirpated from the Playas Valley; Bednarz and Cook 1984, Frey 2004, Traphagen 2011) discontinuously to northern Oaxaca, Mexico (Hoffman and Smith, in Wilson and Reeder 2005; USFWS 2010). Hoffmeister (1986) mentioned a possible sighting in southeastern Arizona, but no firm evidence exists for the occurrence of this species in that state (USFWS 2010).<br /><br />Subspecies <i>gaillardi </i>occurs on plains from southwestern New Mexico to northern Durango (Anderson and Gaunt 1962). Subspecies <i>callotis </i>occupies the remainder of the range. Anderson and Guant (1962) reported (but did not map) intergradation between these two subspecies; information in their paper suggests that they felt intergradation occurs in Durango (but see taxonomy comments).","areaOfOccupancy":null,"areaOfOccupancyComments":null,"numberEosComments":"The number of extant, viable occurrences has not been determined using standardized criteria. The species is known from at least several dozen collection sites over a wide area(GBIF database). Anderson and Gaunt (1962) mapped 45 Mexican localities represented by 131 museum specimens. In New Mexico, the total range encompasses about 120 sq km, which might comprise two distinct occurrences (Bednarz and Cook 1984). Anderson (1972) mapped 11 localities in Chihuahua but did not comment on current status in these areas; Baker (1977) and Findley and Caire (1977) regarded the status in Chihuahua as poor. Davis and Lukens (1958) stated that this species was widespread in the central tablelands of southern Mexico, implying a large number of historical occurrences.","popSizeComments":"Total adult population size is unknown but presumably exceeds 10,000 over the wide range. This species is rare in most areas (Dalquest 1953, Davis and Russell 1953, Findley and Caire 1977) and in the United States evidently always has been rare. Chapman et al. (1983) stated that \"even within its range it is unusual to see one, as densities are only one twentieth of those attained by <i>L. californicus</i>\" (this information seems to be based on Bednarz 1977). Davis and Lukens (1958) reported the species as common in the more arid interior basins in Guerrero, but this dated information must be regarded as representing historical conditions. In New Mexico, in plains grassland habitats where white-sided jackrabbits were more abundant than black-tailed jackrabbits, Bednarz (1977) observed 0.18 and 0.11 white-sided jackrabbits per hectare. Desmond (2004) recorded densities of 0.06-0.08 per hectare in plains grassland habitat in western Chihuahua.","viabilityComments":null,"threatImpactComments":"Apparent declines in the United States and Mexico have been attributed primarily to (1) conversion of habitat to agricultural uses and (2) overgrazing and deterioration of grassland, with associated invasion of grassland by shrubs and forbs (Baker and Greer 1962, Conway 1976, Baker 1977, Chapman et al. 1983, Bednarz and Cook 1984, Matson and Baker 1986, Best and Henry 1993). Traphagen (2011) reported that suitable white-sided jackrabbit habitat in New Mexico has been reduced from 11,993 hectares as estimated in 1976 to 5,838 hectares in 2010, representing a 51 percent loss of habitat for the species in the United States. The loss of habitat is largely attributable to woody shrub invasion. Traphagen (2011) also reported a conspicuous population decline in an area that previously was relatively dense with L. callotis; he suggested that heavy vehicular traffic may have adversely impacted jackrabbits living in this region. This species is hunted in Mexico, but probably most are taken in conjunction with hunting supported by lagomorph species that are much more numerous (e.g., <i>Lepus californicus</i>).<br /><br />In a range-wide status assessment, USFWS (2010) concluded that no information exists indicating that habitat degradation from livestock grazing or fire supression leading to shrub encroachment pose significant threats to the species. USFWS (2010) also determined that overutilization for commercial, recreational, scientific, or educational purposes does not pose a threat, nor does disease, predation, or inadequacy of regulatory mechanisms. Additionally, USFWS (2010) concluded that it is not possible at this time to make reliable predictions of climate change effects on the status of the white-sided jackrabbit, due to the current limitations in available data and climate models. Although individual jackrabbits may be subject to impacts as a result of vehicle collisions, there is no evidence that this is occurring at a level that may affect the status of the species as a whole, now or in the foreseeable future. There is no evidence that the short-term impacts of fire management are occurring at a level that may affect the status of the species as a whole now or in the foreseeable future. Further, the long-term impacts of fire management may serve to improve white-sided jackrabbit habitat and thus provide a benefit to the species (USFWS 2010).","shortTermTrendComments":"Trend over the past 10 years or 3 generations is uncertain, but area of occupancy, number of subspopulations, and population size probably have slowly declined.","longTermTrendComments":"Over the long term, populations are thought to have declined in the United States and Mexico (Conway 1976, Baker 1977, Matson and Baker 1986, Best and Henry 1993). The species is broadly distributed in central Mexico, but recently its distribution has been reduced (Chapman et al. 1983). Baker (1977) stated that this species should be regarded as endangered throughout its range. In New Mexico, Bednarz and Cook (1984) recorded a mean of 15 individuals along a 63-km census route along roads in 1976 (7 censuses), with a decline to a mean of 7.6 individuals for the same route in 1981 (81 censuses). Subsequent surveys suggest a continuing decline, but this is uncertain due to inconsistent survey methods (see USFWS 2010). In Durango, Mexico, in the 1990s, the population had been declining for years (Best and Henry 1993).","inventoryNeeds":"Better information is needed on current distribution and abundance in Mexico.","numberProtEosComments":"Protection status is uncertain. In New Mexico, most of the range is privately owned and managed primarily for cattle production (Bednarz and Cook 1984). At least one occurrence is protected on the Animas Foundation's 321,000-acre Gray Ranch in New Mexico.","protectionNeeds":"Large tracts of high-quality grassland need to be protected.","otherConsiderations":"A poorly known yet important game species of wide geographical distribution in Mexico (Gonzalez and Cervantes 1996).","intrinsicVulnerabilityComments":null,"enviromentalSpecificityComments":null},"animalCharacteristics":{"elementGlobalId":102022,"majorHabitat":{"id":3,"majorHabitatDescEn":"Terrestrial","majorHabitatDescEs":"Terrestre","majorHabitatDescFr":"Terrestre"},"nonMigrant":true,"localMigrant":false,"longDistanceMigrant":false,"mobilityMigrationComments":null,"foodHabitsComments":"Feeds on sedges and grasses including nutgrass, buffalo grass, and tabosa grass (Bednarz 1977). Diet almost exclusively grass in New Mexico.","animalPhenologyComments":"Appears to be nocturnal/crepuscular. Rests in cover during the day. Cloud cover, precipitation, and wind inhibit activity.","colonialBreeder":false,"length":56,"width":null,"weight":null,"animalPhenologies":[{"animalCagPhenologyId":101661,"animalPhenology":{"id":4,"animalPhenologyDescEn":"Nocturnal","animalPhenologyDescEs":"Nocturno","animalPhenologyDescFr":"Nocturne","displayOrder":4},"adult":true,"immature":true},{"animalCagPhenologyId":101662,"animalPhenology":{"id":5,"animalPhenologyDescEn":"Crepuscular","animalPhenologyDescEs":"Crepuscular","animalPhenologyDescFr":"Crépusculaire","displayOrder":5},"adult":true,"immature":true}],"animalFoodHabits":[{"animalCagFoodHabitsId":103130,"foodHabits":{"id":4,"foodHabitsDescEn":"Herbivore","foodHabitsDescEs":"Herbívoro","foodHabitsDescFr":"Herbivore","displayOrder":4},"adult":true,"immature":true}]},"occurrenceDelineations":[{"eoSpecsDetailId":1110,"locationUseClass":{"id":1,"locationUseClassDescEn":"Not applicable","locationUseClassDescEs":"No se aplica","locationUseClassDescFr":"Sans objet","displayOrder":1},"eoSpecGroupName":"Jackrabbits and Hares","subtypes":null,"inferredExtentDistance":0.6,"inferredExtentNotes":"Based on a modest home range size of 30 hectares (see Separation Justification).","minimumEoCriteria":"Evidence of historical presence, or current and likely recurring presence, at a given location. Such evidence minimally includes collection or reliable observation and documentation of one or more individuals in appropriate habitat where the species is presumed to be established and breeding.","mappingGuidance":null,"separationBarriers":"Major water bodies; arbitrarily set at those wider than 500 meters at low water.","separationDistanceUnsuitableHabitatat":2.0,"separationDistanceSuitableHabitatat":10.0,"altSeparationProcedure":null,"separationJustification":"For most species, unsuitable habitat includes dense forested vegetation and large water bodies that do not freeze. <br><br>For <i>Lepus americanus</i>, unsuitable habitat iincludes dense forest with no understory vegetation, open grassland and tundra, water bodies. <br><br>Jackrabbits and hares are highly mobile and warrant large separation distances for suitable habitat. Dispersal not uncommonly extends several kilometers and sometimes tens of kilometers. For example, in Idaho, <i>L. californicus</i> moved up to 45 km in a 17-week period (French et al. 1965). Snowshoe hares may move up to 8 kilometers occur when food is scarce (Banfield 1974). However, the extreme distances are too large to be used as a basis for establishing occurrence separation distances (the resulting occurrences often would be unreasonably large for conservation purposes). Separation distance for suitable habitat therefore is a compromise between the likely low probability that two occupied areas separated by less than several kilometers of suitable habitat would represent truly independent populations and the need for occurrences of reasonable size.","versionDate":"2004-10-19","versionAuthor":"Cannings, S., and G. Hammerson","versionNotes":null,"lastModified":"2020-04-30T02:05:43.458031Z"}],"plantCharacteristics":null,"elementManagement":{"elementGlobalId":102022,"eoManagementGroupName":null,"stewardshipOverview":null,"impacts":null,"restorationPotential":null,"siteConservationPlansConsidered":null,"managementMethods":null,"monitoringMethods":"Flush transects are not a reliable census method; night lighting is more effective (see Best and Henry 1993).","managementProgramContacts":null,"monitoringProgramContacts":null,"managementResearchPrograms":null,"managementResearchNeeds":null,"biologicalResearchNeeds":null,"additionalTopics":null},"occurrenceViabilities":[{"eoRankSpecsDetailId":103548,"eoRankSpecsGroupName":null,"locationUseClass":{"id":1,"locationUseClassDescEn":"Not applicable","locationUseClassDescEs":"No se aplica","locationUseClassDescFr":"Sans objet","displayOrder":1},"excellentViability":null,"goodViability":null,"fairViability":null,"poorViability":null,"viabilityJustification":"Use the Generic Guidelines for the Application of Occurrence Ranks (2008).<br>The Key for Ranking Species Occurrences Using the Generic Approach provides a step-wise process for implementing this method.","versionDate":null,"versionAuthor":null,"versionNotes":null,"lastModified":"2020-05-14T02:20:31.348201Z"}],"references":[{"id":1151804,"citation":"American Society of Mammalogists (ASM). 2025. 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