{"elementGlobalId":101938,"circumscripConfidence":{"id":1,"circumscripConfidenceDescEn":"1 - Strong","circumscripConfidenceDescEs":"1 - Fuerte","circumscripConfidenceDescFr":"1 – Forte"},"classificationLevel":{"id":7,"classificationLevelNameEn":"Species","classificationLevelNameEs":"Especies","classificationLevelNameFr":"Espèce"},"classificationStatus":{"id":1,"classificationStatusDescEn":"Standard","classificationStatusDescEs":"Estándar","classificationStatusDescFr":"Standard"},"iucn":{"id":11,"iucnDescEn":"Least concern","iucnDescEs":"Menos preocupante","iucnDescFr":"Moins préoccupante","iucnCode":"LC"},"nameCategory":{"id":1,"nameCategoryDescEn":"Vertebrate Animal","nameCategoryDescEs":"Animal vertebrado","nameCategoryDescFr":"Animal vertébré","nameTypeCd":"A","nameTypeDesc":"Zoological"},"rankMethodUsed":{"id":7,"rankMethodUsedDescEn":" Rank calculation - Biotics v2","rankMethodUsedDescEs":null,"rankMethodUsedDescFr":null,"rankMethodUsedExternalDescEn":"Ranked by calculator","rankMethodUsedExternalDescEs":null,"rankMethodUsedExternalDescFr":null},"formattedScientificName":"<i>Crotalus adamanteus</i>","scientificName":"Crotalus adamanteus","scientificNameAuthor":"Beauvois, 1799","primaryCommonName":"Eastern Diamond-backed Rattlesnake","relatedItisNames":"<i>Crotalus adamanteus</i> Palisot de Beauvois, 1799 (TSN 174309)","uniqueId":"ELEMENT_GLOBAL.2.101938","elcode":"ARADE02010","conceptRefFullCitation":"Pyron, R. A., F. T. Burbrink, and J. J. Wiens. 2013. A phylogeny and revised classification of Squamata, including 4161 species of lizards and snakes. BMC Evolutionary Biology 29:131.","conceptName":"<i>Crotalus adamanteus</i>","taxonomicComments":"The traditional view of rattlesnake taxonomy that recognizes the two monophyletic sister genera <i>Crotalus </i>and <i>Sistrurus </i>(e.g. Brattstrom 1964) has recently been challenged. Stille (1987) and McCranie (1988) presented data that suggested <i>Sistrurus </i>is not monophyletic and rendered <i>Crotalus </i>paraphyletic. Parkinson (1999) found <i>Sistrurus </i>monophyletic but its position rendered <i>Crotalus </i>paraphyletic. Knight et al. (1993) used mtDNA to defend the traditional generic taxonomy, but in order to do so ignored the most parsimonious tree. The genus <i>Crotalus </i>is monophyletic when including the Mexican <i>C. ravus</i> (Murphy et al. 2002), and is supported as such in most recent phylogenies, as well as being the sister taxon to a monophyletic <i>Sistrurus </i>(e.g., Pyron et al. 2013) (Crother 2017).","roundedGRank":"G3","conservationStatusFactorsEditionDate":"2020-06-18","conservationStatusFactorsEditionAuthors":"Young, B., K. Enge, A. Grosse, J. Hall, A. Holbrook, J. Humphries, M. Martin, B. O’Hanlon, J. Ratcliffe, N. Shepard, D. Sollenberger, and C. Threadgill (2020)","primaryCommonNameLanguage":"EN","recordType":"SPECIES","elementNationals":[{"elementNationalId":165562,"classifConfidence":null,"nation":{"id":225,"nameEn":"United States","nameEs":"Estados Unidos","nameFr":"États-Unis","isoCode":"US","region":"United States"},"roundedNRank":"N3","elementSubnationals":[{"elementSubnationalId":361083,"subnation":{"id":48,"nameEn":"South Carolina","nameEs":"Carolina del Sur","nameFr":"Caroline du Sud","subnationCode":"SC","dnationId":225},"roundedSRank":"S2","dataSensitive":{"id":1,"dataSensitiveDescEn":"Yes","dataSensitiveDescEs":null,"dataSensitiveDescFr":null,"dataSensitiveCode":"Y"},"dataSensitiveCategory":{"id":1,"dataSensitiveCategoryDescEn":"Poaching/Collection Threat","dataSensitiveCategoryDescEs":null,"dataSensitiveCategoryDescFr":null,"nsStandardInd":true},"srank":"S2","speciesSubnational":{"elementSubnationalId":361083,"hybrid":false,"exotic":false,"native":true}},{"elementSubnationalId":332773,"subnation":{"id":23,"nameEn":"Louisiana","nameEs":"Louisiana","nameFr":"Louisiane","subnationCode":"LA","dnationId":225},"roundedSRank":"S1","dataSensitive":{"id":2,"dataSensitiveDescEn":"No","dataSensitiveDescEs":null,"dataSensitiveDescFr":null,"dataSensitiveCode":"N"},"dataSensitiveCategory":null,"srank":"S1","speciesSubnational":{"elementSubnationalId":332773,"hybrid":false,"exotic":false,"native":true}},{"elementSubnationalId":387932,"subnation":{"id":2,"nameEn":"Alabama","nameEs":"Alabama","nameFr":"Alabama","subnationCode":"AL","dnationId":225},"roundedSRank":"S3","dataSensitive":{"id":2,"dataSensitiveDescEn":"No","dataSensitiveDescEs":null,"dataSensitiveDescFr":null,"dataSensitiveCode":"N"},"dataSensitiveCategory":null,"srank":"S3","speciesSubnational":{"elementSubnationalId":387932,"hybrid":false,"exotic":false,"native":true}},{"elementSubnationalId":328648,"subnation":{"id":14,"nameEn":"Georgia","nameEs":"Georgia","nameFr":"Géorgie","subnationCode":"GA","dnationId":225},"roundedSRank":"S3","dataSensitive":{"id":2,"dataSensitiveDescEn":"No","dataSensitiveDescEs":null,"dataSensitiveDescFr":null,"dataSensitiveCode":"N"},"dataSensitiveCategory":null,"srank":"S3","speciesSubnational":{"elementSubnationalId":328648,"hybrid":false,"exotic":false,"native":true}},{"elementSubnationalId":402222,"subnation":{"id":34,"nameEn":"North Carolina","nameEs":"Carolina del Norte","nameFr":"Caroline du Nord","subnationCode":"NC","dnationId":225},"roundedSRank":"S1","dataSensitive":{"id":1,"dataSensitiveDescEn":"Yes","dataSensitiveDescEs":null,"dataSensitiveDescFr":null,"dataSensitiveCode":"Y"},"dataSensitiveCategory":null,"srank":"S1","speciesSubnational":{"elementSubnationalId":402222,"hybrid":false,"exotic":false,"native":true}},{"elementSubnationalId":347411,"subnation":{"id":12,"nameEn":"Florida","nameEs":"Florida","nameFr":"Floride","subnationCode":"FL","dnationId":225},"roundedSRank":"S3","dataSensitive":{"id":3,"dataSensitiveDescEn":"Conditional","dataSensitiveDescEs":null,"dataSensitiveDescFr":null,"dataSensitiveCode":"C"},"dataSensitiveCategory":null,"srank":"S3","speciesSubnational":{"elementSubnationalId":347411,"hybrid":false,"exotic":false,"native":true}},{"elementSubnationalId":264953,"subnation":{"id":32,"nameEn":"Mississippi","nameEs":"Mississippi","nameFr":"Mississippi","subnationCode":"MS","dnationId":225},"roundedSRank":"S3","dataSensitive":{"id":2,"dataSensitiveDescEn":"No","dataSensitiveDescEs":null,"dataSensitiveDescFr":null,"dataSensitiveCode":"N"},"dataSensitiveCategory":null,"srank":"S3","speciesSubnational":{"elementSubnationalId":264953,"hybrid":false,"exotic":false,"native":true}}],"nrankReviewYear":2020,"nrank":"N3","speciesNational":{"elementNationalId":165562,"exotic":false,"native":true}}],"lastModified":"2026-10-02T21:37:28.722825Z","lastPublished":"2026-10-02T21:32:08.892226Z","promotionalDescription":null,"conceptLineageSummary":null,"nsxUrl":"/Taxon/ELEMENT_GLOBAL.2.101938/Crotalus_adamanteus","grankAdjustmentReasons":null,"grankChangeDate":"2020-07-09","grankReviewDate":"2020-07-09","grankReasons":"This species has a limited range in the Southeast where it has undergone an extensive long-term decline due to loss of habitat, heavy exploitation for the skin trade, and general persecution. Although the species persists in much of the range, populations are fragmented and subject to many ongoing threats.","grank":"G3","rankInfo":{"elementGlobalId":101938,"aooPercentGood":null,"enviromentalSpecificity":{"id":8,"enviromentalSpecificityDescEn":"Moderate.  Generalist or community with some key requirements scarce.","enviromentalSpecificityDescEs":"Moderado.  Generalista o comunidad con algunos requisitos claves escasos.","enviromentalSpecificityDescFr":"Modéré. Généralistes ou communautés répondant à certains critères clés sont rares."},"intrinsicVulnerability":{"id":4,"intrinsicVulnerabilityDescEn":"Moderately vulnerable","intrinsicVulnerabilityDescEs":"Moderadamente vulnerable","intrinsicVulnerabilityDescFr":"Moyennement vulnérable"},"longTermTrend":{"id":26,"longTermTrendDescEn":"Decline of 30-70%","longTermTrendDescEs":"Disminución del 30 al 70%.","longTermTrendDescFr":"Diminution de 30 à 70 %"},"numberEos":{"id":15,"numberEosDescEn":"> 300","numberEosDescEs":"> 300","numberEosDescFr":"> 300"},"numberGoodEos":{"id":19,"numberGoodEosDescEn":"Many (41-125)","numberGoodEosDescEs":"Muchos (41-125)","numberGoodEosDescFr":"Plusieurs (de 41 à 125)"},"numberProtEos":{"id":15,"numberProtEosDescEn":"Very many (>40) occurrences appropriately protected and managed","numberProtEosDescEs":"Muchas ocurrencias (>40) protegidas y controladas adecuadamente","numberProtEosDescFr":"Beaucoup d’occurrences (>40) protégées et contrôlées convenablement"},"popSize":{"id":34,"popSizeDescEn":"100,000 - 1,000,000 individuals","popSizeDescEs":"De 100.000 a 1.000.000 de individuos","popSizeDescFr":"De 100 000 à 1 000 000 individus"},"rangeExtent":{"id":33,"rangeExtentDescEn":"200,000-2,500,000 square km (about 80,000-1,000,000 square miles)","rangeExtentDescEs":"200.000 a 2.500.000 kilómetros cuadrados (aproximadamente 80.000 a 1.000.000 millas cuadradas)","rangeExtentDescFr":"De 200 000 à 2 500 000 km carrés (de 80 000 à 1 000 000 miles carrés approximativement)"},"shortTermTrend":{"id":36,"shortTermTrendDescEn":"Decline of 10-30%","shortTermTrendDescEs":"Disminución del 10 al 30%.","shortTermTrendDescFr":"Diminution de 10 à 30 %"},"threatImpactAssigned":{"id":1,"threatImpactAssignedDescEn":"Very high","threatImpactAssignedDescEs":"Muy alto","threatImpactAssignedDescFr":"Très élevé"},"rangeExtentComments":"The range encompasses the Coastal Plain of the southeastern United States from North Carolina to south Florida, and west to Mississippi and the Florida parishes of Louisiana, at elevations extending from near sea level to around 500 meters (Mount 1975, Dundee and Rossman 1989, Palmer and Braswell 1995, Ernst and Ernst 2003, Campbell and Lamar 2004). The major stronghold as of 2020 is the northern Florida peninsula, eastern and southern Florida panhandle, and southwestern Georgia (Timmerman and Martin 2003).<br /><br /><i>North Carolina:</i> restricted to the Lower Coastal Plain south of the Neuse River; formerly occurred in the middle Coastal Plain but apparently never in the North Carolina Fall Line sandhills; not known on North Carolina barrier islands.<br /><br /><i>South Carolina: </i>patchily distributed in the lower and middle Coastal Plain; common in the coastal marsh-sea island area, occurring on Edisto and three smaller barrier islands.<br /><br /><i>Georgia:</i> restricted to the Coastal Plain, occurring on the Fall Line sandhills below Columbus (Fort Benning) and thriving on Georgia's sea islands.<br /><br /><i>Florida:</i> throughout the state, including many of the Florida Keys and most of Florida's east and west coast barrier islands.<br /><br /><i>Alabama: </i>does not range to the Fall Line but occurs in the lower Coastal Plain where longleaf pine and wiregrass dominated the uplands originally; has been recorded from Dauphin Island.<br /><br /><i>Mississippi:</i> occurs today principally in the counties of the southeastern portion of the state, east and northeast of the eastern tip of Louisiana; historically may have ranged to the limits of the longleaf pine forest, but today the range has contracted and is confined mainly to the longleaf pine hills and pine flats regions; there are no records from Mississippi barrier islands.<br /><br /><i>Louisiana: </i>nearly extirpated; was confined to the easternmost three of the seven Florida parishes, and never was reported from Louisiana barrier islands (Means 2017).","areaOfOccupancy":null,"areaOfOccupancyComments":null,"numberEosComments":"As of 2020, state natural heritage programs have records of 388 occurrences with confirmed individuals during the period 2000-2020. Additional occurrences likely are present in Florida (Enge et al. 2016).<br /><br />The state breakdown is as follows:<br /><br />Alabama: 3 recent occurrences (2000-2020), 0 historical occurrences (pre-2000 or known to have no surviving subpopulation)<br />Florida: 152 recent, 244 historical<br />Georgia: 171 recent, 64 historical<br />Louisiana: 2 recent, 5 historical<br />Mississippi: 33 recent, 5 historical<br />North Carolina: 9 recent, 29 historical<br />South Carolina: 18 recent, 7 historical","popSizeComments":"Adult population size is unknown but presumably exceeds 100,000 (population size at least 100,000 individuals in Florida alone (K. Enge, pers. comm. 2020). This snake is rare in North Carolina (Palmer and Braswell 1995) and Louisiana (Dundee and Rossman 1989), and in South Carolina is locally common only in a few islands in the southern part of the state. However, it is still locally common in suitable habitat in some areas of Georgia, South Carolina, and Florida (Ernst and Ernst 2003, Means 2017).","viabilityComments":"As of 2020, state natural heritage programs have records of 81 occurrences rated as having good or excellent viability during the period 2010-2020. These occurrences are distributed as follows: Alabama (1), Florida (77), Georgia (1; viability not recorded for most records), Louisiana (0), Mississippi (0; viability not recorded for most records), North Carolina (1), South Carolina (1; viability not recorded for most records). Additional occurrences with good viability likely exist, at least in the states where viability has not been recorded for all records and Florida (Enge et al. 2016).","threatImpactComments":"The original range has been reduced and fragmented by agriculture, forestry practices, urbanization, plant succession caused by fire suppression, roadkills, persecution, and commercialization (Martin and Means 2000, Enge et al. 2016, Means 2017).<br /><br />Current threats to local populations include conversion of native habitat to planted slash or loblolly pine silvicultural plantations, agricultural fields, and urban and suburban uses. Human alteration of native longleaf pine upland ecosystems (including fire suppression) is the most important threat, reducing and fragmenting suitable habitat . Stump removal eliminates underground retreat sites for the snakes.<br /><br />Roads present a pervasive threat throughout the range, even in conservation areas (Enge et al. 2016). These snakes cross roads regularly and travel slowly, making them particularly susceptible to being struck by cars. Many motorists intentionally run over the snakes when they see them (Enge et al. 2016). Roads also limit the ability of of land managers to perform prescribed burns to maintain suitable habitat. Roads also provide access to rattlesnake habitat to poachers. Besides direct habitat destruction, housing and urban development also prevent the use of prescribed burns.<br /><br />Another direct threat is the collecting of rattlesnakes for the skin trade and for competition for prizes in rattlesnake roundups held annually in Alabama (1) and Georgia (3). In the past, this activity utilized the practice of gassing the burrows of the gopher tortoise in winter (illegal in Florida and Georgia), sometimes killing rattlesnakes outright, and usually impacting the other fauna inhabiting burrows (Mears 2009). Rattlesnake roundups likely contribute to at least locallized declines (Means 2009). The skin trade may be more damaging. Rangewide, this sort of activity probably accounts for at least ten times (20,000) the number of rattlesnake deaths caused by roundups (Means 2017). Collecting of individuals for the venom trade is also a threat in some areas.<br /><br />Although this species occurs on coastal barrier islands, it uses upland habitats that are less immediately threatened by sea level rise than species using salt marshes and beaches (Hunter et al. 2015).<br /><br />In Florida, a snake was found to have the pentastomid parasite <i>Raillietiella orientalis</i> that was likely introduced by invasive Burmese pythons (<i>Python molurus bivittatus</i>; Metcalf et al. 2019). The extent of this threat is unknown. Burmese pythons themselves represent a threat in the Everglades because of competition for prey (Enge et al. 2016). This species is also known to suffer from snake fungal disease (Lorch et al. 2016). Feral hogs are predators of rattlesnakes. Armadillos have expanded into the northern portion of the rattlesnake's range and are introduced in Florida, but they may benefit rattlesnakes by creating burrows needed as refuge sites.","shortTermTrendComments":"Most researchers agree that the species continues to decline due to the many threats acting on it (Enge et al. 2016, Means 2017). In Georgia during the period 2000-2015, the species was found in 55 of the 64 counties where it had been historically reported, but suitable habitat is now patchily distributed (Stohlgren et al. 2015). In Florida, Enge et al. (2016) documented records from 2000-2016 from all but one of the state's 67 counties. Again, the records are patchily distributed throughout the state.","longTermTrendComments":"Area of occupancy, number of subpopulations, and population size clearly have declined significantly compared to the historical situation. This species probably ranged throughout the original extent of its principal natural habitat, the longleaf pine forest, in the Coastal Plain, but the longleaf pine forest now occupies only a small percentage of its former extent (Ware et al. 1993, Enge et al. 2016). Longleaf pine upland habitat has shrunk from 60.6% to less than 1.4% of the landscape since presettlement times (Ware et al. 1993). Many animals endemic in the longleaf pine forest such as the gopher tortoise and this rattlesnake are suffering range contractions because of the loss of the longleaf pine forest upland habitat in which they evolved and to which they are best adapted. Commercial harvest during the 20th century also likely caused long-term declines (Enge et al. 2016).<br /><br />Range contractions are known from Louisiana, Mississippi, and South and North Carolina. This snake is now very rare or virtually extirpated at the northern and western extremes of the range in North Carolina (Palmer and Braswell 1995) and in Louisiana (Means 2017).<br /><br />Numbers of individuals captured at long running rattlesnake roundups have declined from 1990-2008, suggesting population declines during that period (Means 2008).<br /><br />As detailed under Number of Occurrences, nearly half (48%) of the 739 occurrences on record at state natural heritage programs no longer support subpopulations.","inventoryNeeds":null,"numberProtEosComments":"Enge et al. (2016) documented records from 345 conservation lands in Florida, although most likely do not specifically manage land for this species. A venomous reptile permit is required to possess or transport live rattlesnakes, however this is not enforced, and killing of this species is allowed. There are no areas managed or protected for this species in North Carolina, although it is a state endangered species there. A state law in Georgia states that \"poisonous\" snakes are unprotected, including in wildlife management areas. There are no specific protections for this species in South Carolina, although it can't be persecuted on wildlife management areas. In Alabama, this species is somewhat protected (they cannot be collected alive or sold, but they can be killed). Management for red-cockaded woodpeckers and gopher tortoises benefits this species.","protectionNeeds":null,"otherConsiderations":null,"intrinsicVulnerabilityComments":"A number of features of the species' life history increase its vulnerability. These include: reliance on subterranean refugia (from fire and extreme temperature), particularly stumpholes (threatened by stump removal for naval stores) and gopher tortoise burrows; late maturity; low recruitment; non-annual reproduction; and large home ranges that frequently are crossed by roads and which hence exacerbate mortality.","enviromentalSpecificityComments":"In Georgia, less than 14% of the Coastal Plain is predicted to retain habitat suitable for this species (Stohlgren et al. 2015). A habitat suitability model estimated that 700,000-1,250,000 hectares of high-quality habitat remain in Florida (Enge et al. 2016)."},"animalCharacteristics":{"elementGlobalId":101938,"majorHabitat":{"id":3,"majorHabitatDescEn":"Terrestrial","majorHabitatDescEs":"Terrestre","majorHabitatDescFr":"Terrestre"},"nonMigrant":true,"localMigrant":true,"longDistanceMigrant":false,"mobilityMigrationComments":"Apparently does not defend a territory. In longleaf pine sandhills habitat, Timmerman (1989) found that females occupied smaller areas (mean=46.5 ha, N=2) than did males (mean=84.3 ha, N=4). Means (2017) measured home range in clayhills habitat in shortleaf/loblobby pine oldfield successional forest that was annually control burned and found males to occupy home ranges of approximately 240 ha (600 acres) and females about 120 ha (300 acres).<br /><br />In November, makes short movements to one or more holes in the ground used for overwintering (Means 2017); the same holes are utilized in subsequent years. After spring emergence, moves various distances (100-500 m) to find sites with food. Individuals may move as much as a mile (1.6 km) between hunting locations in just one day, but most movements are much shorter (Timmerman and Martin 2003).","foodHabitsComments":"Prey is principally rodents and lagomorphs, including the eastern cottontail (<i>Sylvilagus floridanus</i>), marsh rabbit (<i>Sylvilagus palustris</i>), cotton rat (<i>Sigmodon hispidus</i>), cotton mouse (<i>Peromyscus floridanus</i>), gray squirrel (<i>Sciurus carolinensis</i>), fox squirrel (<i>Sciurus niger</i>), and other rodents. Very few birds (bobwhite quail, rufous-sided towhee, king rail, brown thrasher) and no ectothermic vertebrates have been recorded as prey (Means 2017). Employs sit-and-wait ambush behavior; trails envenomated prey very accurately after a refractory period of 2.5 to 39 minutes (Brock 1980); ingests the prey whole, usually head first.","animalPhenologyComments":"Most activity occurs from April to October, but these snakes commonly make visits to the ground surface on warm days in the winter and sometimes may feed then. Activity occurs mainly in early morning, evening, and at night.","colonialBreeder":false,"length":244,"width":null,"weight":null,"animalPhenologies":[],"animalFoodHabits":[{"animalCagFoodHabitsId":103076,"foodHabits":{"id":1,"foodHabitsDescEn":"Carnivore","foodHabitsDescEs":"Carnívoro","foodHabitsDescFr":"Carnivore","displayOrder":1},"adult":true,"immature":true}]},"occurrenceDelineations":[{"eoSpecsDetailId":1384,"locationUseClass":{"id":1,"locationUseClassDescEn":"Not applicable","locationUseClassDescEs":"No se aplica","locationUseClassDescFr":"Sans objet","displayOrder":1},"eoSpecGroupName":null,"subtypes":null,"inferredExtentDistance":2.0,"inferredExtentNotes":"Suitable habitat within 2 km of a point location of this species is likely to be occupied.","minimumEoCriteria":"Occurrences are based on evidence of historical presence, or current and likely recurring presence, at a given location. Such evidence minimally includes collection or reliable observation and documentation of one or more individuals in or near appropriate habitat where the species is presumed to be established and  breeding.","mappingGuidance":null,"separationBarriers":"Busy highway or highway with obstructions such that snakes rarely if ever cross successfully; major river with consistently fast flow; densely urbanized area dominated by buildings and pavement.","separationDistanceUnsuitableHabitatat":1.0,"separationDistanceSuitableHabitatat":5.0,"altSeparationProcedure":null,"separationJustification":"In longleaf pine sandhills habitat, Timmerman (1989) found that females occupied smaller areas (mean=46.5 ha, N=2) than did males (mean=84.3 ha, N=4). Means (1995) measured home range in clayhills habitat in shortleaf/loblobby pine oldfield successional forest that was annually control burned and found males to occupy home ranges of approximately 240 ha (600 acres) and females about 120 ha (300 acres). A 240-ha home range, if square, would be approximately 1.5 km in diameter. The separation distance of 5 km for suitable habitat is roughly three times this diameter, or not quite twice the diameter of a more elongate home range of 240 ha. <br><br>For the purposes of these occurrence specifications, pine monoculture, closed canopy forests, marshes, and swamps are regarded as unsuitable habitat.","versionDate":"2005-08-18","versionAuthor":"Hammerson, G.","versionNotes":null,"lastModified":"2020-02-25T18:16:29.435764Z"}],"plantCharacteristics":null,"elementManagement":{"elementGlobalId":101938,"eoManagementGroupName":null,"stewardshipOverview":"This species has been declining over its geographic range in several ways. First, the northern perimeter of the range has been shrinking southward. Second, the western and northeastern ends of the distribution are shrinking toward the middle of the range. Third, throughout the range, the habitat and thus the opportunity for a globally panmictic population has been severely fragmented by humans. The best way to arrest this trend is to manage occupied habitat in ways that promote the preservation and/or maintenance of the full complement of native ecosystems originally thought to have occurred naturally on each site. Usually this is longleaf pine forest on the uplands and wetland habitats naturally adjacent to them, all of which were kept in good condition for the eastern diamondback when fires burned through longleaf pine on a natural May-July season on a 1- 5 year interval, and were allowed to burn into adjacent habitats as far as conditions in those habitats would permit. Killing of eastern diamondbacks should not be permitted nor harvest for commercial purposes from managed lands. Until biologists know differently through further research, it appears that the eastern diamondback rattlesnake will hold its own on large tracts (&gt;2,000 acres) with no specific management targeted strictly for the species. In other words, if the gradient of natural habitats is intact the species should fare well.","impacts":"The most significant impacts of the eastern diamondback rattlesnake on other animals is as a predator on rodents and rabbits. A very small number of eastern diamondback snakebites impact humans every year (less than about 10), and many of these are delivered to people deliberately handling the animals (snake fanciers, roundup handlers, researchers) rather than the public at large.","restorationPotential":"The eastern diamondback rattlesnake fares well in adequate habitat. Viable populations are maintained on islands of a few tens to hundreds of acres. Individuals have been observed swimming in the ocean and in estuaries along the coast. Barrier islands and the Florida Keys are populated with the eastern diamondback rattlesnake, so dispersal and founding of populations has been accomplished under natural circumstances.","siteConservationPlansConsidered":"The most important consideration in the management of the eastern diamondback rattlesnake is that the area managed should be restored and maintained as close to natural to its presettlement condition. For this species this is a mosaic of wetland and upland habitats associated with longleaf pine forest that is control burned on a 1-5 year frequency in the season May-July. Such a landscape should have its native complement of other animals present in viable populations (food species and the gopher tortoise). Other than controlled burning, no special management actions are required as presently known. Managers should also be aware of the large home ranges of these snakes (up to 310 ha; Waldron et al. 2006) and thus the need for extensive suitable habitat.","managementMethods":"The presettlement landscape is the best landscape in which to maintain the eastern diamondback rattlesnake. Under natural conditions the uplands of the Coastal Plain landscape burned over from lightning ignitions as frequently as 1-5 years. Since lightning strikes are not sufficient to ignite areas of only several square kilometers, and since weeks-long fires that burned over several counties in area are not presently possible, controlled burning that mimics the natural fire frequency and season of burning is the principal management requirement necessary to maintain the landscape in the condition most suitable for this species. In the absence of fire, hardwoods eventually invade the open longleaf pine upland habitats and cause them to be grossly altered by plant succession.<br /><br />See also Timmerman and Martin (2003) and Means (2017).","monitoringMethods":"The best way to monitor the population status is labor intensive and costly. A secretive animal, the eastern diamondback is difficult to locate in the field because of its behavioral and morphological crypticity (Means 2017). North of about central Florida the species is best captured in the winter from overwintering holes (stumpholes, gopher tortoise burrows) and followed thereafter using radiotelemetry. Means (1994) discovered that during the breeding season, August-September, was also a good time to encounter unmarked animals IF one is has one or more radio-telemetered animals under observation. At that time males and females tend to locate each other and the researcher is facilitated in finding new animals by keeping close watch on telemetered individuals.","managementProgramContacts":"Kevin Enge and collaborators have completed an exhaustive survey of the species and its status in Florida (Enge et al. 2016).","monitoringProgramContacts":null,"managementResearchPrograms":null,"managementResearchNeeds":"More research on minimum viable population and size of the area required to maintain a minimum viable population is needed. Research is needed to determine what role food supply plays in the reproductive health of females, and whether females could reproduce annually or shorten their ages to maturity by access to unlimited food supply. Very little is known about the first two years of life, when individuals are less than 1.0 meters long. This critical stage in the life history has not been examined. It is believed that rattlesnakes are more vulnerable to predation at young sizes (=ages) and that they are more fossorial during these years (Means 2017).","biologicalResearchNeeds":null,"additionalTopics":null},"occurrenceViabilities":[{"eoRankSpecsDetailId":103467,"eoRankSpecsGroupName":null,"locationUseClass":{"id":1,"locationUseClassDescEn":"Not applicable","locationUseClassDescEs":"No se aplica","locationUseClassDescFr":"Sans objet","displayOrder":1},"excellentViability":null,"goodViability":null,"fairViability":null,"poorViability":null,"viabilityJustification":"Use the Generic Guidelines for the Application of Occurrence Ranks (2008).<br>The Key for Ranking Species Occurrences Using the Generic Approach provides a step-wise process for implementing this method.","versionDate":null,"versionAuthor":null,"versionNotes":null,"lastModified":"2020-07-16T03:37:02.835481Z"}],"references":[{"id":151163,"citation":"Allen, E. R. 1961. How to hunt the eastern diamondback rattlesnake; for rattlesnake control programs. Ross Allen's Reptile Institute, Inc., Silver Springs, FL. 20 pp.","shortCitationAuthor":"Allen","shortCitationYear":1961,"referenceCode":"N61ALL01NAUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T18:16:29.448522Z"},{"id":107292,"citation":"Allen, E. R. 1968. Increase of rattlesnakes, <i>Crotalus adamanteus</i>, in Florida. Presentation to the American Association of Zoological Parks and Aquariums. 1-6.","shortCitationAuthor":"Allen","shortCitationYear":1968,"referenceCode":"N68ALL01NAUS","lastModified":"2020-07-16T03:37:02.835481Z"},{"id":143578,"citation":"Allen, E. R. and D. C. Drysdale. 1978. Don't kill snakes. Florida Naturalist October.","shortCitationAuthor":"Allen and Drysdale","shortCitationYear":1978,"referenceCode":"A78ALL01NAUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T18:16:29.435764Z"},{"id":132209,"citation":"Allen, E. R. as told to M. P. Merryday. 1940. A snake in the hand. 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Comstock Publishing Associates, Ithaca, New York. 1105 pp.","shortCitationAuthor":"Wright and Wright","shortCitationYear":1957,"referenceCode":"B57WRI01NAUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T18:12:56.336051Z"}],"otherCommonNames":[{"id":119276,"name":"Eastern Diamondback Rattlesnake","language":"EN"},{"id":144461,"name":"eastern diamondback rattlesnake","language":"EN"}],"speciesGlobal":{"elementGlobalId":101938,"cites":null,"cosewic":null,"fwsRegion":null,"genusSize":{"id":4,"genusSizeDescEn":"Medium to large genus","genusSizeDescEs":"Género de mediano a grande","genusSizeDescFr":"Moyen à grand genre"},"jurisEndem":{"id":3,"jurisEndemDescEn":"endemic to a single nation","jurisEndemDescEs":"Endémico de una nación","jurisEndemDescFr":"Endémique à une nation"},"nomenclaturallyEst":null,"usesa":{"id":43,"usesaDescEn":"Under Review","usesaDescEs":null,"usesaDescFr":null,"usesaCode":"UR"},"informalTaxonomy":{"informalTaxonomyId":7,"level1":"Animals","level2":"Vertebrates","level3":"Reptiles","level":3,"hasChildren":false,"parentId":2,"distributionStatus":"complete","displayOrder":1100},"parentSpecies":null,"infraspecies":false,"kingdom":"Animalia","phylum":"Craniata","taxclass":"Reptilia","taxorder":"Squamata","family":"Viperidae","genus":"Crotalus","americanFisheriesStatus":null,"americanFisheriesStatusDate":null,"saraStatus":null,"saraStatusDate":null,"cosewicDate":null,"interpretedCosewic":null,"cosewicComments":null,"usesaDate":"2012-05-10","interpretedUsesa":null,"usesaComments":"Under Review. In a 90-day petition finding, USFWS (2012) found listing this species as threatened may be warranted and have initiated a status review. Also refer to the Center for Biological Diversity petition (2011). Included in the USFWS FY23-27 National Domestic Listing Workplan (April 14, 2023 version) (USFWS 2023).","completeDistribution":true,"synonyms":[],"infraspeciesList":[],"ebarId":null,"ebarCanadianScope":false,"ebarGlobalScope":false,"ebarKbaGroup":"Amphibians and Reptiles","caGeneralStatusId":null},"speciesCharacteristics":{"elementGlobalId":101938,"reproductionComments":"Mating takes place in August and September. Females store sperm until the following April when ovulation and fertilization take place. Gestation requires about 120 days. Vitellogenesis begins in the ovaries of females in the fall preceding gravidity and birth (Means 2017). Females give live birth in August and September to an average of about 14 young. Females may remain in the vicinity of the newborn for several days. Males may reach sexual maturity by the time of their second birthday; females at year three (Means 2017). Males and females both probably participate in courtship and mating every August and September after reaching sexual maturity, but females usually reproduce every two or possibly three years after giving birth to their first clutch (Means 2017). In captivity, individuals have lived for more than 22 years (Bowler 1977).","ecologyComments":"Reported density ranges from about 18 individuals/ha in muhlenbergia grass on a barrier spit to one individual per 6 ha in shortleaf/loblolly pine oldfield successional habitat on clayhills (Means 2017). The acreage required to maintain a minimum viable population is not known, but this species has one of the largest home ranges of any U.S. snake, up to 310 ha (Waldron et al. 2008).<br /><br />The principal predators and enemies are other snakes, including the indigo snake (<i>Drymarchon corais couperi</i>), which feeds upon diamondbacks, and the eastern kingsnake (<i>Lampropeltis getulus</i>), which takes young rattlesnakes occasionally. The red-tailed hawk is a known predator and several other birds of prey are suspected of feeding on medium- and small-sized rattlesnakes. Feral hogs have been reported to kill and feed on small rattlesnakes and white-tailed deer have been reported to stamp rattlesnakes to death (Timmerman 1989, Means 2017). Fire is a known source of mortality, albeit probably not very important (Means 2017). No doubt humans are presently the most serious source of direct mortality (roadkilling, clubbing, shooting, and collecting for sale of skins or for rattlesnake roundup competitions) (Means 2017).","habitatComments":"Habitats include pine and wiregrass flatwoods, pine-palmetto flatwoods, longleaf pine-turkey oak hills, rosemary scrub, mesophytic and coastal maritime hammocks, xeric hammocks, barrier islands and coastal scrub habitats, vicinity of wet savannas, wet prairies (during dry periods), dry prairie, mixed pine-hardwood successional woodland, and abandoned farms and fields (especially near pine-dominated habitats), particularly areas with abundant cover (Mount 1975, Dundee and Rossman 1989, Palmer and Braswell 1995, Tennant 1997, Ernst and Ernst 2003, Campbell and Lamar 2004, Means 2017). Large tracts of habitat are most suitable. Eastern diamondbacks are basically terrestrial and rarely climb into vegetation. Shelters include stump holes, burrows of other animals, brush piles, or similar sites. Stumpholes in shortleaf/loblolly pine oldfield successional forest are utilized more frequently than burrows of the gopher tortoise (Means 2017). Eastern diamondbacks can tolerate temporary inundation of their overwintering burrows (Means 1982, 2017). According to Ernst (1992), most young are born in retreats such as gopher tortoise burrows or hollow logs.","generalDescription":"This is the largest venomous snake in the United States and Canada, recognized by its large size, dorsal pattern of diamonds, yellowish unpatterned belly, black tail, infrared-sensitive pit between the eye and nostril, and rattle at the tip of the tail. The pattern on the upper surface consists of 18-20 crisply delineated diamonds aligned apex to apex down the midline of the back. The diamonds are formed by a one-scale thin yellow line enclosing dense black pigment about 1-2 scales wide. Beginning on the neck and running about 2/3-3/4 of way to the level of the vent, the diamonds grade rapidly into a series of olive-brown scales flecked with black pigment. Often the olive-brown color alternates with black, suggesting bands. Belly scales are yellowish and display either no pattern or only a light brownish mottling. The side of the face is black with two thin yellow lines that run obliquely forward from the angle of the jaw and enclose the eye in a sort of black mask. At birth, young average 14 inches (36 cm) total length (Means 1995) and grow rapidly to adult size (39-59 inches, 100-150 cm in total length) (Ernst and Barbour 1989, Berish 1992). Maximum size is about 96 inches or 244 cm). Berish (1992) found 4 neonates ranging from 37.8-64.3 cm SVL. Males average larger than females and grow larger (Timmerman 1989, Berish 1992, Means 1995).<br /><br />Midbody scale rows usually number 27-29-(25-31) (Ernst and Barbour 1989). Males have 165-176 ventral scales and females have 162-187 (Ernst and Barbour 1989). <br /><br />Individuals can be sexed externally by counting the subcaudal scales. Females possess 20-27 subcaudals, males 26-33 (Ernst and Barbour 1989, Means 1995).","diagnosticCharacteristics":"This species differs from other rattlesnakes by the following characteristics: crisp dorsal thin yellow diamonds enclosing black pigment centered with brown; densely black face with two thin oblique yellow lines on either side of the black eye (the iris and sclera are not set off from the pupil); olive-brown tail never with bold black and white \"coon tail\" bands.","speciesMarineHabitats":[],"speciesTerrestrialHabitats":[{"cagTerrHabId":-107227,"terrestrialHabitat":{"id":4,"terrestrialHabitatDescEn":"Woodland - Hardwood","terrestrialHabitatDescEs":"Lote de madera - Madera dura","terrestrialHabitatDescFr":"Terrain boisé — Feuillu","displayOrder":6}},{"cagTerrHabId":-107228,"terrestrialHabitat":{"id":5,"terrestrialHabitatDescEn":"Woodland - Conifer","terrestrialHabitatDescEs":"Lote de madera - Conífera","terrestrialHabitatDescFr":"Terrain boisé — Résineux","displayOrder":7}},{"cagTerrHabId":-107229,"terrestrialHabitat":{"id":6,"terrestrialHabitatDescEn":"Woodland - Mixed","terrestrialHabitatDescEs":"Lote de madera - Mixto","terrestrialHabitatDescFr":"Terrain boisé — Mixte","displayOrder":8}},{"cagTerrHabId":-107223,"terrestrialHabitat":{"id":7,"terrestrialHabitatDescEn":"Shrubland/chaparral","terrestrialHabitatDescEs":"Matorral/Chaparral","terrestrialHabitatDescFr":"Fruticée/Chaparral","displayOrder":9}},{"cagTerrHabId":-107224,"terrestrialHabitat":{"id":8,"terrestrialHabitatDescEn":"Savanna","terrestrialHabitatDescEs":"Sabana","terrestrialHabitatDescFr":"Savane","displayOrder":10}},{"cagTerrHabId":-107225,"terrestrialHabitat":{"id":9,"terrestrialHabitatDescEn":"Grassland/herbaceous","terrestrialHabitatDescEs":"Pastizales/cobertura herbácea","terrestrialHabitatDescFr":"Prairie/couverture herbacée","displayOrder":11}},{"cagTerrHabId":-107226,"terrestrialHabitat":{"id":10,"terrestrialHabitatDescEn":"Old field","terrestrialHabitatDescEs":"Terreno baldío","terrestrialHabitatDescFr":"Friche","displayOrder":12}}],"speciesRiverineHabitats":[],"speciesPalustrineHabitats":[{"cagPalusHabId":-101886,"palustrineHabitat":{"id":6,"palustrineHabitatDescEn":"Riparian","palustrineHabitatDescEs":"Ribereño","palustrineHabitatDescFr":"Riverain","displayOrder":6}}],"speciesLacustrineHabitats":[],"speciesSubterraneanHabitats":[],"speciesEstuarineHabitats":[]},"primaryReference":{"id":943912,"citation":"Crother, B. 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