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In Old World. Nonbreeders occur in summer at James Bay, throughout Great Lakes region, along Atlantic-Gulf coast, south in Middle America to Costa Rica, and throughout West Indies. NON-BREEDING: Baja California and South Carolina to Peru and northern Argentina (AOU 1983); rare in Hawaii. In Old World.","areaOfOccupancy":null,"areaOfOccupancyComments":null,"numberEosComments":null,"popSizeComments":"Breeding population estimates for the early 1980s: 15,200 in Massachusetts, 5800 in Connecticut, 56,000 on Long Island, 4500 in North Carolina, a few dozen on Gulf Coast. Breeding population estimates for the late 1970s: Great Lakes, about 5000 in the U.S., 16,000 in Canada; New Jersey, 9600.","viabilityComments":null,"threatImpactComments":"Populations initially were decimated by the millinery trade. Major current threats in different areas include nest-site competition from expanding ring-billed gull populations (Great Lakes region); predation by owls, black-crowned night heron, rats, or herring gull; loss of beach habitat; flooding and rising water levels (Great Lakes region); human disturbance; and possibly biocide contamination (Buckley and Buckley 1984).","shortTermTrendComments":"Most colonies in eastern Canada are declining, though significant increases have occurred recently in other areas (Hyslop and Kennedy 1992). See Spendelow and Patton (1988) and Buckley and Buckley (1984) for further details. St. Lawrence River population increased by 13% between 1982 and 1990 (Chapdelaine and Brousseau 1992, Karwowski et al. 1995). Local populations sometimes may increase, in spite of low productivity and interactions with gulls, due to immigration from other (disturbed) colonies (Howes and Montevecchi 1993).","longTermTrendComments":"In northwestern Europe, appears to have declined in many areas in 1800s, then increased, at least locally, with protection (Evans 1984).","inventoryNeeds":null,"numberProtEosComments":null,"protectionNeeds":null,"otherConsiderations":null,"intrinsicVulnerabilityComments":null,"enviromentalSpecificityComments":null},"animalCharacteristics":{"elementGlobalId":101840,"majorHabitat":{"id":3,"majorHabitatDescEn":"Terrestrial","majorHabitatDescEs":"Terrestre","majorHabitatDescFr":"Terrestre"},"nonMigrant":false,"localMigrant":false,"longDistanceMigrant":true,"mobilityMigrationComments":"Arrives in breeding areas April-May (Bent 1921). Migration in Costa Rica occurs late September to mid-November and April-May (Stiles and Skutch 1989).","foodHabitsComments":"Eats mainly small fishes (sometimes also crustaceans and insects) obtained at surface of water by diving from air. Susceptible (especially females just prior to laying) to poisoning from dinoflagellate toxin accumulated in fishes (Nisbet 1983). Pair may defend feeding territory away from nest, especially prior to incubation (Ehrlich et al. 1992).","animalPhenologyComments":null,"colonialBreeder":true,"length":37,"width":null,"weight":120,"animalPhenologies":[{"animalCagPhenologyId":101585,"animalPhenology":{"id":3,"animalPhenologyDescEn":"Diurnal","animalPhenologyDescEs":"Diurno","animalPhenologyDescFr":"Diurne","displayOrder":3},"adult":true,"immature":true}],"animalFoodHabits":[{"animalCagFoodHabitsId":103006,"foodHabits":{"id":2,"foodHabitsDescEn":"Piscivore","foodHabitsDescEs":"Piscivore","foodHabitsDescFr":"Piscivore","displayOrder":2},"adult":true,"immature":true},{"animalCagFoodHabitsId":103007,"foodHabits":{"id":3,"foodHabitsDescEn":"Invertivore","foodHabitsDescEs":"Invertívoro","foodHabitsDescFr":"Invertivore","displayOrder":3},"adult":true,"immature":true}]},"occurrenceDelineations":[{"eoSpecsDetailId":1093,"locationUseClass":{"id":2,"locationUseClassDescEn":"Breeding","locationUseClassDescEs":"En reproducción","locationUseClassDescFr":"Reproduction","displayOrder":2},"eoSpecGroupName":"Gulls and Terns","subtypes":null,"inferredExtentDistance":null,"inferredExtentNotes":"Inferred extent not appropriate, since foraging areas often separated by a considerable distance from breeding colony.","minimumEoCriteria":"Evidence of historical breeding, or current and likely recurring breeding, at a given location, minimally a reliable observation of one or more breeding pairs in appropriate habitat. Be cautious about creating EOs for observations that may represent single breeding events outside the normal breeding distribution.","mappingGuidance":null,"separationBarriers":"None.","separationDistanceUnsuitableHabitatat":5.0,"separationDistanceSuitableHabitatat":5.0,"altSeparationProcedure":null,"separationJustification":"Occurrences include nesting areas and associated nesting-season foraging areas (regardless of how far apart they are), but separation distance pertains to nesting areas (breeding colonies). Thus different breeding occurrences may overlap if birds from different nesting areas forage in the same area. Separation distance is not intended to delineate demographically independent populations or metapopulations (such units would be quite large). Instead, separation distance is a compromise between the high mobility of these birds (see following) and the need for occurrences that are of practical size for conservation/management use. <br /><br />California Gulls foraged an average of 17.4 kilometers from colony (Baird 1976); maximum foraging distances ranged from 32 to 61 kilometers (Rothweiler 1960, Baird 1976). Ring-billed Gulls foraged an average of 11 km from colony (Baird 1977). Least Terns foraged up to 3-12 kilometers from nests (summarized in Thompson et al. 1997). Forster's Terns has a reported feeding radius of 3.2 kilometers (Van Rossem 1932). Black Terns foraged up to 10 kilometers from nests, over continuous suitable but unoccupied habitat (M. A. Stern, pers. comm. 1998). Caspian terns in a colony at the mouth of the Columbia River: 90% of adults foraged within 21 kilometers (Collis et al. 1999).","versionDate":"2004-07-21","versionAuthor":"Cannings, S., and G. Hammerson","versionNotes":null,"lastModified":"2020-04-30T02:05:56.849048Z"},{"eoSpecsDetailId":1095,"locationUseClass":{"id":3,"locationUseClassDescEn":"Nonbreeding","locationUseClassDescEs":"No reproducción","locationUseClassDescFr":"Non-reproduction","displayOrder":3},"eoSpecGroupName":"Gulls and Terns","subtypes":"Foraging Concentration Area","inferredExtentDistance":null,"inferredExtentNotes":null,"minimumEoCriteria":"Evidence of recurring presence of wintering flocks (including historical); and potential recurring presence at a given location, minimally a reliable observation of 25 birds in appropriate habitat. Occurrences should be locations where the species is resident for some time during the appropriate season; it is preferable to have observations documenting presence over at least 20 days annually. Be cautious about creating EOs for observations that may represent single events.","mappingGuidance":null,"separationBarriers":"None.","separationDistanceUnsuitableHabitatat":5.0,"separationDistanceSuitableHabitatat":5.0,"altSeparationProcedure":null,"separationJustification":"Separation distance somewhat arbitrary; set such that occurrences are of managable size for conservation purposes. Occurrences are defined primarily on the basis of areas supporting concentrations of foraging birds, rather than on the basis of distinct populations.","versionDate":"2002-04-16","versionAuthor":"Cannings, S.","versionNotes":"Includes all inland-nesting gulls and terns, in the genera LARUS, STERNA, and CHLIDONIAS.","lastModified":"2020-04-30T02:05:56.849048Z"},{"eoSpecsDetailId":1094,"locationUseClass":{"id":4,"locationUseClassDescEn":"Migratory stopover","locationUseClassDescEs":"Parada migratoria","locationUseClassDescFr":"Halte migratoire","displayOrder":5},"eoSpecGroupName":"Gulls and Terns","subtypes":null,"inferredExtentDistance":null,"inferredExtentNotes":null,"minimumEoCriteria":"Evidence of recurring presence of migrating flocks (including historical); and potential recurring presence at a given location, minimally a reliable observation of 50 birds in appropriate habitat. Occurrences should be locations where the species is resident for some time during the appropriate season; it is preferable to have observations documenting presence over at least 7 days annually. Be cautious about creating EOs for observations that may represent single events.","mappingGuidance":null,"separationBarriers":"None.","separationDistanceUnsuitableHabitatat":5.0,"separationDistanceSuitableHabitatat":5.0,"altSeparationProcedure":null,"separationJustification":"Separation distance somewhat arbitrary; set such that occurrences are of managable size for conservation purposes. Occurrences are defined primarily on the basis of areas supporting concentrations of foraging birds, rather than on the basis of distinct populations.","versionDate":"2004-04-26","versionAuthor":null,"versionNotes":null,"lastModified":"2020-04-30T02:05:56.849048Z"},{"eoSpecsDetailId":156346,"locationUseClass":{"id":6,"locationUseClassDescEn":"Staging","locationUseClassDescEs":"Entorno","locationUseClassDescFr":"Rassemblement","displayOrder":7},"eoSpecGroupName":"Gulls and Terns","subtypes":null,"inferredExtentDistance":null,"inferredExtentNotes":null,"minimumEoCriteria":"Evidence of flocks resting, roosting, and/or feeding young at a given location prior to breeding or after breeding has been completed. Staging may occur near the breeding site, preceding or following major migratory movements such as oceanic crossings, or it may occur after individuals have departed on migration, but before they have arrived at their final destination (a \"stopover\"). Staging may occur at sites also used for breeding, but often does not. Staging habitat may be ephemeral. For Common/Roseate Terns in Massachusetts, a minimum of 100 individuals in appropriate habitat is used.","mappingGuidance":null,"separationBarriers":null,"separationDistanceUnsuitableHabitatat":5.0,"separationDistanceSuitableHabitatat":5.0,"altSeparationProcedure":null,"separationJustification":"In Massachusetts, staging areas are separated somewhat arbitrarily, often by jurisdictional or property boundaries, as are nesting areas for coastal birds.","versionDate":"2017-01-10","versionAuthor":"Mostello, C. S.","versionNotes":null,"lastModified":"2020-04-30T02:05:56.849048Z"},{"eoSpecsDetailId":156347,"locationUseClass":{"id":15,"locationUseClassDescEn":"Adult foraging area","locationUseClassDescEs":"Zona de alimentación de adultos","locationUseClassDescFr":"Aire d’alimentation adulte","displayOrder":15},"eoSpecGroupName":"Gulls and Terns","subtypes":null,"inferredExtentDistance":null,"inferredExtentNotes":null,"minimumEoCriteria":"Applies to both adults and juveniles. Evidence of one or more individuals seeking food in suitable habitat. Evidence of prey capture is not a prerequisite, as importance of a given location for foraging may vary temporally with shifting prey.","mappingGuidance":null,"separationBarriers":null,"separationDistanceUnsuitableHabitatat":5.0,"separationDistanceSuitableHabitatat":5.0,"altSeparationProcedure":null,"separationJustification":"Scientific basis for assigning foraging separation distances is weak because terns are widespread across the Massachusetts coast and highly mobile. Most gaps in foraging observations likely reflect lack of survey effort.","versionDate":"2017-01-10","versionAuthor":"Mostello, C. S.","versionNotes":null,"lastModified":"2020-04-30T02:05:56.849048Z"}],"plantCharacteristics":null,"elementManagement":{"elementGlobalId":101840,"eoManagementGroupName":null,"stewardshipOverview":null,"impacts":null,"restorationPotential":null,"siteConservationPlansConsidered":null,"managementMethods":"Gull control has benefited this species in Maine (Buckley and Buckley 1984). See Minsky (1981) for discussion of tern management on Cape Cod.","monitoringMethods":"See Morris and Burness (1992) for information on a procedure for attaching a radio transmitter to a USFWS leg band (did not adversely affect parental behavior).","managementProgramContacts":null,"monitoringProgramContacts":null,"managementResearchPrograms":null,"managementResearchNeeds":null,"biologicalResearchNeeds":null,"additionalTopics":null},"occurrenceViabilities":[{"eoRankSpecsDetailId":103372,"eoRankSpecsGroupName":null,"locationUseClass":{"id":1,"locationUseClassDescEn":"Not applicable","locationUseClassDescEs":"No se aplica","locationUseClassDescFr":"Sans objet","displayOrder":1},"excellentViability":null,"goodViability":null,"fairViability":null,"poorViability":null,"viabilityJustification":"Use the Generic Guidelines for the Application of Occurrence Ranks (2008).<br>The Key for Ranking Species Occurrences Using the Generic Approach provides a step-wise process for implementing this method.","versionDate":null,"versionAuthor":null,"versionNotes":null,"lastModified":"2020-05-14T02:20:00.769713Z"}],"references":[{"id":133889,"citation":"Alberico, J. 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Breeding seabird populations in the Atlantic sector of the Iberian Peninsula. Pages 335-345 in Croxall et al., eds. Status and conservation of the world's seabirds. ICBP Tech. Pub. No. 2.","shortCitationAuthor":"Barcena et al.","shortCitationYear":1984,"referenceCode":"A84BAR04NAUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T18:11:59.475593Z"},{"id":119232,"citation":"Barrett, R. T., and W. Vader. 1990. The status and conservation of breeding seabirds in Norway. Pages 323-333 in Croxall et al., eds. Status and conservation of the world's seabirds. ICBP Tech. Pub. No. 2.","shortCitationAuthor":"Barrett and Vader","shortCitationYear":1990,"referenceCode":"A84BAR03NAUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T18:11:59.475593Z"},{"id":124410,"citation":"Bent, A.C. 1921. Life histories of North American gulls and terns. U.S. Natl. Mus. Bull. 113. 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