{"elementGlobalId":101769,"circumscripConfidence":{"id":1,"circumscripConfidenceDescEn":"1 - Strong","circumscripConfidenceDescEs":"1 - Fuerte","circumscripConfidenceDescFr":"1 – Forte"},"classificationLevel":{"id":7,"classificationLevelNameEn":"Species","classificationLevelNameEs":"Especies","classificationLevelNameFr":"Espèce"},"classificationStatus":{"id":1,"classificationStatusDescEn":"Standard","classificationStatusDescEs":"Estándar","classificationStatusDescFr":"Standard"},"iucn":{"id":11,"iucnDescEn":"Least concern","iucnDescEs":"Menos preocupante","iucnDescFr":"Moins préoccupante","iucnCode":"LC"},"nameCategory":{"id":1,"nameCategoryDescEn":"Vertebrate Animal","nameCategoryDescEs":"Animal vertebrado","nameCategoryDescFr":"Animal vertébré","nameTypeCd":"A","nameTypeDesc":"Zoological"},"rankMethodUsed":{"id":4,"rankMethodUsedDescEn":"Expertise without calculation","rankMethodUsedDescEs":null,"rankMethodUsedDescFr":null,"rankMethodUsedExternalDescEn":"Ranked by inspection","rankMethodUsedExternalDescEs":null,"rankMethodUsedExternalDescFr":null},"formattedScientificName":"<i>Riparia riparia</i>","scientificName":"Riparia riparia","scientificNameAuthor":"(Linnaeus, 1758)","primaryCommonName":"Bank Swallow","relatedItisNames":"<i>Riparia riparia</i> (Linnaeus, 1758) (TSN 178436)","uniqueId":"ELEMENT_GLOBAL.2.101769","elcode":"ABPAU08010","conceptRefFullCitation":"American Ornithological Society (AOS). Chesser, R. T., S. M. Billerman, K. J. Burns, C. Cicero, J. L. Dunn, B. E. Hernández-Baños, R. A. Jiménez, O. Johnson, N. A. Mason, and P. C. Rasmussen. 2025. Sixty-sixth Supplement to the American Ornithological Society’s Check-list of North American Birds. Ornithology 142:1-19.","conceptName":"<i>Riparia riparia</i>","taxonomicComments":"Known in Old World literature as Sand Martin or Collared Sand Martin. Formerly (AOU 1983, 1998) considered conspecific with <i>Riparia diluta</i> (Sharpe and Wyatt, 1893) [Pale Martin], but separated based on sympatry without observational or genomic evidence of interbreeding (Pavlova et al. 2008, Sangster et al. 2011, Schweizer et al. 2018, Tang et al. 2022) (AOS 2025).","roundedGRank":"G5","conservationStatusFactorsEditionDate":"2014-10-06","conservationStatusFactorsEditionAuthors":"Hammerson, G., edited by Jue, Dean K.","primaryCommonNameLanguage":"EN","recordType":"SPECIES","elementNationals":[{"elementNationalId":162929,"classifConfidence":null,"nation":{"id":225,"nameEn":"United States","nameEs":"Estados Unidos","nameFr":"États-Unis","isoCode":"US","region":"United States"},"roundedNRank":"N5B","elementSubnationals":[{"elementSubnationalId":301506,"subnation":{"id":1,"nameEn":"Alaska","nameEs":"Alaska","nameFr":"Alaska","subnationCode":"AK","dnationId":225},"roundedSRank":"S5B","dataSensitive":{"id":2,"dataSensitiveDescEn":"No","dataSensitiveDescEs":null,"dataSensitiveDescFr":null,"dataSensitiveCode":"N"},"dataSensitiveCategory":null,"srank":"S5B","speciesSubnational":{"elementSubnationalId":301506,"hybrid":false,"exotic":false,"native":true}},{"elementSubnationalId":301089,"subnation":{"id":14,"nameEn":"Georgia","nameEs":"Georgia","nameFr":"Géorgie","subnationCode":"GA","dnationId":225},"roundedSRank":"S3","dataSensitive":{"id":2,"dataSensitiveDescEn":"No","dataSensitiveDescEs":null,"dataSensitiveDescFr":null,"dataSensitiveCode":"N"},"dataSensitiveCategory":null,"srank":"S3S4","speciesSubnational":{"elementSubnationalId":301089,"hybrid":false,"exotic":false,"native":true}},{"elementSubnationalId":367822,"subnation":{"id":34,"nameEn":"North Carolina","nameEs":"Carolina del Norte","nameFr":"Caroline du Nord","subnationCode":"NC","dnationId":225},"roundedSRank":"S1B","dataSensitive":{"id":2,"dataSensitiveDescEn":"No","dataSensitiveDescEs":null,"dataSensitiveDescFr":null,"dataSensitiveCode":"N"},"dataSensitiveCategory":null,"srank":"S1B","speciesSubnational":{"elementSubnationalId":367822,"hybrid":false,"exotic":false,"native":true}},{"elementSubnationalId":302580,"subnation":{"id":88,"nameEn":"Navajo Nation","nameEs":"La Nación Navajo","nameFr":"Nation Navajo","subnationCode":"NN","dnationId":225},"roundedSRank":"SNA","dataSensitive":{"id":2,"dataSensitiveDescEn":"No","dataSensitiveDescEs":null,"dataSensitiveDescFr":null,"dataSensitiveCode":"N"},"dataSensitiveCategory":null,"srank":"SNA","speciesSubnational":{"elementSubnationalId":302580,"hybrid":false,"exotic":false,"native":true}},{"elementSubnationalId":403809,"subnation":{"id":9,"nameEn":"Connecticut","nameEs":"Connecticut","nameFr":"Connecticut","subnationCode":"CT","dnationId":225},"roundedSRank":"S5B","dataSensitive":{"id":2,"dataSensitiveDescEn":"No","dataSensitiveDescEs":null,"dataSensitiveDescFr":null,"dataSensitiveCode":"N"},"dataSensitiveCategory":null,"srank":"S5B","speciesSubnational":{"elementSubnationalId":403809,"hybrid":false,"exotic":false,"native":true}},{"elementSubnationalId":290291,"subnation":{"id":8,"nameEn":"Colorado","nameEs":"Colorado","nameFr":"Colorado","subnationCode":"CO","dnationId":225},"roundedSRank":"S5","dataSensitive":{"id":2,"dataSensitiveDescEn":"No","dataSensitiveDescEs":null,"dataSensitiveDescFr":null,"dataSensitiveCode":"N"},"dataSensitiveCategory":null,"srank":"S5","speciesSubnational":{"elementSubnationalId":290291,"hybrid":false,"exotic":false,"native":true}},{"elementSubnationalId":393371,"subnation":{"id":18,"nameEn":"Idaho","nameEs":"Idaho","nameFr":"Idaho","subnationCode":"ID","dnationId":225},"roundedSRank":"S4B","dataSensitive":{"id":2,"dataSensitiveDescEn":"No","dataSensitiveDescEs":null,"dataSensitiveDescFr":null,"dataSensitiveCode":"N"},"dataSensitiveCategory":null,"srank":"S4B","speciesSubnational":{"elementSubnationalId":393371,"hybrid":false,"exotic":false,"native":true}},{"elementSubnationalId":317997,"subnation":{"id":44,"nameEn":"Oregon","nameEs":"Oregón","nameFr":"Oregon","subnationCode":"OR","dnationId":225},"roundedSRank":"S5B","dataSensitive":{"id":2,"dataSensitiveDescEn":"No","dataSensitiveDescEs":null,"dataSensitiveDescFr":null,"dataSensitiveCode":"N"},"dataSensitiveCategory":null,"srank":"S5B","speciesSubnational":{"elementSubnationalId":317997,"hybrid":false,"exotic":false,"native":true}},{"elementSubnationalId":320031,"subnation":{"id":38,"nameEn":"New Jersey","nameEs":"Nueva Jersey","nameFr":"New Jersey","subnationCode":"NJ","dnationId":225},"roundedSRank":"S3B,S3N","dataSensitive":{"id":2,"dataSensitiveDescEn":"No","dataSensitiveDescEs":null,"dataSensitiveDescFr":null,"dataSensitiveCode":"N"},"dataSensitiveCategory":null,"srank":"S3B,S3N","speciesSubnational":{"elementSubnationalId":320031,"hybrid":false,"exotic":false,"native":true}},{"elementSubnationalId":331450,"subnation":{"id":25,"nameEn":"Maryland","nameEs":"Maryland","nameFr":"Maryland","subnationCode":"MD","dnationId":225},"roundedSRank":"S3B","dataSensitive":{"id":2,"dataSensitiveDescEn":"No","dataSensitiveDescEs":null,"dataSensitiveDescFr":null,"dataSensitiveCode":"N"},"dataSensitiveCategory":null,"srank":"S3B","speciesSubnational":{"elementSubnationalId":331450,"hybrid":false,"exotic":false,"native":true}},{"elementSubnationalId":335630,"subnation":{"id":7,"nameEn":"California","nameEs":"California","nameFr":"Californie","subnationCode":"CA","dnationId":225},"roundedSRank":"S3","dataSensitive":{"id":2,"dataSensitiveDescEn":"No","dataSensitiveDescEs":null,"dataSensitiveDescFr":null,"dataSensitiveCode":"N"},"dataSensitiveCategory":null,"srank":"S3","speciesSubnational":{"elementSubnationalId":335630,"hybrid":false,"exotic":false,"native":true}},{"elementSubnationalId":317634,"subnation":{"id":35,"nameEn":"North Dakota","nameEs":"Dakota del Norte","nameFr":"Dakota du Nord","subnationCode":"ND","dnationId":225},"roundedSRank":"SNRB","dataSensitive":{"id":2,"dataSensitiveDescEn":"No","dataSensitiveDescEs":null,"dataSensitiveDescFr":null,"dataSensitiveCode":"N"},"dataSensitiveCategory":null,"srank":"SNRB","speciesSubnational":{"elementSubnationalId":317634,"hybrid":false,"exotic":false,"native":true}},{"elementSubnationalId":309472,"subnation":{"id":37,"nameEn":"New Hampshire","nameEs":"New Hampshire","nameFr":"New Hampshire","subnationCode":"NH","dnationId":225},"roundedSRank":"S3B","dataSensitive":{"id":2,"dataSensitiveDescEn":"No","dataSensitiveDescEs":null,"dataSensitiveDescFr":null,"dataSensitiveCode":"N"},"dataSensitiveCategory":null,"srank":"S3B","speciesSubnational":{"elementSubnationalId":309472,"hybrid":false,"exotic":false,"native":true}},{"elementSubnationalId":361047,"subnation":{"id":19,"nameEn":"Illinois","nameEs":"Illinois","nameFr":"Illinois","subnationCode":"IL","dnationId":225},"roundedSRank":"S5","dataSensitive":{"id":2,"dataSensitiveDescEn":"No","dataSensitiveDescEs":null,"dataSensitiveDescFr":null,"dataSensitiveCode":"N"},"dataSensitiveCategory":null,"srank":"S5","speciesSubnational":{"elementSubnationalId":361047,"hybrid":false,"exotic":false,"native":true}},{"elementSubnationalId":359124,"subnation":{"id":57,"nameEn":"Wisconsin","nameEs":"Wisconsin","nameFr":"Wisconsin","subnationCode":"WI","dnationId":225},"roundedSRank":"S3B","dataSensitive":{"id":2,"dataSensitiveDescEn":"No","dataSensitiveDescEs":null,"dataSensitiveDescFr":null,"dataSensitiveCode":"N"},"dataSensitiveCategory":null,"srank":"S3B","speciesSubnational":{"elementSubnationalId":359124,"hybrid":false,"exotic":false,"native":true}},{"elementSubnationalId":364443,"subnation":{"id":12,"nameEn":"Florida","nameEs":"Florida","nameFr":"Floride","subnationCode":"FL","dnationId":225},"roundedSRank":"SNA","dataSensitive":{"id":2,"dataSensitiveDescEn":"No","dataSensitiveDescEs":null,"dataSensitiveDescFr":null,"dataSensitiveCode":"N"},"dataSensitiveCategory":null,"srank":"SNA","speciesSubnational":{"elementSubnationalId":364443,"hybrid":false,"exotic":false,"native":true}},{"elementSubnationalId":306506,"subnation":{"id":42,"nameEn":"Ohio","nameEs":"Ohio","nameFr":"Ohio","subnationCode":"OH","dnationId":225},"roundedSRank":"S4","dataSensitive":{"id":2,"dataSensitiveDescEn":"No","dataSensitiveDescEs":null,"dataSensitiveDescFr":null,"dataSensitiveCode":"N"},"dataSensitiveCategory":null,"srank":"S4","speciesSubnational":{"elementSubnationalId":306506,"hybrid":false,"exotic":false,"native":true}},{"elementSubnationalId":275322,"subnation":{"id":50,"nameEn":"Tennessee","nameEs":"Tennessee","nameFr":"Tennessee","subnationCode":"TN","dnationId":225},"roundedSRank":"S3","dataSensitive":{"id":2,"dataSensitiveDescEn":"No","dataSensitiveDescEs":null,"dataSensitiveDescFr":null,"dataSensitiveCode":"N"},"dataSensitiveCategory":null,"srank":"S3","speciesSubnational":{"elementSubnationalId":275322,"hybrid":false,"exotic":false,"native":true}},{"elementSubnationalId":329931,"subnation":{"id":17,"nameEn":"Iowa","nameEs":"Iowa","nameFr":"Iowa","subnationCode":"IA","dnationId":225},"roundedSRank":"S5B,S5N","dataSensitive":{"id":2,"dataSensitiveDescEn":"No","dataSensitiveDescEs":null,"dataSensitiveDescFr":null,"dataSensitiveCode":"N"},"dataSensitiveCategory":null,"srank":"S5B,S5N","speciesSubnational":{"elementSubnationalId":329931,"hybrid":false,"exotic":false,"native":true}},{"elementSubnationalId":320017,"subnation":{"id":32,"nameEn":"Mississippi","nameEs":"Mississippi","nameFr":"Mississippi","subnationCode":"MS","dnationId":225},"roundedSRank":"S1B","dataSensitive":{"id":2,"dataSensitiveDescEn":"No","dataSensitiveDescEs":null,"dataSensitiveDescFr":null,"dataSensitiveCode":"N"},"dataSensitiveCategory":null,"srank":"S1?B","speciesSubnational":{"elementSubnationalId":320017,"hybrid":false,"exotic":false,"native":true}},{"elementSubnationalId":311101,"subnation":{"id":21,"nameEn":"Kansas","nameEs":"Kansas","nameFr":"Kansas","subnationCode":"KS","dnationId":225},"roundedSRank":"S3B","dataSensitive":{"id":2,"dataSensitiveDescEn":"No","dataSensitiveDescEs":null,"dataSensitiveDescFr":null,"dataSensitiveCode":"N"},"dataSensitiveCategory":null,"srank":"S3B","speciesSubnational":{"elementSubnationalId":311101,"hybrid":false,"exotic":false,"native":true}},{"elementSubnationalId":366935,"subnation":{"id":45,"nameEn":"Pennsylvania","nameEs":"Pennsylvania","nameFr":"Pennsylvanie","subnationCode":"PA","dnationId":225},"roundedSRank":"S3B,S5M","dataSensitive":{"id":2,"dataSensitiveDescEn":"No","dataSensitiveDescEs":null,"dataSensitiveDescFr":null,"dataSensitiveCode":"N"},"dataSensitiveCategory":null,"srank":"S3B,S5M","speciesSubnational":{"elementSubnationalId":366935,"hybrid":false,"exotic":false,"native":true}},{"elementSubnationalId":340645,"subnation":{"id":59,"nameEn":"Wyoming","nameEs":"Wyoming","nameFr":"Wyoming","subnationCode":"WY","dnationId":225},"roundedSRank":"S5B","dataSensitive":{"id":2,"dataSensitiveDescEn":"No","dataSensitiveDescEs":null,"dataSensitiveDescFr":null,"dataSensitiveCode":"N"},"dataSensitiveCategory":null,"srank":"S5B","speciesSubnational":{"elementSubnationalId":340645,"hybrid":false,"exotic":false,"native":true}},{"elementSubnationalId":337601,"subnation":{"id":33,"nameEn":"Montana","nameEs":"Montana","nameFr":"Montana","subnationCode":"MT","dnationId":225},"roundedSRank":"S5B","dataSensitive":{"id":2,"dataSensitiveDescEn":"No","dataSensitiveDescEs":null,"dataSensitiveDescFr":null,"dataSensitiveCode":"N"},"dataSensitiveCategory":null,"srank":"S5B","speciesSubnational":{"elementSubnationalId":337601,"hybrid":false,"exotic":false,"native":true}},{"elementSubnationalId":273393,"subnation":{"id":6,"nameEn":"Arizona","nameEs":"Arizona","nameFr":"Arizona","subnationCode":"AZ","dnationId":225},"roundedSRank":"S4M","dataSensitive":{"id":2,"dataSensitiveDescEn":"No","dataSensitiveDescEs":null,"dataSensitiveDescFr":null,"dataSensitiveCode":"N"},"dataSensitiveCategory":null,"srank":"S4M","speciesSubnational":{"elementSubnationalId":273393,"hybrid":false,"exotic":false,"native":true}},{"elementSubnationalId":386816,"subnation":{"id":26,"nameEn":"Maine","nameEs":"Maine","nameFr":"Maine","subnationCode":"ME","dnationId":225},"roundedSRank":"S3B","dataSensitive":{"id":2,"dataSensitiveDescEn":"No","dataSensitiveDescEs":null,"dataSensitiveDescFr":null,"dataSensitiveCode":"N"},"dataSensitiveCategory":null,"srank":"S3B","speciesSubnational":{"elementSubnationalId":386816,"hybrid":false,"exotic":false,"native":true}},{"elementSubnationalId":311090,"subnation":{"id":24,"nameEn":"Massachusetts","nameEs":"Massachusetts","nameFr":"Massachusetts","subnationCode":"MA","dnationId":225},"roundedSRank":"S5","dataSensitive":{"id":2,"dataSensitiveDescEn":"No","dataSensitiveDescEs":null,"dataSensitiveDescFr":null,"dataSensitiveCode":"N"},"dataSensitiveCategory":null,"srank":"S5","speciesSubnational":{"elementSubnationalId":311090,"hybrid":false,"exotic":false,"native":true}},{"elementSubnationalId":404439,"subnation":{"id":4,"nameEn":"Arkansas","nameEs":"Arkansas","nameFr":"Arkansas","subnationCode":"AR","dnationId":225},"roundedSRank":"S3B","dataSensitive":{"id":2,"dataSensitiveDescEn":"No","dataSensitiveDescEs":null,"dataSensitiveDescFr":null,"dataSensitiveCode":"N"},"dataSensitiveCategory":null,"srank":"S3B","speciesSubnational":{"elementSubnationalId":404439,"hybrid":false,"exotic":false,"native":true}},{"elementSubnationalId":391984,"subnation":{"id":39,"nameEn":"New Mexico","nameEs":"Nuevo México","nameFr":"Nouveau-Mexique","subnationCode":"NM","dnationId":225},"roundedSRank":"S1B,S4M","dataSensitive":{"id":2,"dataSensitiveDescEn":"No","dataSensitiveDescEs":null,"dataSensitiveDescFr":null,"dataSensitiveCode":"N"},"dataSensitiveCategory":null,"srank":"S1B,S4M","speciesSubnational":{"elementSubnationalId":391984,"hybrid":false,"exotic":false,"native":true}},{"elementSubnationalId":318877,"subnation":{"id":58,"nameEn":"West Virginia","nameEs":"Virginia Occidental","nameFr":"Virginie-Occidentale","subnationCode":"WV","dnationId":225},"roundedSRank":"S2B","dataSensitive":{"id":2,"dataSensitiveDescEn":"No","dataSensitiveDescEs":null,"dataSensitiveDescFr":null,"dataSensitiveCode":"N"},"dataSensitiveCategory":null,"srank":"S2B","speciesSubnational":{"elementSubnationalId":318877,"hybrid":false,"exotic":false,"native":true}},{"elementSubnationalId":292082,"subnation":{"id":20,"nameEn":"Indiana","nameEs":"Indiana","nameFr":"Indiana","subnationCode":"IN","dnationId":225},"roundedSRank":"S4B","dataSensitive":{"id":2,"dataSensitiveDescEn":"No","dataSensitiveDescEs":null,"dataSensitiveDescFr":null,"dataSensitiveCode":"N"},"dataSensitiveCategory":null,"srank":"S4B","speciesSubnational":{"elementSubnationalId":292082,"hybrid":false,"exotic":false,"native":true}},{"elementSubnationalId":397578,"subnation":{"id":56,"nameEn":"Washington","nameEs":"Washington","nameFr":"Washington","subnationCode":"WA","dnationId":225},"roundedSRank":"S4B","dataSensitive":{"id":2,"dataSensitiveDescEn":"No","dataSensitiveDescEs":null,"dataSensitiveDescFr":null,"dataSensitiveCode":"N"},"dataSensitiveCategory":null,"srank":"S4B","speciesSubnational":{"elementSubnationalId":397578,"hybrid":false,"exotic":false,"native":true}},{"elementSubnationalId":279387,"subnation":{"id":28,"nameEn":"Michigan","nameEs":"Michigan","nameFr":"Michigan","subnationCode":"MI","dnationId":225},"roundedSRank":"S5","dataSensitive":{"id":2,"dataSensitiveDescEn":"No","dataSensitiveDescEs":null,"dataSensitiveDescFr":null,"dataSensitiveCode":"N"},"dataSensitiveCategory":null,"srank":"S5","speciesSubnational":{"elementSubnationalId":279387,"hybrid":false,"exotic":false,"native":true}},{"elementSubnationalId":378948,"subnation":{"id":2,"nameEn":"Alabama","nameEs":"Alabama","nameFr":"Alabama","subnationCode":"AL","dnationId":225},"roundedSRank":"SHB","dataSensitive":{"id":2,"dataSensitiveDescEn":"No","dataSensitiveDescEs":null,"dataSensitiveDescFr":null,"dataSensitiveCode":"N"},"dataSensitiveCategory":null,"srank":"SHB","speciesSubnational":{"elementSubnationalId":378948,"hybrid":false,"exotic":false,"native":true}},{"elementSubnationalId":409640,"subnation":{"id":52,"nameEn":"Utah","nameEs":"Utah","nameFr":"Utah","subnationCode":"UT","dnationId":225},"roundedSRank":"S3","dataSensitive":{"id":2,"dataSensitiveDescEn":"No","dataSensitiveDescEs":null,"dataSensitiveDescFr":null,"dataSensitiveCode":"N"},"dataSensitiveCategory":null,"srank":"S3","speciesSubnational":{"elementSubnationalId":409640,"hybrid":false,"exotic":false,"native":true}},{"elementSubnationalId":366462,"subnation":{"id":53,"nameEn":"Virginia","nameEs":"Virginia","nameFr":"Virginie","subnationCode":"VA","dnationId":225},"roundedSRank":"S3B","dataSensitive":{"id":2,"dataSensitiveDescEn":"No","dataSensitiveDescEs":null,"dataSensitiveDescFr":null,"dataSensitiveCode":"N"},"dataSensitiveCategory":null,"srank":"S3B","speciesSubnational":{"elementSubnationalId":366462,"hybrid":false,"exotic":false,"native":true}},{"elementSubnationalId":352521,"subnation":{"id":29,"nameEn":"Minnesota","nameEs":"Minnesota","nameFr":"Minnesota","subnationCode":"MN","dnationId":225},"roundedSRank":"SNRB","dataSensitive":{"id":2,"dataSensitiveDescEn":"No","dataSensitiveDescEs":null,"dataSensitiveDescFr":null,"dataSensitiveCode":"N"},"dataSensitiveCategory":null,"srank":"SNRB","speciesSubnational":{"elementSubnationalId":352521,"hybrid":false,"exotic":false,"native":true}},{"elementSubnationalId":353649,"subnation":{"id":22,"nameEn":"Kentucky","nameEs":"Kentucky","nameFr":"Kentucky","subnationCode":"KY","dnationId":225},"roundedSRank":"S3B","dataSensitive":{"id":2,"dataSensitiveDescEn":"No","dataSensitiveDescEs":null,"dataSensitiveDescFr":null,"dataSensitiveCode":"N"},"dataSensitiveCategory":null,"srank":"S3B","speciesSubnational":{"elementSubnationalId":353649,"hybrid":false,"exotic":false,"native":true}},{"elementSubnationalId":343851,"subnation":{"id":10,"nameEn":"District of Columbia","nameEs":"Distrito de Columbia","nameFr":"District de Columbia","subnationCode":"DC","dnationId":225},"roundedSRank":"S3N","dataSensitive":{"id":2,"dataSensitiveDescEn":"No","dataSensitiveDescEs":null,"dataSensitiveDescFr":null,"dataSensitiveCode":"N"},"dataSensitiveCategory":null,"srank":"S3N","speciesSubnational":{"elementSubnationalId":343851,"hybrid":false,"exotic":false,"native":true}},{"elementSubnationalId":291361,"subnation":{"id":48,"nameEn":"South Carolina","nameEs":"Carolina del Sur","nameFr":"Caroline du Sud","subnationCode":"SC","dnationId":225},"roundedSRank":"S3","dataSensitive":{"id":2,"dataSensitiveDescEn":"No","dataSensitiveDescEs":null,"dataSensitiveDescFr":null,"dataSensitiveCode":"N"},"dataSensitiveCategory":null,"srank":"S3","speciesSubnational":{"elementSubnationalId":291361,"hybrid":false,"exotic":false,"native":true}},{"elementSubnationalId":328094,"subnation":{"id":49,"nameEn":"South Dakota","nameEs":"Dakota del Sur","nameFr":"Dakota du Sud","subnationCode":"SD","dnationId":225},"roundedSRank":"S3B","dataSensitive":{"id":2,"dataSensitiveDescEn":"No","dataSensitiveDescEs":null,"dataSensitiveDescFr":null,"dataSensitiveCode":"N"},"dataSensitiveCategory":null,"srank":"S3B","speciesSubnational":{"elementSubnationalId":328094,"hybrid":false,"exotic":false,"native":true}},{"elementSubnationalId":266921,"subnation":{"id":11,"nameEn":"Delaware","nameEs":"Delaware","nameFr":"Delaware","subnationCode":"DE","dnationId":225},"roundedSRank":"S1B","dataSensitive":{"id":2,"dataSensitiveDescEn":"No","dataSensitiveDescEs":null,"dataSensitiveDescFr":null,"dataSensitiveCode":"N"},"dataSensitiveCategory":null,"srank":"S1B","speciesSubnational":{"elementSubnationalId":266921,"hybrid":false,"exotic":false,"native":true}},{"elementSubnationalId":370801,"subnation":{"id":40,"nameEn":"Nevada","nameEs":"Nevada","nameFr":"Nevada","subnationCode":"NV","dnationId":225},"roundedSRank":"S2B","dataSensitive":{"id":2,"dataSensitiveDescEn":"No","dataSensitiveDescEs":null,"dataSensitiveDescFr":null,"dataSensitiveCode":"N"},"dataSensitiveCategory":null,"srank":"S2B","speciesSubnational":{"elementSubnationalId":370801,"hybrid":false,"exotic":false,"native":true}},{"elementSubnationalId":402102,"subnation":{"id":55,"nameEn":"Vermont","nameEs":"Vermont","nameFr":"Vermont","subnationCode":"VT","dnationId":225},"roundedSRank":"S4B","dataSensitive":{"id":2,"dataSensitiveDescEn":"No","dataSensitiveDescEs":null,"dataSensitiveDescFr":null,"dataSensitiveCode":"N"},"dataSensitiveCategory":null,"srank":"S4B","speciesSubnational":{"elementSubnationalId":402102,"hybrid":false,"exotic":false,"native":true}},{"elementSubnationalId":384555,"subnation":{"id":30,"nameEn":"Missouri","nameEs":"Missouri","nameFr":"Missouri","subnationCode":"MO","dnationId":225},"roundedSRank":"SNRB","dataSensitive":{"id":2,"dataSensitiveDescEn":"No","dataSensitiveDescEs":null,"dataSensitiveDescFr":null,"dataSensitiveCode":"N"},"dataSensitiveCategory":null,"srank":"SNRB","speciesSubnational":{"elementSubnationalId":384555,"hybrid":false,"exotic":false,"native":true}},{"elementSubnationalId":404472,"subnation":{"id":47,"nameEn":"Rhode Island","nameEs":"Rhode Island","nameFr":"Rhode Island","subnationCode":"RI","dnationId":225},"roundedSRank":"S3B","dataSensitive":{"id":2,"dataSensitiveDescEn":"No","dataSensitiveDescEs":null,"dataSensitiveDescFr":null,"dataSensitiveCode":"N"},"dataSensitiveCategory":null,"srank":"S3B","speciesSubnational":{"elementSubnationalId":404472,"hybrid":false,"exotic":false,"native":true}},{"elementSubnationalId":306204,"subnation":{"id":23,"nameEn":"Louisiana","nameEs":"Louisiana","nameFr":"Louisiane","subnationCode":"LA","dnationId":225},"roundedSRank":"SNA","dataSensitive":{"id":2,"dataSensitiveDescEn":"No","dataSensitiveDescEs":null,"dataSensitiveDescFr":null,"dataSensitiveCode":"N"},"dataSensitiveCategory":null,"srank":"SNA","speciesSubnational":{"elementSubnationalId":306204,"hybrid":false,"exotic":false,"native":true}},{"elementSubnationalId":273087,"subnation":{"id":51,"nameEn":"Texas","nameEs":"Texas","nameFr":"Texas","subnationCode":"TX","dnationId":225},"roundedSRank":"S2B,S4N","dataSensitive":{"id":2,"dataSensitiveDescEn":"No","dataSensitiveDescEs":null,"dataSensitiveDescFr":null,"dataSensitiveCode":"N"},"dataSensitiveCategory":null,"srank":"S2B,S4N","speciesSubnational":{"elementSubnationalId":273087,"hybrid":false,"exotic":false,"native":true}},{"elementSubnationalId":352497,"subnation":{"id":36,"nameEn":"Nebraska","nameEs":"Nebraska","nameFr":"Nebraska","subnationCode":"NE","dnationId":225},"roundedSRank":"S5","dataSensitive":{"id":3,"dataSensitiveDescEn":"Conditional","dataSensitiveDescEs":null,"dataSensitiveDescFr":null,"dataSensitiveCode":"C"},"dataSensitiveCategory":null,"srank":"S5","speciesSubnational":{"elementSubnationalId":352497,"hybrid":false,"exotic":false,"native":true}},{"elementSubnationalId":378950,"subnation":{"id":41,"nameEn":"New York","nameEs":"Nueva York","nameFr":"New York","subnationCode":"NY","dnationId":225},"roundedSRank":"S5B","dataSensitive":{"id":2,"dataSensitiveDescEn":"No","dataSensitiveDescEs":null,"dataSensitiveDescFr":null,"dataSensitiveCode":"N"},"dataSensitiveCategory":null,"srank":"S5B","speciesSubnational":{"elementSubnationalId":378950,"hybrid":false,"exotic":false,"native":true}},{"elementSubnationalId":352527,"subnation":{"id":43,"nameEn":"Oklahoma","nameEs":"Oklahoma","nameFr":"Oklahoma","subnationCode":"OK","dnationId":225},"roundedSRank":"S2B","dataSensitive":{"id":2,"dataSensitiveDescEn":"No","dataSensitiveDescEs":null,"dataSensitiveDescFr":null,"dataSensitiveCode":"N"},"dataSensitiveCategory":null,"srank":"S2B","speciesSubnational":{"elementSubnationalId":352527,"hybrid":false,"exotic":false,"native":true}}],"nrankReviewYear":1997,"nrank":"N5B","speciesNational":{"elementNationalId":162929,"exotic":false,"native":true}},{"elementNationalId":168330,"classifConfidence":null,"nation":{"id":38,"nameEn":"Canada","nameEs":"Canadá","nameFr":"Canada","isoCode":"CA","region":"Canada"},"roundedNRank":"N4B,N5M","elementSubnationals":[{"elementSubnationalId":328511,"subnation":{"id":62,"nameEn":"Manitoba","nameEs":"Manitoba","nameFr":"Manitoba","subnationCode":"MB","dnationId":38},"roundedSRank":"S4B","dataSensitive":{"id":2,"dataSensitiveDescEn":"No","dataSensitiveDescEs":null,"dataSensitiveDescFr":null,"dataSensitiveCode":"N"},"dataSensitiveCategory":null,"srank":"S4B","speciesSubnational":{"elementSubnationalId":328511,"hybrid":false,"exotic":false,"native":true}},{"elementSubnationalId":352010,"subnation":{"id":63,"nameEn":"New Brunswick","nameEs":"New Brunswick","nameFr":"Nouveau-Brunswick","subnationCode":"NB","dnationId":38},"roundedSRank":"S2B","dataSensitive":{"id":2,"dataSensitiveDescEn":"No","dataSensitiveDescEs":null,"dataSensitiveDescFr":null,"dataSensitiveCode":"N"},"dataSensitiveCategory":null,"srank":"S2B","speciesSubnational":{"elementSubnationalId":352010,"hybrid":false,"exotic":false,"native":true}},{"elementSubnationalId":335583,"subnation":{"id":68,"nameEn":"Prince Edward Island","nameEs":"Isla del Príncipe Eduardo","nameFr":"Île-du-Prince-Édouard","subnationCode":"PE","dnationId":38},"roundedSRank":"S2B","dataSensitive":{"id":2,"dataSensitiveDescEn":"No","dataSensitiveDescEs":null,"dataSensitiveDescFr":null,"dataSensitiveCode":"N"},"dataSensitiveCategory":null,"srank":"S2S3B","speciesSubnational":{"elementSubnationalId":335583,"hybrid":false,"exotic":false,"native":true}},{"elementSubnationalId":274984,"subnation":{"id":65,"nameEn":"Northwest Territories","nameEs":"Territorios del Noroeste","nameFr":"Territoires du Nord-Ouest","subnationCode":"NT","dnationId":38},"roundedSRank":"S2","dataSensitive":{"id":2,"dataSensitiveDescEn":"No","dataSensitiveDescEs":null,"dataSensitiveDescFr":null,"dataSensitiveCode":"N"},"dataSensitiveCategory":null,"srank":"S2","speciesSubnational":{"elementSubnationalId":274984,"hybrid":false,"exotic":false,"native":true}},{"elementSubnationalId":334345,"subnation":{"id":60,"nameEn":"Alberta","nameEs":"Alberta","nameFr":"Alberta","subnationCode":"AB","dnationId":38},"roundedSRank":"S4B","dataSensitive":{"id":1,"dataSensitiveDescEn":"Yes","dataSensitiveDescEs":null,"dataSensitiveDescFr":null,"dataSensitiveCode":"Y"},"dataSensitiveCategory":{"id":2,"dataSensitiveCategoryDescEn":"Proprietary Data","dataSensitiveCategoryDescEs":null,"dataSensitiveCategoryDescFr":null,"nsStandardInd":true},"srank":"S4B","speciesSubnational":{"elementSubnationalId":334345,"hybrid":false,"exotic":false,"native":true}},{"elementSubnationalId":372661,"subnation":{"id":92,"nameEn":"Island of Newfoundland","nameEs":"Isla de Terranova","nameFr":"Île de Terre­Neuve","subnationCode":"NF","dnationId":38},"roundedSRank":"S1B,SUM","dataSensitive":{"id":2,"dataSensitiveDescEn":"No","dataSensitiveDescEs":null,"dataSensitiveDescFr":null,"dataSensitiveCode":"N"},"dataSensitiveCategory":null,"srank":"S1S2B,SUM","speciesSubnational":{"elementSubnationalId":372661,"hybrid":false,"exotic":false,"native":true}},{"elementSubnationalId":348087,"subnation":{"id":93,"nameEn":"Yukon Territory","nameEs":"Territorio del Yukón","nameFr":"Territoire du Yukon","subnationCode":"YT","dnationId":38},"roundedSRank":"S3B","dataSensitive":{"id":2,"dataSensitiveDescEn":"No","dataSensitiveDescEs":null,"dataSensitiveDescFr":null,"dataSensitiveCode":"N"},"dataSensitiveCategory":null,"srank":"S3S4B","speciesSubnational":{"elementSubnationalId":348087,"hybrid":false,"exotic":false,"native":true}},{"elementSubnationalId":961113,"subnation":{"id":227,"nameEn":"Nunavut","nameEs":"Nunavut","nameFr":"Nunavut","subnationCode":"NU","dnationId":38},"roundedSRank":"SUB","dataSensitive":{"id":2,"dataSensitiveDescEn":"No","dataSensitiveDescEs":null,"dataSensitiveDescFr":null,"dataSensitiveCode":"N"},"dataSensitiveCategory":null,"srank":"SUB","speciesSubnational":{"elementSubnationalId":961113,"hybrid":false,"exotic":false,"native":true}},{"elementSubnationalId":270864,"subnation":{"id":69,"nameEn":"Quebec","nameEs":"Quebec","nameFr":"Québec","subnationCode":"QC","dnationId":38},"roundedSRank":"S2B","dataSensitive":{"id":2,"dataSensitiveDescEn":"No","dataSensitiveDescEs":null,"dataSensitiveDescFr":null,"dataSensitiveCode":"N"},"dataSensitiveCategory":null,"srank":"S2S3B","speciesSubnational":{"elementSubnationalId":270864,"hybrid":false,"exotic":false,"native":true}},{"elementSubnationalId":397813,"subnation":{"id":66,"nameEn":"Nova Scotia","nameEs":"Nueva Escocia","nameFr":"Nouvelle-Écosse","subnationCode":"NS","dnationId":38},"roundedSRank":"S2B","dataSensitive":{"id":2,"dataSensitiveDescEn":"No","dataSensitiveDescEs":null,"dataSensitiveDescFr":null,"dataSensitiveCode":"N"},"dataSensitiveCategory":null,"srank":"S2B","speciesSubnational":{"elementSubnationalId":397813,"hybrid":false,"exotic":false,"native":true}},{"elementSubnationalId":343341,"subnation":{"id":70,"nameEn":"Saskatchewan","nameEs":"Saskatchewan","nameFr":"Saskatchewan","subnationCode":"SK","dnationId":38},"roundedSRank":"S4B,S5M","dataSensitive":{"id":2,"dataSensitiveDescEn":"No","dataSensitiveDescEs":null,"dataSensitiveDescFr":null,"dataSensitiveCode":"N"},"dataSensitiveCategory":null,"srank":"S4B,S5M","speciesSubnational":{"elementSubnationalId":343341,"hybrid":false,"exotic":false,"native":true}},{"elementSubnationalId":335585,"subnation":{"id":67,"nameEn":"Ontario","nameEs":"Ontario","nameFr":"Ontario","subnationCode":"ON","dnationId":38},"roundedSRank":"S4B","dataSensitive":{"id":2,"dataSensitiveDescEn":"No","dataSensitiveDescEs":null,"dataSensitiveDescFr":null,"dataSensitiveCode":"N"},"dataSensitiveCategory":null,"srank":"S4B","speciesSubnational":{"elementSubnationalId":335585,"hybrid":false,"exotic":false,"native":true}},{"elementSubnationalId":407031,"subnation":{"id":61,"nameEn":"British Columbia","nameEs":"Columbia Británica","nameFr":"Colombie-Britannique","subnationCode":"BC","dnationId":38},"roundedSRank":"S4B","dataSensitive":{"id":2,"dataSensitiveDescEn":"No","dataSensitiveDescEs":null,"dataSensitiveDescFr":null,"dataSensitiveCode":"N"},"dataSensitiveCategory":null,"srank":"S4?B","speciesSubnational":{"elementSubnationalId":407031,"hybrid":false,"exotic":false,"native":true}},{"elementSubnationalId":395641,"subnation":{"id":91,"nameEn":"Labrador","nameEs":"Labrador","nameFr":"Labrador","subnationCode":"LB","dnationId":38},"roundedSRank":"S2B,SUM","dataSensitive":{"id":2,"dataSensitiveDescEn":"No","dataSensitiveDescEs":null,"dataSensitiveDescFr":null,"dataSensitiveCode":"N"},"dataSensitiveCategory":null,"srank":"S2B,SUM","speciesSubnational":{"elementSubnationalId":395641,"hybrid":false,"exotic":false,"native":true}}],"nrankReviewYear":2024,"nrank":"N4B,N5M","speciesNational":{"elementNationalId":168330,"exotic":false,"native":true}}],"lastModified":"2026-10-02T21:37:04.516824Z","lastPublished":"2026-10-02T21:32:08.892226Z","promotionalDescription":null,"conceptLineageSummary":null,"nsxUrl":"/Taxon/ELEMENT_GLOBAL.2.101769/Riparia_riparia","grankAdjustmentReasons":null,"grankChangeDate":"1996-12-02","grankReviewDate":"2016-04-09","grankReasons":"Large nesting range in North America and Eurasia; large population size; many occurences; overall trend poorly known (BBS methods not well suited to this species), but this species does not appear to warrant significant range-wide conservation concern at this time.","grank":"G5","rankInfo":{"elementGlobalId":101769,"aooPercentGood":null,"enviromentalSpecificity":{"id":8,"enviromentalSpecificityDescEn":"Moderate.  Generalist or community with some key requirements scarce.","enviromentalSpecificityDescEs":"Moderado.  Generalista o comunidad con algunos requisitos claves escasos.","enviromentalSpecificityDescFr":"Modéré. Généralistes ou communautés répondant à certains critères clés sont rares."},"intrinsicVulnerability":{"id":6,"intrinsicVulnerabilityDescEn":"Not intrinsically vulnerable","intrinsicVulnerabilityDescEs":"No intrínsecamente vulnerable","intrinsicVulnerabilityDescFr":"Non intrinsèquement vulnérable"},"longTermTrend":{"id":46,"longTermTrendDescEn":"Unknown","longTermTrendDescEs":"Desconocido","longTermTrendDescFr":"Inconnu"},"numberEos":{"id":14,"numberEosDescEn":"81 to >300","numberEosDescEs":"De 81 a >300","numberEosDescFr":"De 81 à >300"},"numberGoodEos":{"id":20,"numberGoodEosDescEn":"Many to very many (41 to >125)","numberGoodEosDescEs":"Muchos a muy muchos (41 a >125)","numberGoodEosDescFr":"De plusieurs à beaucoup (de 41 à >125)"},"numberProtEos":{"id":15,"numberProtEosDescEn":"Very many (>40) occurrences appropriately protected and managed","numberProtEosDescEs":"Muchas ocurrencias (>40) protegidas y controladas adecuadamente","numberProtEosDescFr":"Beaucoup d’occurrences (>40) protégées et contrôlées convenablement"},"popSize":{"id":36,"popSizeDescEn":">1,000,000 individuals","popSizeDescEs":">1.000.000 de individuos","popSizeDescFr":">1 000 000 individus"},"rangeExtent":{"id":35,"rangeExtentDescEn":">2,500,000 square km (greater than 1,000,000 square miles)","rangeExtentDescEs":">2.500.000 kilómetros cuadrados (más ","rangeExtentDescFr":">2 500 000 km carrés (plus de 1 000 000 miles carrés)"},"shortTermTrend":{"id":46,"shortTermTrendDescEn":"Unknown","shortTermTrendDescEs":"Desconocido","shortTermTrendDescFr":"Inconnu"},"threatImpactAssigned":{"id":5,"threatImpactAssignedDescEn":"High","threatImpactAssignedDescEs":"Alto","threatImpactAssignedDescFr":"Élevé"},"rangeExtentComments":"<i>Breeds </i>in North America from western and central Alaska eastward across Canada to the southern Hudson Bay region, Labrador, and Newfoundland, and south to central California, Nevada, Utah, New Mexico, Oklahoma, Arkansas, Tennessee, northern Alabama, and North Carolina, and disjunctly to southern Texas and adjacent northeastern Mexico (northern Veracruz, northeastern San Luis Potos¡, and extreme northern Coahuila) (Howell and Webb 1995, AOU 1998, Garrison 1999). In the Palearctic from the British Isles, including Orkneys and Hebrides, northern Scandinavia, and northern Russia east to Sakhalin, Kamchatka, and the Kuril Islands, and south to the Mediterranean region, Nile Valley of Egypt, Israel (formerly), western and northern Iran, Kazakhstan, northern Mongolia, northwestern and northeastern China (Xinjiang to Heilongjiang), and northern Japan (Hokkaido).<br/><br/><i>Winters </i>largely in South America, mainly from eastern Panama southward, east of the Andes, to northern Argentina, Paraguay, and northern Chile, casually north to southern California; also along Pacific slope of southern Mexico and in Puerto Rico and the Virgin Islands. Also in the Old World from the Mediterranean region, Middle East, northern India, and eastern China south through South Africa, the Arabian Peninsula, southern India, Sri Lanka, Southeast Asia including Malaysia and Singapore, northern Borneo, and the Philippines (AOS 2025).<br/><br/><i>Migrates </i>in the Americas widely through the southern United States, Middle America, the West Indies (rare in the Lesser Antilles), and northern South America (including the Netherlands Antilles east to Tobago and Trinidad), and in the Old World through the Canary Islands in addition to the region between breeding and wintering ranges. Casual or accidental in western Aleutian and Commander islands, in northern Alaska (Barrow), on Jenny Lind, Victoria, and Melville islands, and on Clipperton Island (sight reports), Bermuda, and Barbados, and in the Old World in southern Iceland, Azores, Madeira, Cape Verde Islands, Ascension Island, Seychelles, Madagascar, Maldives, Chagos, and Palau (AOS 2025).","areaOfOccupancy":null,"areaOfOccupancyComments":"This species occurs world wide across the entire northern hemisphere (Birdlife International, 2014)","numberEosComments":"This species is represented by a large number of occurrences (subpopulations).","popSizeComments":"Total adult population size is unknown but presumably exceeds 1,000,000. Rich et al. (2004) estimated population size at 46,000,000.","viabilityComments":"Many occurrences appear to have at least good estimated viability.","threatImpactComments":"Nesting habitat is spatially and temporally dynamic, often depending on natural streamflow dynamics. Hence, streamflow regulation is a threat in many areas.<br/><br/>Habitat alteration by humans appears to be the only major known threat. In some areas, such as California, much nesting habitat has been eliminated by flood- and erosion-control projects (including riprapping) and streamflow regulation (see Garrison 1999). On the other hand, much suitable nesting habitat has been created by human activities such as sand and gravel mining and road construction. Some anthropogenic nesting habitats subsequently have been reduced or eliminated with closure of sand and gravel pits (see Garrison 1999).","shortTermTrendComments":"Breeding Bird Survey (BBS) data for 1966-2007 indicate a significant survey-wide decline averaging 2% per year; this amounts to a 56% decline over this time period. The rate of decline was higher (2.8% per year) in 1980-2007, but most of the decline occurred prior to the mid-1990s, after which the trend appears to be relatively stable. However, the BBS is not well suited to monitoring this species; BBS data may not accurately reflect actual population trends. Also, the dynamic nature of nesting habitat likely results in large annual variations in population size.","longTermTrendComments":"Long-term trend (past 200 years) is unknown. Declines due to alteration of riverine and riparian habitats have been offset to some degree by human activities that create suitable nesting habitat. For example, road building and quarrying have increased available nest sites in some areas that formerly were unsuitable for breeding; distribution and abundance thus increased over previous circumstances (Turner and Rose 1989).<br/><br/>Recent declines have been noted in Europe (Turner and Rose 1989).","inventoryNeeds":"Population dynamics of other subspecies of this bird outside of the Americas is needed (Garrison, 1999).","numberProtEosComments":"Many occurrences are in protected areas, and many are not.","protectionNeeds":"Protect important nesting habitats from flood- and erosion-control projects (Garrison, 1999).","otherConsiderations":"None","intrinsicVulnerabilityComments":"Best estimate based on large global population and given extensive amount of research conducted on this species at nesting colonies (Garrison, 1999).","enviromentalSpecificityComments":"Nesting in holes in eroding banks along waterways should be considered a key requirement that may be scarce in certain areas."},"animalCharacteristics":{"elementGlobalId":101769,"majorHabitat":{"id":3,"majorHabitatDescEn":"Terrestrial","majorHabitatDescEs":"Terrestre","majorHabitatDescFr":"Terrestre"},"nonMigrant":false,"localMigrant":false,"longDistanceMigrant":true,"mobilityMigrationComments":"This species migrates in large flocks northward through the United States mostly in April (Terres 1980). In Puerto Rico, it is fairly common in spring, uncommon in fall (Raffaele 1983). It migrates abundantly through Costa Rica from late August or early September to early November and early March to mid-May (Stiles and Skutch 1989).<br><br>Most foraging flights are within 0.8 kilometers of colony (Stoner and Stoner 1941). ","foodHabitsComments":"Diet is mainly flying insects (e.g., beetles, mosquitoes, winged ants, flies, moths). Insects are caught in the air over fields, wetlands, water, etc. If necessary, individuals may forage up to several kilometers from the nesting area, but usually closer.","animalPhenologyComments":null,"colonialBreeder":true,"length":13,"width":null,"weight":15,"animalPhenologies":[{"animalCagPhenologyId":101556,"animalPhenology":{"id":3,"animalPhenologyDescEn":"Diurnal","animalPhenologyDescEs":"Diurno","animalPhenologyDescFr":"Diurne","displayOrder":3},"adult":true,"immature":true}],"animalFoodHabits":[{"animalCagFoodHabitsId":102953,"foodHabits":{"id":3,"foodHabitsDescEn":"Invertivore","foodHabitsDescEs":"Invertívoro","foodHabitsDescFr":"Invertivore","displayOrder":3},"adult":true,"immature":true}]},"occurrenceDelineations":[{"eoSpecsDetailId":124587,"locationUseClass":{"id":2,"locationUseClassDescEn":"Breeding","locationUseClassDescEs":"En reproducción","locationUseClassDescFr":"Reproduction","displayOrder":2},"eoSpecGroupName":"Passerines","subtypes":"Foraging Area, Nest Site, Nesting Colony","inferredExtentDistance":null,"inferredExtentNotes":null,"minimumEoCriteria":"Evidence of historical breeding, or current and likely recurring breeding, at a given location, minimally a reliable observation of one or more breeding pairs in appropriate habitat. Be cautious about creating EOs for observations that may represent single breeding events outside the normal breeding distribution.","mappingGuidance":"Breeding occurrences include nesting areas as well as foraging areas.<br/><br/>For swallows and other species that have separate nesting and foraging areas, separations are based on nest sites or nesting areas, not to locations of foraging individuals. For example, nesting areas separated by a gap larger than the separation distance are different occurrences, regardless of the foraging locations of individuals from those nesting areas. This separation procedure is appropriate because nesting areas are the critical aspect of swallow breeding occurrences, tend to be relatively stable or at least somewhat predictable in general location, and so are the basis for effective conservation; foraging areas are much more flexible and not necessarily static.","separationBarriers":null,"separationDistanceUnsuitableHabitatat":5.0,"separationDistanceSuitableHabitatat":5.0,"altSeparationProcedure":null,"separationJustification":"Significant dispersal and associated high potential for gene flow among populations of birds separated by tens of kilometers (e.g., Moore and Dolbeer 1989), and increasing evidence that individuals leave their usual home range to engage in extrapair copulations, as well as long foraging excursions of some species, make it difficult to circumscribe occurrences on the basis of meaningful population units without occurrences becoming too large. Hence, a moderate, standardized separation distance has been adopted for songbirds and flycatchers; it should yield occurrences that are not too spatially expansive while also accounting for the likelihood of gene flow among populations within a few kilometers of each other.<br/><br/>Be careful not to separate a population's nesting areas and foraging areas as different occurrences; include them in the same occurrence even if they are more than 5 km apart. Mean foraging radius (from nesting area) of Brown-headed Cowbird females was 4.0 kilometers in California, 1.2 kilometers in Illinois-Missouri (Thompson 1994). Yellow-headed Blackbirds, Brewer's Blackbirds, and probably Red-winged Blackbirds all forage up to 1.6 kilometers away from breeding colony (Willson 1966, Horn 1968). In one study, Brewer's Blackbirds were found as far as 10 kilometers from nesting area (Williams 1952), but this may be unusual.<br/><br/>For swallows and other passerines with similar behavioral ecology, separation distance pertains to nest sites or nesting colonies, not to locations of foraging individuals. For example, nesting areas separated by a gap of more than 5 km are different occurrences, regardless of the foraging locations of individuals from those nesting areas. This separation procedure is appropriate because nesting areas are the critical aspect of swallow breeding occurrences, tend to be relatively stable or at least somewhat predictable in general location, and so are the basis for effective conservation; foraging areas are much more flexible and not necessarily static.<br/><br/>Be cautious about creating EOs for observations that may represent single breeding events outside the normal breeding distribution.<br/><br/>Unsuitable habitat: Habitat not normally used for breeding/feeding by a particular species. For example, unsuitable habitat for grassland and shrubland birds includes forest/woodland, urban/suburban, and aquatic habitats. Most habitats would be suitable for birds with versatile foraging habits (e.g., most corvids).","versionDate":"2004-09-10","versionAuthor":"Hammerson, G.","versionNotes":null,"lastModified":"2025-12-05T22:48:36.225047Z"},{"eoSpecsDetailId":124588,"locationUseClass":{"id":3,"locationUseClassDescEn":"Nonbreeding","locationUseClassDescEs":"No reproducción","locationUseClassDescFr":"Non-reproduction","displayOrder":3},"eoSpecGroupName":"Passerines","subtypes":"Foraging Area, Roost Site","inferredExtentDistance":null,"inferredExtentNotes":null,"minimumEoCriteria":"Any area used traditionally in the nonbreeding season (used for populations that are not resident in a location year-round). Minimally, reliable observations of 10 or more individuals in appropriate habitat for 20 or more days at a time. For G1-G3 species, observations of fewer individuals could constitute an occurrence of conservation value. Sites used during migration should be documented under the 'migratory stopover' location use class.","mappingGuidance":null,"separationBarriers":null,"separationDistanceUnsuitableHabitatat":5.0,"separationDistanceSuitableHabitatat":5.0,"altSeparationProcedure":null,"separationJustification":"Separation distance is necessarily arbitrary but attempts to balance the high mobility of birds with the need for occurrences of reasonable spatial scope. Note that a population's roost sites and foraging areas are parts of the same occurrence, even if they are more than 5 km apart.<br/><br/>For swallows and other species with similar behavioral ecology, the separation distance pertains to communal roost sites rather than to foraging areas; the former tend to be more stable and specific over time than the latter.","versionDate":"2004-09-03","versionAuthor":"Hammerson, G.","versionNotes":null,"lastModified":"2025-12-05T22:48:36.225047Z"},{"eoSpecsDetailId":124589,"locationUseClass":{"id":4,"locationUseClassDescEn":"Migratory stopover","locationUseClassDescEs":"Parada migratoria","locationUseClassDescFr":"Halte migratoire","displayOrder":5},"eoSpecGroupName":"Passerines","subtypes":"Foraging Area, Roost Site","inferredExtentDistance":null,"inferredExtentNotes":null,"minimumEoCriteria":"For most passerines: Evidence of recurring presence of migrating individuals (including historical) and potential recurring presence at a given location; minimally a reliable observation of 25 birds in appropriate habitat.<br/><br/>For swallows: Evidence of recurring presence of migrating flocks (including historical) and potential recurring presence at a given location; minimally a reliable observation of 100 birds in appropriate habitat (e.g., traditional roost sites).<br/><br/>Occurrences should be locations where the species is resident for some time during the appropriate season; it is preferable to have observations documenting presence over at least 7 days annually.<br/><br/>EOs should not be described for species that are nomadic during nonbreeding season: e.g., Lark Bunting.<br/><br/>Be cautious about creating EOs for observations that may represent single events.","mappingGuidance":null,"separationBarriers":null,"separationDistanceUnsuitableHabitatat":5.0,"separationDistanceSuitableHabitatat":5.0,"altSeparationProcedure":null,"separationJustification":"Separation distance somewhat arbitrary but intended to define occurrences of manageable size for conservation purposes. Occurrences defined primarily on the basis of areas supporting concentrations of birds, rather than on the basis of distinct populations.<br/><br/>For swallows and other species with similar behavioral ecology, the separation distance pertains to communal roost sites rather than to foraging areas; the former tend to be more stable and specific over time than the latter.","versionDate":"2004-09-03","versionAuthor":"Hammerson, G., and S. Cannings","versionNotes":null,"lastModified":"2025-12-05T22:48:36.225047Z"},{"eoSpecsDetailId":124586,"locationUseClass":{"id":13,"locationUseClassDescEn":"Nonmigratory","locationUseClassDescEs":"No migratorio","locationUseClassDescFr":"Non migratrice","displayOrder":20},"eoSpecGroupName":"Passerines","subtypes":null,"inferredExtentDistance":null,"inferredExtentNotes":null,"minimumEoCriteria":"Occurrences are based on evidence of historical presence, or current and likely recurring presence, at a particular location. Such evidence minimally includes collection or reliable observation and documentation of one or more individuals in or near appropriate habitat.<br/><br/>These occurrence specifications are used for nonmigratory populations of passerine birds.","mappingGuidance":null,"separationBarriers":"None.","separationDistanceUnsuitableHabitatat":5.0,"separationDistanceSuitableHabitatat":5.0,"altSeparationProcedure":null,"separationJustification":"Significant dispersal and associated high potential for gene flow among populations of birds separated by tens of kilometers (e.g., Moore and Dolbeer 1989), and increasing evidence that individuals leave their usual home range to engage in extrapair copulations, as well as long foraging excursions of some species, make it difficult to circumscribe occurrences on the basis of meaningful population units without occurrences becoming too large. Hence, a moderate, standardized separation distance has been adopted for songbirds and flycatchers; it should yield occurrences that are not too spatially expansive while also accounting for the likelihood of gene flow among populations within a few kilometers of each other.<br/><br/>Be careful not to separate a population's nesting areas and breeding-season foraging areas as different occurrences; include them in the same occurrence even if they are more than 5 km apart. Blue jays have small summer home ranges but fly up to 4 kilometers to harvest mast (Tarvin and Woolfenden 1999). Flocks of pinyon jays range over 21-29 square kilometers (Ligon 1971, Balda and Bateman 1971); nesting and foraging areas may be widely separated. Tricolored blackbirds forage in flocks that range widely to more than 15 kilometers from the nesting colony (Beedy and Hamilton 1999).<br/><br/>Unsuitable habitat: Habitat not normally used for breeding/feeding by a particular species. For example, unsuitable habitat for grassland and shrubland birds includes forest/woodland, urban/suburban, and aquatic habitats. Most habitats would be suitable for birds with versatile foraging habits (e.g., most corvids).","versionDate":"2004-09-10","versionAuthor":"Hammerson, G.","versionNotes":"These specs pertain to nonmigratory species.","lastModified":"2025-12-05T22:48:36.225047Z"}],"plantCharacteristics":null,"elementManagement":{"elementGlobalId":101769,"eoManagementGroupName":null,"stewardshipOverview":null,"impacts":null,"restorationPotential":"In California, improvements of natural habitat and construction of artificial banks have been undertaken to mitigate for habitat loss to riprapping; however, it is doubtful that these techniques will provide a long-term solution (California Department of Fish and Game 1990). Quarry managers should be encouraged to create seasonally permanent sand piles from April until July (Byrd and Johnston 1991).","siteConservationPlansConsidered":null,"managementMethods":null,"monitoringMethods":null,"managementProgramContacts":null,"monitoringProgramContacts":null,"managementResearchPrograms":null,"managementResearchNeeds":null,"biologicalResearchNeeds":"Relatively little information is known about this species relative to postbreeding dispersal, migration, and wintering ecology (Garrison, 1999). Also, the effects of ectoparasites on reproductive success nd nesting suvivorship needs additional study.","additionalTopics":null},"occurrenceViabilities":[{"eoRankSpecsDetailId":103303,"eoRankSpecsGroupName":null,"locationUseClass":{"id":1,"locationUseClassDescEn":"Not applicable","locationUseClassDescEs":"No se aplica","locationUseClassDescFr":"Sans objet","displayOrder":1},"excellentViability":null,"goodViability":null,"fairViability":null,"poorViability":null,"viabilityJustification":"Use the Generic Guidelines for the Application of Occurrence Ranks (2008).<br>The Key for Ranking Species Occurrences Using the Generic Approach provides a step-wise process for implementing this method.","versionDate":null,"versionAuthor":null,"versionNotes":null,"lastModified":"2020-05-14T02:19:51.316326Z"}],"references":[{"id":1156556,"citation":"American Ornithological Society (AOS). Chesser, R. T., S. M. Billerman, K. J. Burns, C. Cicero, J. L. Dunn, B. E. Hernández-Baños, R. A. Jiménez, O. Johnson, N. A. Mason, and P. C. Rasmussen. 2025. Sixty-sixth Supplement to the American Ornithological Society’s Check-list of North American Birds. Ornithology 142:1-19.","shortCitationAuthor":"AOS","shortCitationYear":2025,"referenceCode":"A25AOS01NAUS","lastModified":"2025-09-05T21:46:56.771282Z"},{"id":153779,"citation":"American Ornithologists' Union (AOU). 1983. Check-list of North American Birds, 6th edition. Allen Press, Inc., Lawrence, Kansas. 877 pp.","shortCitationAuthor":"American Ornithologists' Union (AOU)","shortCitationYear":1983,"referenceCode":"B83AOU01NAUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T14:38:12.689104Z"},{"id":134424,"citation":"American Ornithologists' Union (AOU). 1998. Check-list of North American birds. Seventh edition. American Ornithologists' Union, Washington, D.C. [as modified by subsequent supplements and corrections published in <i>The Auk</i>]. Also available online: http://www.aou.org/.","shortCitationAuthor":"American Ornithologists' Union (AOU)","shortCitationYear":1998,"referenceCode":"B98AOU01NAUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T14:38:12.673494Z"},{"id":115080,"citation":"Balda, R. P., and G. C. Bateman. 1971. Flocking and annual cycle of the piñon jay, <i>Gymnorhinus cyanocephalus</i>. Condor 73:287-302.","shortCitationAuthor":"Balda and Bateman","shortCitationYear":1971,"referenceCode":"A71BAL01NACA","lastModified":"2020-02-25T14:38:12.657866Z"},{"id":144915,"citation":"Basili, G.D., and S.A. Temple. 1999. Winter ecology, behavior, and conservation needs of Dickcissels in Venezuela. Studies in Avian Biology 19:289-299.","shortCitationAuthor":"Basili and Temple","shortCitationYear":1999,"referenceCode":"A99BAS01EHUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T18:16:06.448114Z"},{"id":463505,"citation":"BirdLife International. 2004b. Threatened birds of the world 2004. CD ROM. BirdLife International, Cambridge, UK.","shortCitationAuthor":"BirdLife International","shortCitationYear":2004,"referenceCode":"N04BIR0100LA","lastModified":"2020-02-25T14:38:12.704742Z"},{"id":762528,"citation":"BirdLife International. (2013-2014). IUCN Red List for birds. Downloaded from http://www.birdlife.org on various dates in 2013 and 2014. http://www.birdlife.org/","shortCitationAuthor":"BirdLife International","shortCitationYear":2014,"referenceCode":"W14BIR01HQUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T14:38:18.861079Z"},{"id":158427,"citation":"Braun, M. J., D. W. Finch, M. B. Robbins, and B. K. Schmidt. 2000.  A field checklist of the birds of Guyana.  Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C.","shortCitationAuthor":"Braun et al.","shortCitationYear":2000,"referenceCode":"N00BRA0100LA","lastModified":"2020-02-25T14:38:18.84546Z"},{"id":110054,"citation":"Byrd, M. A., and D. W. Johnston. 1991. Birds. Pages 477-537 in K. Terwilliger, coordinator. Virginia's endangered species: proceedings of a symposium. McDonald and Woodward Publ. Co., Blacksburg, Virginia.","shortCitationAuthor":"Byrd and Johnston","shortCitationYear":1991,"referenceCode":"A91BYR01NAUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T18:13:19.836167Z"},{"id":143480,"citation":"California Department of Fish and Game (CDF&G). 1990. 1989 annual report on the status of California's state listed threatened and endangered plants and animals. 188 pp.","shortCitationAuthor":"California Department of Fish and Game (CDF&G)","shortCitationYear":1990,"referenceCode":"U90CAL01NAUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T18:12:17.413413Z"},{"id":158841,"citation":"Castro, I. and A. Phillips. 1996. A guide to the birds of the Galapagos Islands. Princeton University Press, Princeton, New Jersey, USA.","shortCitationAuthor":"Castro and Phillips","shortCitationYear":1996,"referenceCode":"B96CAS0100LA","lastModified":"2020-02-25T14:38:18.84546Z"},{"id":158882,"citation":"Di Giacomo, A. S. 1996. Nuevos registros de aves uruguayas. Hornero 14:71-72.","shortCitationAuthor":"Di Giacomo","shortCitationYear":1996,"referenceCode":"A96DIG0100LA","lastModified":"2020-02-25T18:16:06.463708Z"},{"id":119547,"citation":"Garrison, B.A. 1999. Bank Swallow (RIPARIA RIPARIA). In A. Poole and F. Gill, editors, The Birds of North America, No. 414. The Birds of North America, Inc., Philadelphia, PA. 28 pp.","shortCitationAuthor":"Garrison","shortCitationYear":1999,"referenceCode":"N99GAR01EHUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T18:16:06.463708Z"},{"id":103790,"citation":"Godfrey, W.E. 1966. The birds of Canada. National Museums of Canada. Ottawa. 428 pp.","shortCitationAuthor":"Godfrey","shortCitationYear":1966,"referenceCode":"B66GOD01NAUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T14:38:14.361032Z"},{"id":100210,"citation":"Harrison, C. 1978. A Field Guide to the Nests, Eggs and Nestlings of North American Birds. Collins, Cleveland, Ohio.","shortCitationAuthor":"Harrison","shortCitationYear":1978,"referenceCode":"B78HAR01NAUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T14:38:12.657866Z"},{"id":142956,"citation":"Hilty, S.L. and W. L. Brown. 1986.  A Guide to the Birds of Colombia. Princeton University Press, Princeton, USA. 836 pp.","shortCitationAuthor":"Hilty and Brown","shortCitationYear":1986,"referenceCode":"B86HIL01NAUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T14:38:18.892356Z"},{"id":105464,"citation":"Horn, H. S. 1968. The adaptive significance of colonial nesting in the Brewer's Blackbird. Ecology 49:682-694.","shortCitationAuthor":"Horn","shortCitationYear":1968,"referenceCode":"A68HOR01NACA","lastModified":"2020-02-25T14:38:12.689104Z"},{"id":155592,"citation":"Howell, S. N. G., and S. Webb. 1995.  A guide to the birds of Mexico and northern Central America. Oxford University Press, Oxford, UK.","shortCitationAuthor":"Howell and Webb","shortCitationYear":1995,"referenceCode":"B95HOW01NAUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T14:38:14.376662Z"},{"id":144453,"citation":"Ligon, J. D. 1971. Late summer-autumnal breeding of the piñon jay in New Mexico. Condor 73:147-153.","shortCitationAuthor":"Ligon","shortCitationYear":1971,"referenceCode":"A71LIG01NACA","lastModified":"2020-02-25T14:38:12.704742Z"},{"id":158873,"citation":"Lowen, J. C., J. Mazar Barnett, M. Pearman, R. Clay, and B. López Lanús. 1997. New distributional information for 25 species in eastern Paraguay. Ararajuba 5:240-243.","shortCitationAuthor":"Lowen et al.","shortCitationYear":1997,"referenceCode":"A97LOW0200LA","lastModified":"2020-02-25T18:15:53.58851Z"},{"id":115752,"citation":"Moore, W. S., and R. A. Dolbeer. 1989. The use of banding recovery data to estimate dispersal rates and gene flow in avian species: case studies in the Red-winged Blackbird and Common Grackle. Condor 91:242-253.","shortCitationAuthor":"Moore and Dolbeer","shortCitationYear":1989,"referenceCode":"A89MOO01NACA","lastModified":"2020-02-25T14:38:12.657866Z"},{"id":123753,"citation":"National Geographic Society (NGS). 1983. Field guide to the birds of North America. National Geographic Society, Washington, DC.","shortCitationAuthor":"National Geographic Society (NGS)","shortCitationYear":1983,"referenceCode":"B83NAT01NAUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T14:38:14.376662Z"},{"id":158423,"citation":"Parker III, T. A., D. F. Stotz, and J. W. Fitzpatrick. 1996.  Ecological and distributional databases for neotropical birds. The University of Chicago Press, Chicago.","shortCitationAuthor":"Parker et al.","shortCitationYear":1996,"referenceCode":"B96PAR0100LA","lastModified":"2020-02-25T14:38:12.689104Z"},{"id":158711,"citation":"Poole, A. F. and F. B. Gill. 1992. The birds of North America. The American Ornithologists' Union, Washington, D.C. and The Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia, PA.","shortCitationAuthor":"Poole and Gill","shortCitationYear":1992,"referenceCode":"B92POO0100LA","lastModified":"2020-02-25T14:38:12.673494Z"},{"id":123535,"citation":"Raffaele, H. A. 1983a. A guide to the birds of Puerto Rico and the Virgin Islands. Fondo Educativo Interamericano, San Juan, Puerto Rico. 255 pp.","shortCitationAuthor":"Raffaele","shortCitationYear":1983,"referenceCode":"B83RAF01NAUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T14:38:18.861079Z"},{"id":110533,"citation":"Raffaele, H., J. Wiley, O. Garrido, A. Keith, and J. Raffaele. 1998. A guide to the birds of the West Indies. Princeton University Press, Princeton, NJ. 511 pp.","shortCitationAuthor":"Raffaele et al.","shortCitationYear":1998,"referenceCode":"B98RAF01NAUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T14:38:14.376662Z"},{"id":619418,"citation":"Rich, T. D., C. J. Beardmore, H. Berlanga, P. J. Blancher, M.S.W. Bradstreet, G. S. Butcher, D. W. Demarest, E. H. Dunn, W. C. Hunter, E. E. Iñigo-Elias, A. M. Martell, A. O. Panjabi, D. N. Pashley, K. V. Rosenberg, C. M. Rustay, J. S. Wendt, T. C. Will. 2004. Partners in Flight North American landbird conservation plan. Cornell Lab of Ornithology. Ithaca, NY. Online. Available: <u><http://www.partnersinflight.org/cont_plan/></u>","shortCitationAuthor":"Rich et al.","shortCitationYear":2004,"referenceCode":"B04RIC01NAUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T18:12:32.679469Z"},{"id":158709,"citation":"Ridgely, R. S. 2002. Distribution maps of South American birds. Unpublished.","shortCitationAuthor":"Ridgely","shortCitationYear":2002,"referenceCode":"M02RID0100LA","lastModified":"2020-02-25T14:38:14.361032Z"},{"id":155977,"citation":"Ridgely, R. S. and J. A. Gwynne, Jr. 1989.  A Guide to the Birds of Panama. 2nd edition. Princeton University Press, Princeton, USA.","shortCitationAuthor":"Ridgely and Gwynne","shortCitationYear":1989,"referenceCode":"L89RID0100LA","lastModified":"2020-02-25T14:38:14.361032Z"},{"id":105716,"citation":"Robbins, C. S., D. Bystrak, and P. H. Geissler. 1986. The Breeding Bird Survey: its first fifteen years. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Serv. Resource Publ. 157. iii + 196 pp.","shortCitationAuthor":"Robbins et al.","shortCitationYear":1986,"referenceCode":"B86ROB01NAUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T18:12:43.460591Z"},{"id":102799,"citation":"Sheldon, F. H., and D. W. Winkler. 1993. Intergeneric phylogenetic relationships of swallows estimated by DNA-DNA hybridization. Auk 110:798-824.","shortCitationAuthor":"Sheldon and Winkler","shortCitationYear":1993,"referenceCode":"A93SHE01NAUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T18:12:58.007749Z"},{"id":158716,"citation":"Sibley, D. A. 2000a. The Sibley guide to birds. Alfred A. Knopf, New York.","shortCitationAuthor":"Sibley","shortCitationYear":2000,"referenceCode":"B00SIB0100LA","lastModified":"2020-02-25T14:38:14.361032Z"},{"id":121416,"citation":"Stiles, F. G. and A. F. Skutch. 1989.  A guide to the birds of Costa Rica. Cornell University Press, Ithaca, New York, USA. 511 pp.","shortCitationAuthor":"Stiles and Skutch","shortCitationYear":1989,"referenceCode":"B89STI01NAUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T14:38:14.345377Z"},{"id":108240,"citation":"Stoner, D. 1936. Studies on the bank swallow RIPARIA RIPARIA (Linnaeus) in the Oneida Lake region. Roosevelt Wild Life Annals 4(2), 112 pp.","shortCitationAuthor":"Stoner","shortCitationYear":1936,"referenceCode":"B36STO01NAUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T18:16:06.448114Z"},{"id":109574,"citation":"Stoner, D., and L. C. Stoner. 1941. Feeding of nestling Bank Swallows. Auk 58:52-55.","shortCitationAuthor":"Stoner and Stoner","shortCitationYear":1941,"referenceCode":"A41STO01NACA","lastModified":"2020-02-25T18:16:06.463708Z"},{"id":146621,"citation":"Tarvin, K. A., and G. E. Woolfenden. 1999. Blue Jay (<i>Cyanocitta cristata</i>). No. 469 IN A. Poole and F. Gill, editors. The birds of North America. The Birds of North America, Inc., Philadelphia, PA. 32pp.","shortCitationAuthor":"Tarvin and Woolfenden","shortCitationYear":1999,"referenceCode":"A99TAR01NACA","lastModified":"2020-02-25T14:38:12.657866Z"},{"id":148565,"citation":"Terres, J. K. 1980. The Audubon Society encyclopedia of North American birds. Alfred A. Knopf, New York.","shortCitationAuthor":"Terres","shortCitationYear":1980,"referenceCode":"B80TER01NAUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T14:38:12.657866Z"},{"id":106130,"citation":"Thompson, F. R., III. 1994. Temporal and spatial patterns of breeding brown-headed cowbirds in the midwestern United States. Auk 111:979-990.","shortCitationAuthor":"Thompson","shortCitationYear":1994,"referenceCode":"A94THO02NAUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T14:38:12.673494Z"},{"id":119979,"citation":"Turner, A., and C. Rose. 1989. Swallows and martins an identification guide. Houghton Mifflin Co., Boston.","shortCitationAuthor":"Turner and Rose","shortCitationYear":1989,"referenceCode":"B89TUR01NAUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T18:12:58.007749Z"},{"id":125063,"citation":"Williams, L. 1952b. Breeding behavior of the Brewer blackbird. Condor 54:3-47.","shortCitationAuthor":"Williams","shortCitationYear":1952,"referenceCode":"A52WIL01NACA","lastModified":"2020-02-25T14:38:12.657866Z"},{"id":140794,"citation":"Willson, M. F. 1966. Breeding ecology of the Yellow-headed Blackbird. Ecological Monographs 36:51-77.","shortCitationAuthor":"Willson","shortCitationYear":1966,"referenceCode":"A66WIL01NACA","lastModified":"2020-02-25T14:38:12.673494Z"},{"id":158710,"citation":"Zook, J. L. 2002. Distribution maps of the birds of Nicaragua, Costa Rica, and Panama. Unpublished.","shortCitationAuthor":"Zook","shortCitationYear":2002,"referenceCode":"M02ZOO0100LA","lastModified":"2020-02-25T14:38:14.361032Z"}],"otherCommonNames":[{"id":105086,"name":"Andorinha-do-Barranco","language":"PT"},{"id":105087,"name":"Golondrina Ribereña, Golondrina Zapadora","language":"ES"},{"id":112880,"name":"Hirondelle de rivage","language":"FR"}],"speciesGlobal":{"elementGlobalId":101769,"cites":null,"cosewic":{"id":4,"cosewicDescEn":"Threatened","cosewicDescEs":"Amenazado","cosewicDescFr":"Menacée","cosewicCode":"T"},"fwsRegion":null,"genusSize":{"id":2,"genusSizeDescEn":"Very small genus","genusSizeDescEs":"Un género muy pequeño","genusSizeDescFr":"Très petit genre"},"jurisEndem":{"id":5,"jurisEndemDescEn":"occurs (regularly, as a native taxon) in multiple nations","jurisEndemDescEs":"Se encuentra en varias naciones (de manera regular, como un taxón nativo)","jurisEndemDescFr":"Se trouve dans plusieurs nations (de façon régulière, tel un taxon indigène)"},"nomenclaturallyEst":null,"usesa":null,"informalTaxonomy":{"informalTaxonomyId":4,"level1":"Animals","level2":"Vertebrates","level3":"Birds","level":3,"hasChildren":false,"parentId":2,"distributionStatus":"complete","displayOrder":1070},"parentSpecies":null,"infraspecies":false,"kingdom":"Animalia","phylum":"Craniata","taxclass":"Aves","taxorder":"Passeriformes","family":"Hirundinidae","genus":"Riparia","americanFisheriesStatus":null,"americanFisheriesStatusDate":null,"saraStatus":"Threatened/Menacée","saraStatusDate":"2017-11-02","cosewicDate":"2013-05-03","interpretedCosewic":null,"cosewicComments":"Reason for designation: This widespread species has shown a severe long-term decline amounting to a loss of 98% of its Canadian population over the last 40 years. As with many other aerial insectivores, the decline continues, albeit at a slower rate since the 1980s. Breeding Bird Survey data from 2001-2011 indicate a potential loss of 31% of the population during that 10-year time period. The reasons for these declines are not well understood, but are likely driven by the cumulative effects of several threats. These include loss of breeding and foraging habitat, destruction of nests during aggregate excavation, collision with vehicles, widespread pesticide use affecting prey abundance, and impacts of climate change, which may reduce survival or reproductive potential.<br/>Status history: Designated Threatened in May 2013.","usesaDate":null,"interpretedUsesa":null,"usesaComments":null,"completeDistribution":true,"synonyms":[],"infraspeciesList":[],"ebarId":null,"ebarCanadianScope":false,"ebarGlobalScope":false,"ebarKbaGroup":"Birds","caGeneralStatusId":"GS001208"},"speciesCharacteristics":{"elementGlobalId":101769,"reproductionComments":"Clutch size is 2-8 (usually 4-5). Incubation, by both sexes, lasts 12-16 days (Terres 1980). Young are tended by both sexes, leave nest when 18-22 days old, return to burrow for a few days after first flight, remain dependent on parents for about 5 days after fledging. Some birds have two broods per year in some areas (not in north). Most individuals live for only one or a few years.Colony size varies; largest colonies often are in artificial sites; colonies may reach at least several hundred pairs.","ecologyComments":"Bank swallows may form flocks of 100s or 1000s prior to fall migration.<br><br>Inclement weather and resulting scarcity of food may be important factors in nestling mortality in some years; erosion of nest sites and predators also sometimes destroy nests (Turner and Rose 1989).","habitatComments":"Habitat includes open and partly open situations, frequently near flowing water (AOU 1983). Nests are in steep sand, dirt, or gravel banks, in burrows dug near the top of the bank, along the edge of inland water, or along the coast, or in gravel pits, road embankments, etc. Both sexes construct the nest burrow. Pairs usually dig a new burrow each year, but sometimes they use old bank swallow burrows or abandoned cavities of the belted kingfisher. Individuals tends to return to same nesting area in successive years, though they may move several kilometers away, especially if nesting was unsuccessful the previous year; yearlings often return to the natal area or nearby (Turner and Rose 1989).","generalDescription":null,"diagnosticCharacteristics":null,"speciesMarineHabitats":[],"speciesTerrestrialHabitats":[{"cagTerrHabId":-112623,"terrestrialHabitat":{"id":22,"terrestrialHabitatDescEn":"Aerial","terrestrialHabitatDescEs":"Aéreo","terrestrialHabitatDescFr":"Aérien","displayOrder":25}}],"speciesRiverineHabitats":[{"cagRiverineHabId":-103524,"riverineHabitat":{"id":10,"riverineHabitatDescEn":"Aerial","riverineHabitatDescEs":"Aéreo","riverineHabitatDescFr":"Aérien","displayOrder":10}}],"speciesPalustrineHabitats":[{"cagPalusHabId":-101821,"palustrineHabitat":{"id":6,"palustrineHabitatDescEn":"Riparian","palustrineHabitatDescEs":"Ribereño","palustrineHabitatDescFr":"Riverain","displayOrder":6}},{"cagPalusHabId":-101822,"palustrineHabitat":{"id":7,"palustrineHabitatDescEn":"Aerial","palustrineHabitatDescEs":"Aéreo","palustrineHabitatDescFr":"Aérien","displayOrder":7}}],"speciesLacustrineHabitats":[{"cagLacusHabId":-100518,"lacustrineHabitat":{"id":3,"lacustrineHabitatDescEn":"Aerial","lacustrineHabitatDescEs":"Aéreo","lacustrineHabitatDescFr":"Aérien","displayOrder":3}}],"speciesSubterraneanHabitats":[],"speciesEstuarineHabitats":[{"cagEstuarineHabId":-101665,"estuarineHabitat":{"id":8,"estuarineHabitatDescEn":"Aerial","estuarineHabitatDescEs":"Aéreo","estuarineHabitatDescFr":"Aérien","displayOrder":9}}]},"primaryReference":{"id":1156556,"citation":"American Ornithological Society (AOS). Chesser, R. T., S. M. Billerman, K. J. Burns, C. Cicero, J. L. Dunn, B. E. Hernández-Baños, R. A. Jiménez, O. Johnson, N. A. Mason, and P. C. Rasmussen. 2025. Sixty-sixth Supplement to the American Ornithological Society’s Check-list of North American Birds. Ornithology 142:1-19.","shortCitationAuthor":"AOS","shortCitationYear":2025,"referenceCode":"A25AOS01NAUS","lastModified":"2025-09-05T21:46:56.771282Z"},"predecessors":[],"elementGlobalThreatAssessments":[]}