{"elementGlobalId":101700,"circumscripConfidence":{"id":1,"circumscripConfidenceDescEn":"1 - Strong","circumscripConfidenceDescEs":"1 - Fuerte","circumscripConfidenceDescFr":"1 – Forte"},"classificationLevel":{"id":7,"classificationLevelNameEn":"Species","classificationLevelNameEs":"Especies","classificationLevelNameFr":"Espèce"},"classificationStatus":{"id":1,"classificationStatusDescEn":"Standard","classificationStatusDescEs":"Estándar","classificationStatusDescFr":"Standard"},"iucn":{"id":11,"iucnDescEn":"Least concern","iucnDescEs":"Menos preocupante","iucnDescFr":"Moins préoccupante","iucnCode":"LC"},"nameCategory":{"id":1,"nameCategoryDescEn":"Vertebrate Animal","nameCategoryDescEs":"Animal vertebrado","nameCategoryDescFr":"Animal vertébré","nameTypeCd":"A","nameTypeDesc":"Zoological"},"rankMethodUsed":{"id":7,"rankMethodUsedDescEn":" Rank calculation - Biotics v2","rankMethodUsedDescEs":null,"rankMethodUsedDescFr":null,"rankMethodUsedExternalDescEn":"Ranked by calculator","rankMethodUsedExternalDescEs":null,"rankMethodUsedExternalDescFr":null},"formattedScientificName":"<i>Pusa hispida</i>","scientificName":"Pusa hispida","scientificNameAuthor":"(Schreber, 1775)","primaryCommonName":"Ringed Seal","relatedItisNames":"<i>Pusa hispida</i> (Schreber, 1775) (TSN 622018)","uniqueId":"ELEMENT_GLOBAL.2.101700","elcode":"AMAJG08010","conceptRefFullCitation":"Löytynoja, A., J. Pohjoismäki, M. Valtonen, J. Laakkonen, W. Morita, M. Kunnasranta, R. Väinölä, M. T. Olsen, P. Auvinen, and J. Jernvall. 2025. Deep origins, distinct adaptations, and species-level status indicated for a glacial relict seal. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 122(25):e2503368122.","conceptName":"<i>Pusa hispida</i>","taxonomicComments":"<i>Pusa saimensis</i> of Finland has been recognized as a species distinct from <i>P. hispida</i> (Löytynoja et al. 2025, ASM 2025).","roundedGRank":"G4","conservationStatusFactorsEditionDate":"2025-04-23","conservationStatusFactorsEditionAuthors":"Gundy, R. L. (2025)","primaryCommonNameLanguage":"EN","recordType":"SPECIES","elementNationals":[{"elementNationalId":168917,"classifConfidence":null,"nation":{"id":38,"nameEn":"Canada","nameEs":"Canadá","nameFr":"Canada","isoCode":"CA","region":"Canada"},"roundedNRank":"N5B,N5N,N5M","elementSubnationals":[{"elementSubnationalId":280715,"subnation":{"id":227,"nameEn":"Nunavut","nameEs":"Nunavut","nameFr":"Nunavut","subnationCode":"NU","dnationId":38},"roundedSRank":"S4","dataSensitive":{"id":2,"dataSensitiveDescEn":"No","dataSensitiveDescEs":null,"dataSensitiveDescFr":null,"dataSensitiveCode":"N"},"dataSensitiveCategory":null,"srank":"S4","speciesSubnational":{"elementSubnationalId":280715,"hybrid":false,"exotic":false,"native":true}},{"elementSubnationalId":404339,"subnation":{"id":65,"nameEn":"Northwest Territories","nameEs":"Territorios del Noroeste","nameFr":"Territoires du Nord-Ouest","subnationCode":"NT","dnationId":38},"roundedSRank":"S4","dataSensitive":{"id":2,"dataSensitiveDescEn":"No","dataSensitiveDescEs":null,"dataSensitiveDescFr":null,"dataSensitiveCode":"N"},"dataSensitiveCategory":null,"srank":"S4","speciesSubnational":{"elementSubnationalId":404339,"hybrid":false,"exotic":false,"native":true}},{"elementSubnationalId":290372,"subnation":{"id":93,"nameEn":"Yukon Territory","nameEs":"Territorio del Yukón","nameFr":"Territoire du Yukon","subnationCode":"YT","dnationId":38},"roundedSRank":"SUN","dataSensitive":{"id":2,"dataSensitiveDescEn":"No","dataSensitiveDescEs":null,"dataSensitiveDescFr":null,"dataSensitiveCode":"N"},"dataSensitiveCategory":null,"srank":"SUN","speciesSubnational":{"elementSubnationalId":290372,"hybrid":false,"exotic":false,"native":true}},{"elementSubnationalId":344049,"subnation":{"id":62,"nameEn":"Manitoba","nameEs":"Manitoba","nameFr":"Manitoba","subnationCode":"MB","dnationId":38},"roundedSRank":"S5","dataSensitive":{"id":2,"dataSensitiveDescEn":"No","dataSensitiveDescEs":null,"dataSensitiveDescFr":null,"dataSensitiveCode":"N"},"dataSensitiveCategory":null,"srank":"S5","speciesSubnational":{"elementSubnationalId":344049,"hybrid":false,"exotic":false,"native":true}},{"elementSubnationalId":330326,"subnation":{"id":69,"nameEn":"Quebec","nameEs":"Quebec","nameFr":"Québec","subnationCode":"QC","dnationId":38},"roundedSRank":"S5","dataSensitive":{"id":2,"dataSensitiveDescEn":"No","dataSensitiveDescEs":null,"dataSensitiveDescFr":null,"dataSensitiveCode":"N"},"dataSensitiveCategory":null,"srank":"S5","speciesSubnational":{"elementSubnationalId":330326,"hybrid":false,"exotic":false,"native":true}},{"elementSubnationalId":332119,"subnation":{"id":67,"nameEn":"Ontario","nameEs":"Ontario","nameFr":"Ontario","subnationCode":"ON","dnationId":38},"roundedSRank":"SNA","dataSensitive":{"id":2,"dataSensitiveDescEn":"No","dataSensitiveDescEs":null,"dataSensitiveDescFr":null,"dataSensitiveCode":"N"},"dataSensitiveCategory":null,"srank":"SNA","speciesSubnational":{"elementSubnationalId":332119,"hybrid":false,"exotic":false,"native":true}}],"nrankReviewYear":2022,"nrank":"N5B,N5N,N5M","speciesNational":{"elementNationalId":168917,"exotic":false,"native":true}},{"elementNationalId":162133,"classifConfidence":null,"nation":{"id":225,"nameEn":"United States","nameEs":"Estados Unidos","nameFr":"États-Unis","isoCode":"US","region":"United States"},"roundedNRank":"N4","elementSubnationals":[{"elementSubnationalId":324611,"subnation":{"id":1,"nameEn":"Alaska","nameEs":"Alaska","nameFr":"Alaska","subnationCode":"AK","dnationId":225},"roundedSRank":"S4","dataSensitive":{"id":2,"dataSensitiveDescEn":"No","dataSensitiveDescEs":null,"dataSensitiveDescFr":null,"dataSensitiveCode":"N"},"dataSensitiveCategory":null,"srank":"S4","speciesSubnational":{"elementSubnationalId":324611,"hybrid":false,"exotic":false,"native":true}}],"nrankReviewYear":1996,"nrank":"N4N5","speciesNational":{"elementNationalId":162133,"exotic":false,"native":true}}],"lastModified":"2026-10-02T21:36:54.253826Z","lastPublished":"2026-10-02T21:32:08.892226Z","promotionalDescription":null,"conceptLineageSummary":null,"nsxUrl":"/Taxon/ELEMENT_GLOBAL.2.101700/Pusa_hispida","grankAdjustmentReasons":null,"grankChangeDate":"2025-04-23","grankReviewDate":"2025-04-23","grankReasons":"This species has a circumpolar distribution in the Arctic. The population is estimated to be several million individuals and the population is currently assumed stable. However, this species is highly vulnerable to the loss of pack ice due to a warming climate.","grank":"G4","rankInfo":{"elementGlobalId":101700,"aooPercentGood":null,"enviromentalSpecificity":{"id":5,"enviromentalSpecificityDescEn":"Narrow.  Specialist or community with key requirements common.","enviromentalSpecificityDescEs":"Estrecho.  Especialista o comunidad con requisitos claves comunes.","enviromentalSpecificityDescFr":"Étroit. Spécialistes ou communautés répondant aux critères clés sont répandues."},"intrinsicVulnerability":{"id":4,"intrinsicVulnerabilityDescEn":"Moderately vulnerable","intrinsicVulnerabilityDescEs":"Moderadamente vulnerable","intrinsicVulnerabilityDescFr":"Moyennement vulnérable"},"longTermTrend":{"id":36,"longTermTrendDescEn":"Decline of 10-30%","longTermTrendDescEs":"Disminución del 10 al 30%.","longTermTrendDescFr":"Diminution de 10 à 30 %"},"numberEos":{"id":10,"numberEosDescEn":"21 - 80","numberEosDescEs":"De 21 a 80","numberEosDescFr":"De 21 à 80"},"numberGoodEos":{"id":19,"numberGoodEosDescEn":"Many (41-125)","numberGoodEosDescEs":"Muchos (41-125)","numberGoodEosDescFr":"Plusieurs (de 41 à 125)"},"numberProtEos":{"id":1,"numberProtEosDescEn":"None. No occurrences appropriately protected and managed","numberProtEosDescEs":"Ninguno. No hay casos adecuadamente protegidos y gestionados","numberProtEosDescFr":"Aucun. Aucune occurrence protégée et contrôlée convenablement"},"popSize":{"id":36,"popSizeDescEn":">1,000,000 individuals","popSizeDescEs":">1.000.000 de individuos","popSizeDescFr":">1 000 000 individus"},"rangeExtent":{"id":35,"rangeExtentDescEn":">2,500,000 square km (greater than 1,000,000 square miles)","rangeExtentDescEs":">2.500.000 kilómetros cuadrados (más ","rangeExtentDescFr":">2 500 000 km carrés (plus de 1 000 000 miles carrés)"},"shortTermTrend":{"id":37,"shortTermTrendDescEn":"Decline of <30% to relatively stable","shortTermTrendDescEs":"Disminución de <30% a relativamente estable","shortTermTrendDescFr":"Diminution de <30 % à relativement stable"},"threatImpactAssigned":{"id":8,"threatImpactAssignedDescEn":"Medium","threatImpactAssignedDescEs":"Medio","threatImpactAssignedDescFr":"Moyen"},"rangeExtentComments":"This species has a circumpolar range, covering waters in North America, Europe, and Asia (Reeves et al. 1992, Miyazaki 2001). Vagrant sightings as far south as New Jersey in the Atlantic, and Southern California in the Pacific.","areaOfOccupancy":null,"areaOfOccupancyComments":"Wide general distribution in seasonally and permanently ice-covered waters of Northern Hemisphere; Arctic Ocean and several adjoining seas and freshwater lakes. Local abundance varies with winter ice conditions. In North America, ranges seasonally into North Atlantic as far south as Labrador and Newfoundland, Hudson and James bays, and Bering Sea (usually to Nunivak Island or Bristol Bay); in winter and spring, ranges as far south as the limit of sea ice. See Reeves et al. (1992) for information on distribution in Eastern Hemisphere.","numberEosComments":"There are multiple large occurrences throughout the range (Miyazaki 2001).","popSizeComments":"Population size is estimated to be several million individuals (Miyazaki 2001).","viabilityComments":"Most occurrences likely have good viability.","threatImpactComments":"This species is threatened rangewide by the loss of sea ice due to a warming climate (USFWS 2010, Hamilton et al. 2016, Lone et al. 2019, Von Duyke et al. 2020, Andersen et al. 2021, Gryba et al. 2021). This species relies on ice patches for pup-rearing and molting their fur, which has been decreasing for decades and projected to continue to decrease (Miyazaki 2001, USFWS 2010). In Lake Ladoga, Russia and Lake Saimaa, Finland, landlocked populations experience significant mortality due to being ensnared as by-catch in fishing nets (USFWS 2010, Trukhanova et al. 2021, Jounela et al. 2024). While this species has been shown to accumulate many toxins in its tissues, there is no information regarding negative impacts of these pollutants (USFWS 2010, Krey et al. 2015). Subsistence hunting in Alaskan indigenous communities is not considered a major threat (Nelson et al. 2019).","shortTermTrendComments":"The population appears to be stable in areas where research is available (Andersen et al. 2021).","longTermTrendComments":"See Reeves et al. (1992) for information on declines in the northern Baltic Sea and conservation problems faced by two relict lake populations in the Baltic region. See Kingsley (1990) for status in Canada.","inventoryNeeds":"Population size estimates and trends assessments are needed.","numberProtEosComments":"No occurrences are adequately protected from climate change (USFWS 2010).","protectionNeeds":"International efforts to reverse anthropogenic climate change are needed to prevent further loss of pack ice in the Arctic.","otherConsiderations":null,"intrinsicVulnerabilityComments":"Maturity is reached at 5-7 years old and females only give birth to one pup per year, which would make the species slow to rebound from population declines (Miyazaki 2001).","enviromentalSpecificityComments":"This species prefers ice packs with 50% sea-ice concentrations (USFWS 2010, Lone et al. 2019, Von Duyke et al. 2020, Gryba et al. 2021)"},"animalCharacteristics":{"elementGlobalId":101700,"majorHabitat":{"id":1,"majorHabitatDescEn":"Marine","majorHabitatDescEs":"Marino","majorHabitatDescFr":"Marine"},"nonMigrant":true,"localMigrant":true,"longDistanceMigrant":true,"mobilityMigrationComments":"May migrate many hundreds of kilometers between southern winter range and northern summer range. In the high arctic, many adults occupy the same bay or fiord year-round.","foodHabitsComments":"Fishes of cod family, pelagic amphipods, euphausiids, shrimps, and other crustaceans make up bulk of diet. Feeding activity is minimal during molt period (peaks in June).","animalPhenologyComments":null,"colonialBreeder":false,"length":160,"width":null,"weight":101000,"animalPhenologies":[],"animalFoodHabits":[{"animalCagFoodHabitsId":102905,"foodHabits":{"id":2,"foodHabitsDescEn":"Piscivore","foodHabitsDescEs":"Piscivore","foodHabitsDescFr":"Piscivore","displayOrder":2},"adult":true,"immature":true},{"animalCagFoodHabitsId":102906,"foodHabits":{"id":3,"foodHabitsDescEn":"Invertivore","foodHabitsDescEs":"Invertívoro","foodHabitsDescFr":"Invertivore","displayOrder":3},"adult":true,"immature":true}]},"occurrenceDelineations":[{"eoSpecsDetailId":1639,"locationUseClass":{"id":2,"locationUseClassDescEn":"Breeding","locationUseClassDescEs":"En reproducción","locationUseClassDescFr":"Reproduction","displayOrder":2},"eoSpecGroupName":null,"subtypes":null,"inferredExtentDistance":null,"inferredExtentNotes":null,"minimumEoCriteria":"Evidence of historical presence, or current and likely recurring presence, at a given location during the pupping, mating, and nursing season (mid-March to late May; Perry, in Wilson and Ruff 1999). Such evidence minimally includes reliable observation and documentation of nursing females in birth lairs.","mappingGuidance":null,"separationBarriers":"None.","separationDistanceUnsuitableHabitatat":50.0,"separationDistanceSuitableHabitatat":50.0,"altSeparationProcedure":null,"separationJustification":"Separation distance arbitrary. Locations will change somewhat within and between years because of ice movement.","versionDate":"2002-03-14","versionAuthor":"Cannings, S.","versionNotes":null,"lastModified":"2020-02-25T18:15:56.854232Z"},{"eoSpecsDetailId":1640,"locationUseClass":{"id":3,"locationUseClassDescEn":"Nonbreeding","locationUseClassDescEs":"No reproducción","locationUseClassDescFr":"Non-reproduction","displayOrder":3},"eoSpecGroupName":null,"subtypes":null,"inferredExtentDistance":null,"inferredExtentNotes":null,"minimumEoCriteria":"Evidence of historical presence, or current and likely recurring presence, at a given location during the nonbreeding season. Such evidence minimally includes reliable observation of seals over several years. May include molting site.","mappingGuidance":null,"separationBarriers":"None.","separationDistanceUnsuitableHabitatat":50.0,"separationDistanceSuitableHabitatat":50.0,"altSeparationProcedure":null,"separationJustification":"Separation distance arbitrary. In most cases, occurrences should not be extensive areas but rather portions of such areas that stand out as strongly meeting the occurrence criteria.","versionDate":"2002-04-22","versionAuthor":"Cannings, S.","versionNotes":null,"lastModified":"2020-02-25T18:15:56.854232Z"}],"plantCharacteristics":null,"elementManagement":{"elementGlobalId":101700,"eoManagementGroupName":null,"stewardshipOverview":null,"impacts":null,"restorationPotential":null,"siteConservationPlansConsidered":null,"managementMethods":null,"monitoringMethods":null,"managementProgramContacts":null,"monitoringProgramContacts":null,"managementResearchPrograms":null,"managementResearchNeeds":null,"biologicalResearchNeeds":null,"additionalTopics":null},"occurrenceViabilities":[{"eoRankSpecsDetailId":103237,"eoRankSpecsGroupName":null,"locationUseClass":{"id":1,"locationUseClassDescEn":"Not applicable","locationUseClassDescEs":"No se aplica","locationUseClassDescFr":"Sans objet","displayOrder":1},"excellentViability":null,"goodViability":null,"fairViability":null,"poorViability":null,"viabilityJustification":"Use the Generic Guidelines for the Application of Occurrence Ranks (2008).<br>The Key for Ranking Species Occurrences Using the Generic Approach provides a step-wise process for implementing this method.","versionDate":null,"versionAuthor":null,"versionNotes":null,"lastModified":"2020-05-14T02:19:40.62866Z"}],"references":[{"id":387024,"citation":"Amano, M., A. Hayano, and N. Miyazaki. 2002. Geographic variation in the skull of the ringed seal, <i>Pusa hispida</i>. Journal of Mammalogy 83:370-380.","shortCitationAuthor":"Amano et al.","shortCitationYear":2002,"referenceCode":"A02AMA01NAUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T18:15:56.854232Z"},{"id":1151804,"citation":"American Society of Mammalogists (ASM). 2025. Mammal Diversity Database (Version 1.13) [Data set]. Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10595931. Online. Available: https://www.mammaldiversity.org/","shortCitationAuthor":"American Society of Mammalogists (ASM)","shortCitationYear":2025,"referenceCode":"W25ASM01NAUS","lastModified":"2025-04-04T21:45:15.526109Z"},{"id":1152925,"citation":"Andersen, M., K. M. Kovacs, and C. Lydersen. 2021. Stable ringed seal (Pusa hispida) demography despite significant habitat change in Svalbard, Norway. Polar Research 40: 5391. doi: 10.33265/polar.v40.5391","shortCitationAuthor":"Andersen et al.","shortCitationYear":2021,"referenceCode":"A21AND01NAUS","lastModified":"2025-05-03T01:09:54.635954Z"},{"id":664765,"citation":"Árnason, U., A. Gullberg, A. Janke, M. Kullberg, N. Lehman, E. A. Petrov, and R. Väinölä. 2006. Pinniped phylogeny and a new hypothesis for their origin and dispersal. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 41:345-354.","shortCitationAuthor":"Arnason et al.","shortCitationYear":2006,"referenceCode":"A06ARN01EHUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T18:15:56.854232Z"},{"id":664766,"citation":"Árnason, U., K. Bodin, A. Gullberg, C. Ledje, and S. Mouchaty. 1995. A molecular view of pinniped relationships with particular emphasis on the true seals. Journal of Molecular Evolution 40:78-85.","shortCitationAuthor":"Arnason et al.","shortCitationYear":1995,"referenceCode":"A95ARN01EHUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T18:15:56.869792Z"},{"id":235682,"citation":"Baker, R. J., L. C. Bradley, R. D. Bradley, J. W. Dragoo, M. D. Engstrom, R. S. Hoffman, C. A. Jones, F. Reid, D. W. Rice, and C. Jones. 2003a. Revised checklist of North American mammals north of Mexico, 2003. Museum of Texas Tech University Occasional Papers 229:1-23.","shortCitationAuthor":"Baker et al.","shortCitationYear":2003,"referenceCode":"B03BAK01NAUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T18:12:05.742349Z"},{"id":759420,"citation":"Bradley, R.D., L.K. Ammerman, R.J. Baker, L.C. Bradley, J.A. Cook. R.C. Dowler, C. Jones, D.J. Schmidly, F.B. Stangl Jr., R.A. Van den Bussche and B. Würsig. 2014. Revised checklist of North American mammals north of Mexico, 2014. Museum of Texas Tech University Occasional Papers 327:1-28. Available at: http://www.nsrl.ttu.edu/publications/opapers/ops/OP327.pdf","shortCitationAuthor":"Bradley et al.","shortCitationYear":2014,"referenceCode":"A14BRA01NACA","lastModified":"2020-02-25T14:38:17.880059Z"},{"id":664764,"citation":"Burns, J. J., and F. H. Fay. 1970. Comparative morphology of the skull of the ribbon seal, <i>Histriophoca fasciata</i>, with remarks on systematics of Phocidae. Journal of Zoology 161:363-394.","shortCitationAuthor":"Burns and Fay","shortCitationYear":1970,"referenceCode":"A70BUR01EHUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T18:15:56.854232Z"},{"id":100605,"citation":"Frost, K. J., and L. F. Lowry. 1981. Ringed, Baikal, and Caspian seals. Pages 29-53 in Ridgeway, S. H., and R. J. Harrison, eds. Handbook of marine mammals. Vol. 2. Seals. Academic Press, N.Y.","shortCitationAuthor":"Frost and Lowry","shortCitationYear":1981,"referenceCode":"A81FRO01NAUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T18:15:24.181984Z"},{"id":664767,"citation":"Fulton, T. L., and C. Strobeck. 2010. Multiple markers and multiple individuals refine true seal phylogeny and bring molecules and morphology back in line. Proceedings of the Royal Society B 277:1065-1070.","shortCitationAuthor":"Fulton and Strobeck","shortCitationYear":2010,"referenceCode":"A10FUL01EHUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T18:15:56.854232Z"},{"id":1152926,"citation":"Gryba, R., H. P. Huntington, A. L. Von Duyke, B. Adams, B. Frantz, J. Gatten, Q. Harcharek, H. Olemaun, R. Sarren, J. Skin, G. Henry, and M. Auger-Méthé. 2021. Indigenous Knowledge of bearded seal (<i>Erignathus barbatus</i>), ringed seal (<i>Pusa hispida</i>), and spotted seal (<i>Phoca largha)</i> behaviour and habitat use near Utqiagvik, Alaska, USA. Arctic Science 7: 832–858. doi: 10.1139/as-2020-0052","shortCitationAuthor":"Gryba et al.","shortCitationYear":2021,"referenceCode":"A21GRY01NAUS","lastModified":"2025-10-04T01:55:59.677865Z"},{"id":1152930,"citation":"Hamilton, C. D., C. Lyderson, R. A. Ims, and K. M. Kovacs. 2016. Coastal habitat use by ringed seals <i>Pusa hispida</i> following a regional sea-ice collapse: importance of glacial refugia in a changing Arctic. Marine Ecology Progress Series 545: 261-277. doi: 10.3354/meps11598","shortCitationAuthor":"Hamilton et al.","shortCitationYear":2016,"referenceCode":"A16HAM02NAUS","lastModified":"2025-05-03T01:09:54.639936Z"},{"id":111550,"citation":"Jones, C., R. S. Hoffman, D. W. Rice, M. D. Engstrom, R. D. Bradley, D. J. Schmidly, C. A. Jones, and R. J. Baker. 1997. Revised checklist of North American mammals north of Mexico, 1997. Occasional Papers, Museum of Texas Tech University 173:1-20.","shortCitationAuthor":"Jones et al.","shortCitationYear":1997,"referenceCode":"B97JON01EHUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T18:13:19.664475Z"},{"id":156383,"citation":"Jones, J. K., Jr., R. S. Hoffman, D. W. Rice, C. Jones, R. J. Baker, and M. D. Engstrom. 1992a. Revised checklist of North American mammals north of Mexico, 1991. Occasional Papers, The Museum, Texas Tech University, 146:1-23.","shortCitationAuthor":"Jones et al.","shortCitationYear":1992,"referenceCode":"B92JON01NAUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T14:38:17.880059Z"},{"id":1152931,"citation":"Jounela, P., M. Auttila, R. Alakoski, M. Niemi, and M. Kunnasranta. 2024. Effects of fishing restrictions on the recovery of the endangered Saimaa ringed seal (<i>Pusa hispida saimensis</i>) population. PLoS ONE 19(12): e0311255. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0311255","shortCitationAuthor":"Jounela et al.","shortCitationYear":2024,"referenceCode":"A24JOU01NAUS","lastModified":"2025-05-03T01:09:54.641957Z"},{"id":124988,"citation":"Kelly, B. P., and L. T. Quakenbush. 1990. Spatiotemporal use of lairs by ringed seals (<i>Phoca hispida</i>). Can. J. Zool. 68:2503-2512.","shortCitationAuthor":"Kelly and Quakenbush","shortCitationYear":1990,"referenceCode":"A90KEL02NAUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T18:15:56.869792Z"},{"id":138484,"citation":"King, J. E. 1983. Seals of the world. Second edition. Cornell Univ. Press, Ithaca.","shortCitationAuthor":"King","shortCitationYear":1983,"referenceCode":"B83KIN01NAUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T18:13:19.664475Z"},{"id":143472,"citation":"Kingsley, M.C.S. 1990. Status of the ringed seal, <i>Phoca hispida</i> in Canada. Can. Field-Nat. 104:138-145.","shortCitationAuthor":"Kingsley","shortCitationYear":1990,"referenceCode":"A90KIN01NAUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T18:15:56.854232Z"},{"id":1152924,"citation":"Krey, A., S. K. Ostertag, and H. Man Chan. 2015. Assessment of neurotoxic effects of mercury in beluga whales (<i>Delphinapterus leucas</i>), ringed seals (<i>Pusa hispida</i>), and polar bears (<i>Ursus maritimus</i>) from the Canadian Arctic. Science of The Total Environment 509–510: 237-247.","shortCitationAuthor":"Krey et al.","shortCitationYear":2015,"referenceCode":"A15KRE01NAUS","lastModified":"2025-09-05T21:51:41.087003Z"},{"id":1152927,"citation":"Lone, K. C. D. Hamilton, J. Aars, C. Lydersen, and K. M. Kovacs. 2019. Summer habitat selection by ringed seals (<i>Pusa hispida</i>) in the drifting sea ice of the northern Barents Sea. Polar Research 38: 3483. doi: 10.33265/polar.v38.3483","shortCitationAuthor":"Lone","shortCitationYear":2019,"referenceCode":"A19LON01NAUS","lastModified":"2025-05-03T01:09:54.638971Z"},{"id":1157525,"citation":"Löytynoja, A., J. Pohjoismäki, M. Valtonen, J. Laakkonen, W. Morita, M. Kunnasranta, R. Väinölä, M. T. Olsen, P. Auvinen, and J. Jernvall. 2025. Deep origins, distinct adaptations, and species-level status indicated for a glacial relict seal. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 122(25):e2503368122.","shortCitationAuthor":"Loytynoja et al.","shortCitationYear":2025,"referenceCode":"A25LOY01NAUS","lastModified":"2025-10-04T01:55:59.676861Z"},{"id":1152929,"citation":"Miyazaki, N. 2001. A review of studies on the ringed, Caspian, and Baikal seals (<i>Pusa hispida, P. caspica,</i> and <i>P. sibirica</i>). Otsuchi Marine Science 26: 1-6.","shortCitationAuthor":"Miyazaki","shortCitationYear":2001,"referenceCode":"A01MIY01NAUS","lastModified":"2025-05-03T01:09:54.629928Z"},{"id":121960,"citation":"Mouchaty, S., J. A. Cook, and G. F. Shields. 1995. Phylogenetic analysis of northern hair seals based on nucleotide sequences of the mitochondrial cytochrome b gene. Journal of Mammalogy 76:1178-1185.","shortCitationAuthor":"Mouchaty et al.","shortCitationYear":1995,"referenceCode":"A95MOU01NAUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T18:12:59.382785Z"},{"id":143161,"citation":"Muizon, C. de. 1982. Phocid phylogeny and dispersal. Ann. So. African Mus. 89:175-213.","shortCitationAuthor":"Muizon","shortCitationYear":1982,"referenceCode":"A82MUI01NAUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T18:13:19.664475Z"},{"id":664763,"citation":"National Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS). 2010. Endangered and threatened species; proposed threatened status for subspecies of the ringed seal. Federal Register 75(237):77476-77495.","shortCitationAuthor":"NMFS","shortCitationYear":2010,"referenceCode":"N10NMF10EHUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T18:15:56.854232Z"},{"id":1152923,"citation":"Nelson, M. A., L. T. Quakenbush, B. D. Taras, and Ice Seal Committee. 2019. Subsistence harvest of ringed, bearded, spotted, and ribbon seals in Alaska is sustainable. Endangered Species Research 40: 1–16. doi: 10.3354/esr00973","shortCitationAuthor":"Nelson et al.","shortCitationYear":2019,"referenceCode":"A19NEL02NAUS","lastModified":"2025-05-03T01:09:54.632955Z"},{"id":104862,"citation":"Nowak, R. M. 1991. Walker's mammals of the world. Fifth edition. Vols. I and II. Johns Hopkins Univ. Press, Baltimore. 1629 pp.","shortCitationAuthor":"Nowak","shortCitationYear":1991,"referenceCode":"B91NOW01NAUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T18:12:03.881928Z"},{"id":154850,"citation":"Perry, E. A., S. M. Carr, S. E. Bartlett, and W. S. Davidson. 1995. A phylogenetic perspective on the evolution of reproductive behavior in pagophilic seals of the Northwest Atlantic as indicated by mitochondrial DNA sequences. Journal of Mammalogy 76:22-31.","shortCitationAuthor":"Perry et al.","shortCitationYear":1995,"referenceCode":"A95PER01NAUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T18:12:59.382785Z"},{"id":148264,"citation":"Reeves, R. R., B. S. Stewart, and S. Leatherwood. 1992. The Sierra Club Handbook of Seals and Sirenians. Sierra Club Books, San Francisco, California. xvi + 359 pp.","shortCitationAuthor":"Reeves et al.","shortCitationYear":1992,"referenceCode":"B92REE01NAUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T18:12:59.398399Z"},{"id":138742,"citation":"Rice, D. W. 1998. Marine mammals of the world: systematics and distribution. Society for Marine Mammalogy, Special Publication Number 4. ix + 231 pp.","shortCitationAuthor":"Rice","shortCitationYear":1998,"referenceCode":"B98RIC01NAUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T18:12:01.866439Z"},{"id":149294,"citation":"Ridgway, S. H., and R. J. Harrison. 1981. Handbook of Marine Mammals. Volume 2. Seals. Academic Press, New York, New York. 359 pp.","shortCitationAuthor":"Ridgway and Harrison","shortCitationYear":1981,"referenceCode":"B81RID02NAUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T18:12:59.382785Z"},{"id":149240,"citation":"Riedman, M. 1990a. The Pinnipeds: Seals, Sea Lions and Walruses. University of California Press, Berkeley, California. xxiii + 439 pp.","shortCitationAuthor":"Riedman","shortCitationYear":1990,"referenceCode":"B90RIE01NAUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T18:12:59.398399Z"},{"id":1152932,"citation":"Trukhanova, I. S., E. M. Andrievskaya, and V. A. Alekseev. 2021. Bycatch in Lake Ladoga fisheries remains a threat to Ladoga ringed seal (<i>Pusa hispida ladogensis</i>) population. Aquatic Mammals 47(5): 470-481. doi: 10.1578/AM.47.5.2021.470","shortCitationAuthor":"Trukhanova et al.","shortCitationYear":2021,"referenceCode":"A21TRU01NAUS","lastModified":"2025-05-03T01:09:54.631945Z"},{"id":1120228,"citation":"U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (USFWS). 2022. Endangered and Threatened Updating Entries for Two Species on and Removing Johnson’s Seagrass From the Lists of Endangered and Threatened Wildlife and Plants Wildlife and Plants. Final Rule. Federal Register 87(219): 68381-68382.","shortCitationAuthor":"USFWS","shortCitationYear":2022,"referenceCode":"N22FWS32HQUS","lastModified":"2022-12-02T23:20:52.366663Z"},{"id":1152928,"citation":"Von Duyke, A. L., D. C. Douglas, J. K. Herreman, and J. A. Crawford. 2020. Ringed seal (<i>Pusa hispida</i>) seasonal movements, diving, and <br/>haul-out behavior in the Beaufort, Chukchi, and Bering Seas <br/>(2011–2017). Ecology and Evolution 2020(10): 5595–5616. doi: 10.1002/ece3.6302","shortCitationAuthor":"Von Duyke et al.","shortCitationYear":2020,"referenceCode":"A20VON01NAUS","lastModified":"2025-05-03T01:09:54.628966Z"},{"id":117022,"citation":"Wilson, D. E., and D. M. Reeder (editors). 1993. Mammal species of the world: a taxonomic and geographic reference. Second edition. Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, DC. xviii + 1206 pp. Available online at: http://www.nmnh.si.edu/msw/.","shortCitationAuthor":"Wilson and Reeder","shortCitationYear":1993,"referenceCode":"B93WIL01NAUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T14:38:17.880059Z"},{"id":477777,"citation":"Wilson, D. E., and D. M. Reeder (editors). 2005. Mammal species of the world: a taxonomic and geographic reference. Third edition. The Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore. Two volumes. 2,142 pp. [As modified by ASM the Mammal Diversity Database (MDD) at https://www.mammaldiversity.org/index.html]","shortCitationAuthor":"Wilson and Reeder","shortCitationYear":2005,"referenceCode":"B05WIL01NAUS","lastModified":"2022-07-02T00:44:59.638537Z"}],"otherCommonNames":[{"id":135297,"name":"Phoque annelé","language":"FR"}],"speciesGlobal":{"elementGlobalId":101700,"cites":null,"cosewic":{"id":5,"cosewicDescEn":"Special Concern","cosewicDescEs":"De interés especial","cosewicDescFr":"Espèce préoccupante","cosewicCode":"SC"},"fwsRegion":null,"genusSize":{"id":2,"genusSizeDescEn":"Very small genus","genusSizeDescEs":"Un género muy pequeño","genusSizeDescFr":"Très petit genre"},"jurisEndem":{"id":5,"jurisEndemDescEn":"occurs (regularly, as a native taxon) in multiple nations","jurisEndemDescEs":"Se encuentra en varias naciones (de manera regular, como un taxón nativo)","jurisEndemDescFr":"Se trouve dans plusieurs nations (de façon régulière, tel un taxon indigène)"},"nomenclaturallyEst":null,"usesa":null,"informalTaxonomy":{"informalTaxonomyId":6,"level1":"Animals","level2":"Vertebrates","level3":"Mammals","level":3,"hasChildren":false,"parentId":2,"distributionStatus":"complete","displayOrder":1090},"parentSpecies":null,"infraspecies":false,"kingdom":"Animalia","phylum":"Craniata","taxclass":"Mammalia","taxorder":"Carnivora","family":"Phocidae","genus":"Pusa","americanFisheriesStatus":null,"americanFisheriesStatusDate":null,"saraStatus":null,"saraStatusDate":null,"cosewicDate":"2019-11-29","interpretedCosewic":null,"cosewicComments":"Reason for Designation: This small seal needs sea ice to thrive. It is wide-ranging and is the most abundant marine mammal in the Canadian Arctic. It is an important species for Inuit and is the primary prey of Polar Bear. Its population levels and trends are uncertain, although the total population is about 2 million individuals. Aboriginal Traditional Knowledge from local communities across the species’ range suggests that its population status varies regionally, but is generally considered stable. Reductions in the area and duration of sea ice due to climate warming in the Canadian Arctic, with consequent reductions in suitable pupping habitat due to loss of stable ice and a lower spring snow depth, are the primary threats to this species. The Canadian population is predicted to decline over the next three generations, and may become Threatened due to extensive and ongoing changes in sea ice and snow cover in a rapidly-warming Arctic.<br/><br/>Status History: Designated Not at Risk in April 1989. Status re-examined and designated Special Concern in November 2019.","usesaDate":null,"interpretedUsesa":"PS:E,T","usesaComments":"In 2024, NMFS will conduct a 5-year review the Saimaa seal (<i>P. h. saimensis</i>). NMFS (2012) have listed the Arctic (<i>Phoca hispida hispida</i>), Okhotsk (<i>Phoca hispida ochotensis</i>), and Baltic (<i>Phoca hispida botnica</i>) subspecies of the ringed seal as threatened, and the Ladoga (<i>Phoca hispida ladogensis</i>), and Saimaa (<i>Phoca </i><i>hispida saimensis</i>) (USFWS 1993) subspecies as endangered. Only the Arctic subspecies occurs in U.S. waters.<br/><br/>In a 90-day finding on a petition to delist the Arctic subspecies of ringed seal (<i>Pusa hispida hispida</i>) under the Endangered Species Act (ESA), NMFS (2020) find that the petition does not present new information or analyses that had not been previously considered and therefore does not present substantial scientific or commercial information indicating that the petitioned action may be warranted. Nevertheless, they are separately initiating a five-year review of the status of the Arctic ringed seal, along with the subspecies Okhotsk (<i>Pusa hispida ochotensis</i>), Baltic (<i>Pusa hispida botnica</i>), and endangered Ladoga (<i>Pusa hispida ladogensis</i>).","completeDistribution":true,"synonyms":[{"id":102037,"synonym":"Phoca hispida","synonymAuthor":"Schreber, 1775","formattedSynonym":"<i>Phoca hispida</i>"}],"infraspeciesList":[{"infraspeciesId":1385076,"uniqueId":"ELEMENT_GLOBAL.2.1385076","formattedScientificName":"<i>Pusa hispida hispida</i>","scientificName":"Pusa hispida hispida","primaryCommonName":"Ringed Seal, Arctic Subspecies","nsxUrl":"/Taxon/ELEMENT_GLOBAL.2.1385076/Pusa_hispida_hispida"}],"ebarId":null,"ebarCanadianScope":false,"ebarGlobalScope":false,"ebarKbaGroup":"Mammals","caGeneralStatusId":"GS001503"},"speciesCharacteristics":{"elementGlobalId":101700,"reproductionComments":"Pups are born in late March and April (earlier in Baltic); usually a single pup. Female nurses pup 5-7 weeks, abandons pup at or around time of ice break up. Breeds mostly late April-early May within 1 month after parturition. Sexually mature at average age of 5-6 or 6-7 years.","ecologyComments":"Distances between subnivean lairs used by a single seal may be up to a couple of miles (Kelly and Quakenbush 1990). Polar bears, arctic foxes, and humans are the only significant predators (Frost and Lowry 1981); polar bear sometimes may kill one-third or more of the pups in an area (Reeves et al. 1992). Avian predation on pups might be an important factor limiting the southern breeding range (Reeves et al. 1992). In the Sea of Okhotsk, mortality rate is about 35% in the first year, average of 11% for each of the next 12 years (Reeves et al. 1992).","habitatComments":"Nonbreeders occur in flaw zone and moving pack ice during breeding season; congregate along leads in ice in late spring. In summer all age classes and both sexes occur along edge of permanent ice pack and in near-shore ice remnants. Some, mainly juveniles, occupy ice-free areas through the summer. In winter, maintains individual breathing holes through ice and is able to inhabit areas of continuous ice cover. Individuals seasonally use one or more lairs under snow (Kelly and Quakenbush 1990). Relict lake-dwelling populations occur in the Baltic region. Highest densities of breeding adults occur on stable landfast ice; stable pack ice also is important in some areas (Sea of Okhotsk, Baffin Bay); some are born on drifting pack ice of the northern Chukchi Sea and Arctic Ocean (Reeves et al. 1992). In most areas pups born in den made under snow by female or in natural snow cave, above breathing hole through ice (Frost and Lowry 1981).","generalDescription":null,"diagnosticCharacteristics":null,"speciesMarineHabitats":[{"cagMarineHabId":-100404,"marineHabitat":{"id":3,"marineHabitatDescEn":"Near shore","marineHabitatDescEs":"Cercano a la costa","marineHabitatDescFr":"Côtier","displayOrder":3}}],"speciesTerrestrialHabitats":[{"cagTerrHabId":-106992,"terrestrialHabitat":{"id":14,"terrestrialHabitatDescEn":"Ice","terrestrialHabitatDescEs":"Hielo","terrestrialHabitatDescFr":"Glace","displayOrder":16}}],"speciesRiverineHabitats":[],"speciesPalustrineHabitats":[],"speciesLacustrineHabitats":[{"cagLacusHabId":-100509,"lacustrineHabitat":{"id":1,"lacustrineHabitatDescEn":"Deep water","lacustrineHabitatDescEs":"Aguas profundas","lacustrineHabitatDescFr":"Eau profonde","displayOrder":1}},{"cagLacusHabId":-100510,"lacustrineHabitat":{"id":2,"lacustrineHabitatDescEn":"Shallow water","lacustrineHabitatDescEs":"Aguas poco profundas","lacustrineHabitatDescFr":"Eau peu profonde","displayOrder":2}}],"speciesSubterraneanHabitats":[],"speciesEstuarineHabitats":[{"cagEstuarineHabId":-100655,"estuarineHabitat":{"id":1,"estuarineHabitatDescEn":"Bay/sound","estuarineHabitatDescEs":"Bahía/Estrecho","estuarineHabitatDescFr":"Baie/détroit","displayOrder":1}}]},"primaryReference":{"id":1151804,"citation":"American Society of Mammalogists (ASM). 2025. Mammal Diversity Database (Version 1.13) [Data set]. Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10595931. Online. Available: https://www.mammaldiversity.org/","shortCitationAuthor":"American Society of Mammalogists (ASM)","shortCitationYear":2025,"referenceCode":"W25ASM01NAUS","lastModified":"2025-04-04T21:45:15.526109Z"},"predecessors":[],"elementGlobalThreatAssessments":[{"elementGlobalThreatAssessId":20748,"iucnThreatCategory":{"id":19,"iucnThreatCategoryCd":"5","iucnThreatCategoryDescEn":"Biological resource use","iucnThreatCategoryDescEs":null,"iucnThreatCategoryDescFr":null,"displayValueEn":"5 - Biological resource use","displayValueEs":null,"displayValueFr":null,"displayOrder":330,"iucnThreat":"Y","parentThreatId":null,"iucnThreatLevel":1},"iucnThreatScope":{"id":3,"iucnThreatScopeDescEn":"Restricted: Affects some (11-30%) of the total population or occurrences or extent","iucnThreatScopeDescEs":null,"iucnThreatScopeDescFr":null,"displayValueEn":"Restricted (11-30%)","displayValueEs":null,"displayValueFr":null,"displayOrder":3},"iucnThreatSeverity":{"id":11,"iucnThreatSeverityDescEn":"Negligible or <1% pop. decline","iucnThreatSeverityDescEs":null,"iucnThreatSeverityDescFr":null,"displayValueEn":"Negligible or <1% pop. decline","displayValueEs":null,"displayValueFr":null,"displayOrder":5},"iucnThreatTiming":{"id":1,"iucnThreatTimingDescEn":"High: Continuing","iucnThreatTimingDescEs":null,"iucnThreatTimingDescFr":null,"displayValueEn":"High (continuing)","displayValueEs":null,"displayValueFr":null,"displayOrder":1},"threatImpactCalc":{"id":11,"threatImpactCalcCd":"NE","threatImpactCalcDescEn":"Negligible","threatImpactCalcDescEs":null,"threatImpactCalcDescFr":null,"displayValueEn":"Negligible","displayValueEs":null,"displayValueFr":null,"displayOrder":5}},{"elementGlobalThreatAssessId":20749,"iucnThreatCategory":{"id":23,"iucnThreatCategoryCd":"5.4","iucnThreatCategoryDescEn":"Fishing & harvesting aquatic resources","iucnThreatCategoryDescEs":null,"iucnThreatCategoryDescFr":null,"displayValueEn":"5.4 - Fishing & harvesting aquatic resources","displayValueEs":null,"displayValueFr":null,"displayOrder":370,"iucnThreat":"Y","parentThreatId":19,"iucnThreatLevel":2},"iucnThreatScope":{"id":3,"iucnThreatScopeDescEn":"Restricted: Affects some (11-30%) of the total population or occurrences or extent","iucnThreatScopeDescEs":null,"iucnThreatScopeDescFr":null,"displayValueEn":"Restricted (11-30%)","displayValueEs":null,"displayValueFr":null,"displayOrder":3},"iucnThreatSeverity":{"id":11,"iucnThreatSeverityDescEn":"Negligible or <1% pop. decline","iucnThreatSeverityDescEs":null,"iucnThreatSeverityDescFr":null,"displayValueEn":"Negligible or <1% pop. decline","displayValueEs":null,"displayValueFr":null,"displayOrder":5},"iucnThreatTiming":{"id":1,"iucnThreatTimingDescEn":"High: Continuing","iucnThreatTimingDescEs":null,"iucnThreatTimingDescFr":null,"displayValueEn":"High (continuing)","displayValueEs":null,"displayValueFr":null,"displayOrder":1},"threatImpactCalc":{"id":11,"threatImpactCalcCd":"NE","threatImpactCalcDescEn":"Negligible","threatImpactCalcDescEs":null,"threatImpactCalcDescFr":null,"displayValueEn":"Negligible","displayValueEs":null,"displayValueFr":null,"displayOrder":5}},{"elementGlobalThreatAssessId":20754,"iucnThreatCategory":{"id":36,"iucnThreatCategoryCd":"9","iucnThreatCategoryDescEn":"Pollution","iucnThreatCategoryDescEs":null,"iucnThreatCategoryDescFr":null,"displayValueEn":"9 - Pollution","displayValueEs":null,"displayValueFr":null,"displayOrder":630,"iucnThreat":"Y","parentThreatId":null,"iucnThreatLevel":1},"iucnThreatScope":{"id":1,"iucnThreatScopeDescEn":"Pervasive: Affects all or most (71-100%) of the total population or occurrences or extent","iucnThreatScopeDescEs":null,"iucnThreatScopeDescFr":null,"displayValueEn":"Pervasive (71-100%)","displayValueEs":null,"displayValueFr":null,"displayOrder":1},"iucnThreatSeverity":{"id":10,"iucnThreatSeverityDescEn":"Unknown","iucnThreatSeverityDescEs":null,"iucnThreatSeverityDescFr":null,"displayValueEn":"Unknown","displayValueEs":null,"displayValueFr":null,"displayOrder":12},"iucnThreatTiming":{"id":1,"iucnThreatTimingDescEn":"High: Continuing","iucnThreatTimingDescEs":null,"iucnThreatTimingDescFr":null,"displayValueEn":"High (continuing)","displayValueEs":null,"displayValueFr":null,"displayOrder":1},"threatImpactCalc":{"id":15,"threatImpactCalcCd":"U","threatImpactCalcDescEn":"Unknown","threatImpactCalcDescEs":null,"threatImpactCalcDescFr":null,"displayValueEn":"Unknown","displayValueEs":null,"displayValueFr":null,"displayOrder":9}},{"elementGlobalThreatAssessId":20755,"iucnThreatCategory":{"id":37,"iucnThreatCategoryCd":"9.1","iucnThreatCategoryDescEn":"Domestic & urban waste water","iucnThreatCategoryDescEs":null,"iucnThreatCategoryDescFr":null,"displayValueEn":"9.1 - Domestic & urban waste water","displayValueEs":null,"displayValueFr":null,"displayOrder":640,"iucnThreat":"Y","parentThreatId":36,"iucnThreatLevel":2},"iucnThreatScope":{"id":1,"iucnThreatScopeDescEn":"Pervasive: Affects all or most (71-100%) of the total population or occurrences or extent","iucnThreatScopeDescEs":null,"iucnThreatScopeDescFr":null,"displayValueEn":"Pervasive (71-100%)","displayValueEs":null,"displayValueFr":null,"displayOrder":1},"iucnThreatSeverity":{"id":10,"iucnThreatSeverityDescEn":"Unknown","iucnThreatSeverityDescEs":null,"iucnThreatSeverityDescFr":null,"displayValueEn":"Unknown","displayValueEs":null,"displayValueFr":null,"displayOrder":12},"iucnThreatTiming":{"id":1,"iucnThreatTimingDescEn":"High: Continuing","iucnThreatTimingDescEs":null,"iucnThreatTimingDescFr":null,"displayValueEn":"High (continuing)","displayValueEs":null,"displayValueFr":null,"displayOrder":1},"threatImpactCalc":{"id":15,"threatImpactCalcCd":"U","threatImpactCalcDescEn":"Unknown","threatImpactCalcDescEs":null,"threatImpactCalcDescFr":null,"displayValueEn":"Unknown","displayValueEs":null,"displayValueFr":null,"displayOrder":9}},{"elementGlobalThreatAssessId":20756,"iucnThreatCategory":{"id":38,"iucnThreatCategoryCd":"9.2","iucnThreatCategoryDescEn":"Industrial & military effluents","iucnThreatCategoryDescEs":null,"iucnThreatCategoryDescFr":null,"displayValueEn":"9.2 - Industrial & military effluents","displayValueEs":null,"displayValueFr":null,"displayOrder":650,"iucnThreat":"Y","parentThreatId":36,"iucnThreatLevel":2},"iucnThreatScope":{"id":1,"iucnThreatScopeDescEn":"Pervasive: Affects all or most (71-100%) of the total population or occurrences or extent","iucnThreatScopeDescEs":null,"iucnThreatScopeDescFr":null,"displayValueEn":"Pervasive (71-100%)","displayValueEs":null,"displayValueFr":null,"displayOrder":1},"iucnThreatSeverity":{"id":10,"iucnThreatSeverityDescEn":"Unknown","iucnThreatSeverityDescEs":null,"iucnThreatSeverityDescFr":null,"displayValueEn":"Unknown","displayValueEs":null,"displayValueFr":null,"displayOrder":12},"iucnThreatTiming":{"id":1,"iucnThreatTimingDescEn":"High: Continuing","iucnThreatTimingDescEs":null,"iucnThreatTimingDescFr":null,"displayValueEn":"High (continuing)","displayValueEs":null,"displayValueFr":null,"displayOrder":1},"threatImpactCalc":{"id":15,"threatImpactCalcCd":"U","threatImpactCalcDescEn":"Unknown","threatImpactCalcDescEs":null,"threatImpactCalcDescFr":null,"displayValueEn":"Unknown","displayValueEs":null,"displayValueFr":null,"displayOrder":9}},{"elementGlobalThreatAssessId":20757,"iucnThreatCategory":{"id":39,"iucnThreatCategoryCd":"9.3","iucnThreatCategoryDescEn":"Agricultural & forestry effluents","iucnThreatCategoryDescEs":null,"iucnThreatCategoryDescFr":null,"displayValueEn":"9.3 - Agricultural & forestry effluents","displayValueEs":null,"displayValueFr":null,"displayOrder":660,"iucnThreat":"Y","parentThreatId":36,"iucnThreatLevel":2},"iucnThreatScope":{"id":1,"iucnThreatScopeDescEn":"Pervasive: Affects all or most (71-100%) of the total population or occurrences or extent","iucnThreatScopeDescEs":null,"iucnThreatScopeDescFr":null,"displayValueEn":"Pervasive (71-100%)","displayValueEs":null,"displayValueFr":null,"displayOrder":1},"iucnThreatSeverity":{"id":10,"iucnThreatSeverityDescEn":"Unknown","iucnThreatSeverityDescEs":null,"iucnThreatSeverityDescFr":null,"displayValueEn":"Unknown","displayValueEs":null,"displayValueFr":null,"displayOrder":12},"iucnThreatTiming":{"id":1,"iucnThreatTimingDescEn":"High: Continuing","iucnThreatTimingDescEs":null,"iucnThreatTimingDescFr":null,"displayValueEn":"High (continuing)","displayValueEs":null,"displayValueFr":null,"displayOrder":1},"threatImpactCalc":{"id":15,"threatImpactCalcCd":"U","threatImpactCalcDescEn":"Unknown","threatImpactCalcDescEs":null,"threatImpactCalcDescFr":null,"displayValueEn":"Unknown","displayValueEs":null,"displayValueFr":null,"displayOrder":9}},{"elementGlobalThreatAssessId":20758,"iucnThreatCategory":{"id":47,"iucnThreatCategoryCd":"11","iucnThreatCategoryDescEn":"Climate change & severe weather","iucnThreatCategoryDescEs":null,"iucnThreatCategoryDescFr":null,"displayValueEn":"11 - Climate change & severe weather","displayValueEs":null,"displayValueFr":null,"displayOrder":840,"iucnThreat":"Y","parentThreatId":null,"iucnThreatLevel":1},"iucnThreatScope":{"id":1,"iucnThreatScopeDescEn":"Pervasive: Affects all or most (71-100%) of the total population or occurrences or extent","iucnThreatScopeDescEs":null,"iucnThreatScopeDescFr":null,"displayValueEn":"Pervasive (71-100%)","displayValueEs":null,"displayValueFr":null,"displayOrder":1},"iucnThreatSeverity":{"id":3,"iucnThreatSeverityDescEn":"Moderate: Likely to moderately degrade/reduce affected occurrences or habitat, or reduce  population 11-30%","iucnThreatSeverityDescEs":null,"iucnThreatSeverityDescFr":null,"displayValueEn":"Moderate or 11-30% pop. decline","displayValueEs":null,"displayValueFr":null,"displayOrder":3},"iucnThreatTiming":{"id":1,"iucnThreatTimingDescEn":"High: Continuing","iucnThreatTimingDescEs":null,"iucnThreatTimingDescFr":null,"displayValueEn":"High (continuing)","displayValueEs":null,"displayValueFr":null,"displayOrder":1},"threatImpactCalc":{"id":8,"threatImpactCalcCd":"C","threatImpactCalcDescEn":"Medium","threatImpactCalcDescEs":null,"threatImpactCalcDescFr":null,"displayValueEn":"C = Medium","displayValueEs":null,"displayValueFr":null,"displayOrder":3}},{"elementGlobalThreatAssessId":20759,"iucnThreatCategory":{"id":48,"iucnThreatCategoryCd":"11.1","iucnThreatCategoryDescEn":"Habitat shifting & alteration","iucnThreatCategoryDescEs":null,"iucnThreatCategoryDescFr":null,"displayValueEn":"11.1 - Habitat shifting & alteration","displayValueEs":null,"displayValueFr":null,"displayOrder":850,"iucnThreat":"Y","parentThreatId":47,"iucnThreatLevel":2},"iucnThreatScope":{"id":1,"iucnThreatScopeDescEn":"Pervasive: Affects all or most (71-100%) of the total population or occurrences or extent","iucnThreatScopeDescEs":null,"iucnThreatScopeDescFr":null,"displayValueEn":"Pervasive (71-100%)","displayValueEs":null,"displayValueFr":null,"displayOrder":1},"iucnThreatSeverity":{"id":3,"iucnThreatSeverityDescEn":"Moderate: Likely to moderately degrade/reduce affected occurrences or habitat, or reduce  population 11-30%","iucnThreatSeverityDescEs":null,"iucnThreatSeverityDescFr":null,"displayValueEn":"Moderate or 11-30% pop. decline","displayValueEs":null,"displayValueFr":null,"displayOrder":3},"iucnThreatTiming":{"id":1,"iucnThreatTimingDescEn":"High: Continuing","iucnThreatTimingDescEs":null,"iucnThreatTimingDescFr":null,"displayValueEn":"High (continuing)","displayValueEs":null,"displayValueFr":null,"displayOrder":1},"threatImpactCalc":{"id":8,"threatImpactCalcCd":"C","threatImpactCalcDescEn":"Medium","threatImpactCalcDescEs":null,"threatImpactCalcDescFr":null,"displayValueEn":"C = Medium","displayValueEs":null,"displayValueFr":null,"displayOrder":3}}]}