{"elementGlobalId":101695,"circumscripConfidence":{"id":1,"circumscripConfidenceDescEn":"1 - Strong","circumscripConfidenceDescEs":"1 - Fuerte","circumscripConfidenceDescFr":"1 – Forte"},"classificationLevel":{"id":7,"classificationLevelNameEn":"Species","classificationLevelNameEs":"Especies","classificationLevelNameFr":"Espèce"},"classificationStatus":{"id":1,"classificationStatusDescEn":"Standard","classificationStatusDescEs":"Estándar","classificationStatusDescFr":"Standard"},"iucn":{"id":11,"iucnDescEn":"Least concern","iucnDescEs":"Menos preocupante","iucnDescFr":"Moins préoccupante","iucnCode":"LC"},"nameCategory":{"id":1,"nameCategoryDescEn":"Vertebrate Animal","nameCategoryDescEs":"Animal vertebrado","nameCategoryDescFr":"Animal vertébré","nameTypeCd":"A","nameTypeDesc":"Zoological"},"rankMethodUsed":null,"formattedScientificName":"<i>Crotalus atrox</i>","scientificName":"Crotalus atrox","scientificNameAuthor":"Baird and Girard, 1853","primaryCommonName":"Western Diamond-backed Rattlesnake","relatedItisNames":"<i>Crotalus atrox</i> Baird and Girard, 1853 (TSN 174310)","uniqueId":"ELEMENT_GLOBAL.2.101695","elcode":"ARADE02020","conceptRefFullCitation":"Pyron, R. A., F. T. Burbrink, and J. J. Wiens. 2013. A phylogeny and revised classification of Squamata, including 4161 species of lizards and snakes. BMC Evolutionary Biology 29:131.","conceptName":"<i>Crotalus atrox</i>","taxonomicComments":"The traditional view of rattlesnake taxonomy that recognizes the two monophyletic sister genera <i>Crotalus </i>and <i>Sistrurus </i>(e.g. Brattstrom 1964) has recently been challenged. Stille (1987) and McCranie (1988) presented data that suggested <i>Sistrurus </i>is not monophyletic and rendered <i>Crotalus </i>paraphyletic. Parkinson (1999) found <i>Sistrurus </i>monophyletic but its position rendered <i>Crotalus </i>paraphyletic. Knight et al. (1993) used mtDNA to defend the traditional generic taxonomy, but in order to do so ignored the most parsimonious tree. The genus <i>Crotalus </i>is monophyletic when including the Mexican <i>C. ravus</i> (Murphy et al. 2002), and is supported as such in most recent phylogenies, as well as being the sister taxon to a monophyletic <i>Sistrurus </i>(e.g., Pyron et al. 2013) (Crother 2017).","roundedGRank":"G5","conservationStatusFactorsEditionDate":"2006-08-28","conservationStatusFactorsEditionAuthors":"Hammerson, G.","primaryCommonNameLanguage":"EN","recordType":"SPECIES","elementNationals":[{"elementNationalId":166668,"classifConfidence":null,"nation":{"id":225,"nameEn":"United States","nameEs":"Estados Unidos","nameFr":"États-Unis","isoCode":"US","region":"United States"},"roundedNRank":"N5","elementSubnationals":[{"elementSubnationalId":269710,"subnation":{"id":39,"nameEn":"New Mexico","nameEs":"Nuevo 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of <30% to increase of 25%","longTermTrendDescEs":"Disminución de <30% a aumento de 25%.","longTermTrendDescFr":"Diminution de <30 % à augmentation de 25 %"},"numberEos":{"id":14,"numberEosDescEn":"81 to >300","numberEosDescEs":"De 81 a >300","numberEosDescFr":"De 81 à >300"},"numberGoodEos":{"id":20,"numberGoodEosDescEn":"Many to very many (41 to >125)","numberGoodEosDescEs":"Muchos a muy muchos (41 a >125)","numberGoodEosDescFr":"De plusieurs à beaucoup (de 41 à >125)"},"numberProtEos":null,"popSize":{"id":35,"popSizeDescEn":"100,000 to >1,000,000 individuals","popSizeDescEs":"De 100.000 a >1.000.000 de individuos","popSizeDescFr":"De 100 000 à >1 000 000 individus"},"rangeExtent":{"id":33,"rangeExtentDescEn":"200,000-2,500,000 square km (about 80,000-1,000,000 square miles)","rangeExtentDescEs":"200.000 a 2.500.000 kilómetros cuadrados (aproximadamente 80.000 a 1.000.000 millas cuadradas)","rangeExtentDescFr":"De 200 000 à 2 500 000 km carrés (de 80 000 à 1 000 000 miles carrés approximativement)"},"shortTermTrend":{"id":40,"shortTermTrendDescEn":"Relatively Stable (<=10% change)","shortTermTrendDescEs":"Relativamente estable (variación = <10%)","shortTermTrendDescFr":"Relativement stable (variation = <10 %)"},"threatImpactAssigned":{"id":8,"threatImpactAssignedDescEn":"Medium","threatImpactAssignedDescEs":"Medio","threatImpactAssignedDescFr":"Moyen"},"rangeExtentComments":"The geographic range extends from southeastern California, possibly southern Nevada, central and southern Arizona, New Mexico, Texas, Oklahoma, and Arkansas south in Mexico to extreme northeastern Baja California, northern Sinaloa, Veracruz, and (at least formerly) disjunctly to Oaxaca (Ernst 1992, Campbell and Lamar 2004). It is unclear whether specimens collected in Kansas represent translocated individuals or part of a natural population (Matlack and Rehmeier 2002). Elevational range extends from near sea level to at least 2,440 meters in San Luis Potosi (Klauber 1972), but most locations are below 1,500 meters (Campbell and Lamar 2004).","areaOfOccupancy":null,"areaOfOccupancyComments":null,"numberEosComments":"This species is represented by a large number of occurrences. Campbell and Lamar (2004) mapped hundreds of collection sites.","popSizeComments":"Adult population size is unknown but certainly exceeds 100,000. This is a common snake in much of its range.","viabilityComments":null,"threatImpactComments":"No major threats are known. Some populations have been decimated by habitat destruction, automobile traffic, and/or direct killing by humans, especially in conjunction with \"rattlesnake roundups.\"","shortTermTrendComments":"Extent of occurrence, area of occupancy, and number of subpopulations probably are relatively stable; population size probably is declining at less than 10 percent over 10 years or three generations.","longTermTrendComments":null,"inventoryNeeds":null,"numberProtEosComments":"Several occurrences are in protected areas.","protectionNeeds":null,"otherConsiderations":null,"intrinsicVulnerabilityComments":null,"enviromentalSpecificityComments":null},"animalCharacteristics":{"elementGlobalId":101695,"majorHabitat":{"id":3,"majorHabitatDescEn":"Terrestrial","majorHabitatDescEs":"Terrestre","majorHabitatDescFr":"Terrestre"},"nonMigrant":true,"localMigrant":true,"longDistanceMigrant":false,"mobilityMigrationComments":"Migrates up to 3.5 km between winter den and summer range (Landreth 1973).","foodHabitsComments":"Eats mainly mammals (rabbits, squirrels, mice, rats), also lizards and birds (Stebbins 1985); apparently sometimes eats carrion. Forages actively or ambushes prey. In southeastern Arizona, survival for a year can be supported by just a few large meals (Beck 1995).","animalPhenologyComments":"Mostly crepuscular and nocturnal in summer, but active diurnally as well, especially in cooler months. In north, active mainly from April to late September or early October but may appear on surface during mild winter weather, especially in south (Tennant 1984). Active mainly March-October in southeastern Arizona (Beck 1995). In Chihuahua, active mainly July-September, with a peak in August (Reynolds, cited by Ernst 1992).","colonialBreeder":false,"length":213,"width":null,"weight":null,"animalPhenologies":[{"animalCagPhenologyId":101521,"animalPhenology":{"id":1,"animalPhenologyDescEn":"Hibernates/aestivates","animalPhenologyDescEs":"Hibernación/Estivación","animalPhenologyDescFr":"Hiberne/estive","displayOrder":1},"adult":true,"immature":true},{"animalCagPhenologyId":101522,"animalPhenology":{"id":3,"animalPhenologyDescEn":"Diurnal","animalPhenologyDescEs":"Diurno","animalPhenologyDescFr":"Diurne","displayOrder":3},"adult":true,"immature":true},{"animalCagPhenologyId":101523,"animalPhenology":{"id":4,"animalPhenologyDescEn":"Nocturnal","animalPhenologyDescEs":"Nocturno","animalPhenologyDescFr":"Nocturne","displayOrder":4},"adult":true,"immature":true},{"animalCagPhenologyId":101524,"animalPhenology":{"id":5,"animalPhenologyDescEn":"Crepuscular","animalPhenologyDescEs":"Crepuscular","animalPhenologyDescFr":"Crépusculaire","displayOrder":5},"adult":true,"immature":true}],"animalFoodHabits":[{"animalCagFoodHabitsId":102898,"foodHabits":{"id":1,"foodHabitsDescEn":"Carnivore","foodHabitsDescEs":"Carnívoro","foodHabitsDescFr":"Carnivore","displayOrder":1},"adult":true,"immature":true}]},"occurrenceDelineations":[{"eoSpecsDetailId":1385,"locationUseClass":{"id":1,"locationUseClassDescEn":"Not applicable","locationUseClassDescEs":"No se aplica","locationUseClassDescFr":"Sans objet","displayOrder":1},"eoSpecGroupName":null,"subtypes":null,"inferredExtentDistance":2.0,"inferredExtentNotes":"Suitable habitat within 2 km of a point location or hibernaculum of this species is likely to be occupied.","minimumEoCriteria":"Occurrences are based on evidence of historical presence, or current and likely recurring presence, at a given location. Such evidence minimally includes collection or reliable observation and documentation of one or more individuals in or near appropriate habitat where the species is presumed to be established and  breeding.","mappingGuidance":null,"separationBarriers":"Busy highway or highway with obstructions such that snakes rarely if ever cross successfully; major river with consistently fast flow; densely urbanized area dominated by buildings and pavement.","separationDistanceUnsuitableHabitatat":1.0,"separationDistanceSuitableHabitatat":5.0,"altSeparationProcedure":null,"separationJustification":"In southeastern Arizona, movements were not particualrly extensive; mean home range size was 5.42 ha and individuals moved an average of 51 m per day during the active season (Beck 1995). However, these snakes sometimes migrate up to 3.5 km between the winter den and summer range (Landreth 1973). Hence snakes from a single hibernaculum might end up in locations several kilometers apart, and snakes from widely separated hibernacula presumably sometimes interbreed, suggesting the appropriateness of a fairly large separation distance.","versionDate":"2005-08-18","versionAuthor":"Hammerson, G.","versionNotes":null,"lastModified":"2020-02-25T18:15:56.135418Z"}],"plantCharacteristics":null,"elementManagement":{"elementGlobalId":101695,"eoManagementGroupName":null,"stewardshipOverview":null,"impacts":null,"restorationPotential":null,"siteConservationPlansConsidered":null,"managementMethods":null,"monitoringMethods":null,"managementProgramContacts":null,"monitoringProgramContacts":null,"managementResearchPrograms":null,"managementResearchNeeds":null,"biologicalResearchNeeds":null,"additionalTopics":null},"occurrenceViabilities":[{"eoRankSpecsDetailId":103232,"eoRankSpecsGroupName":null,"locationUseClass":{"id":1,"locationUseClassDescEn":"Not applicable","locationUseClassDescEs":"No se aplica","locationUseClassDescFr":"Sans objet","displayOrder":1},"excellentViability":null,"goodViability":null,"fairViability":null,"poorViability":null,"viabilityJustification":"Use the Generic Guidelines for the Application of Occurrence Ranks (2008).<br>The Key for Ranking Species Occurrences Using the Generic Approach provides a step-wise process for implementing this method.","versionDate":null,"versionAuthor":null,"versionNotes":null,"lastModified":"2020-05-14T02:19:39.753693Z"}],"references":[{"id":101514,"citation":"Armstrong, B. 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Texas Monthly Press, Austin, Texas. 561 pp.","shortCitationAuthor":"Tennant","shortCitationYear":1984,"referenceCode":"B84TEN01NAUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T18:11:51.303794Z"},{"id":130019,"citation":"Tennant, A. 1998. A field guide to Texas snakes. Second edition. Gulf Publishing Company, Houston, Texas.","shortCitationAuthor":"Tennant","shortCitationYear":1998,"referenceCode":"B98TEN01NAUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T18:13:44.477187Z"},{"id":132293,"citation":"Weir, J. 1992. The Sweetwater rattlesnake round-up: a case study in environmental ethics. Conservation Biology 6:116-127.","shortCitationAuthor":"Weir","shortCitationYear":1992,"referenceCode":"A92WEI02NAUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T18:15:56.135418Z"}],"otherCommonNames":[{"id":144462,"name":"western diamondback rattlesnake","language":"EN"},{"id":119241,"name":"Western Diamondback Rattlesnake","language":"EN"}],"speciesGlobal":{"elementGlobalId":101695,"cites":null,"cosewic":null,"fwsRegion":null,"genusSize":{"id":4,"genusSizeDescEn":"Medium to large genus","genusSizeDescEs":"Género de mediano a grande","genusSizeDescFr":"Moyen à grand genre"},"jurisEndem":{"id":5,"jurisEndemDescEn":"occurs (regularly, as a native taxon) in multiple nations","jurisEndemDescEs":"Se encuentra en varias naciones (de manera regular, como un taxón nativo)","jurisEndemDescFr":"Se trouve dans plusieurs nations (de façon régulière, tel un taxon indigène)"},"nomenclaturallyEst":null,"usesa":null,"informalTaxonomy":{"informalTaxonomyId":7,"level1":"Animals","level2":"Vertebrates","level3":"Reptiles","level":3,"hasChildren":false,"parentId":2,"distributionStatus":"complete","displayOrder":1100},"parentSpecies":null,"infraspecies":false,"kingdom":"Animalia","phylum":"Craniata","taxclass":"Reptilia","taxorder":"Squamata","family":"Viperidae","genus":"Crotalus","americanFisheriesStatus":null,"americanFisheriesStatusDate":null,"saraStatus":null,"saraStatusDate":null,"cosewicDate":null,"interpretedCosewic":null,"cosewicComments":null,"usesaDate":null,"interpretedUsesa":null,"usesaComments":null,"completeDistribution":true,"synonyms":[],"infraspeciesList":[],"ebarId":null,"ebarCanadianScope":false,"ebarGlobalScope":false,"ebarKbaGroup":"Amphibians and Reptiles","caGeneralStatusId":null},"speciesCharacteristics":{"elementGlobalId":101695,"reproductionComments":"In Oklahoma, births occur evidently in August and early September, sexual maturity is attained apparently in third year, breeding apparently is annual, fecundity (4-24 yolked follicles, mean 13) increases with female size, and the largest and oldest snakes probably are 10-15 years old (based on snakes examined at several rattlesnake roundups in Oklahoma, Fitch and Pisani 1993).<br><br>In south-central Arizona, mating occurred in spring and fall; females underwent vitellogenesis exclusively in spring, ovulated in early summer, and gave birth in August; over four years, no females gave birth more than once, indicating that reproduction is less than annual; litter sizes ranged from 2-7 (mean = 4.5) (Taylor and DeNardo 2005).","ecologyComments":"May congregate at winter dens; at least formerly, dens served up to 100-200 individuals. <br><br>Movements tend to be greatest in spring, less in summer and fall (e.g., around 45-60 m per day), and least in winter (Landreth 1973). In southeastern Arizona, mean home range size was 5.42 ha and individuals moved an average of 51 m per day during the active season (Beck 1995). <br><br>In Oklahoma, slightly more than half of the snakes collected in rattlesnake roundups in April were second-year young and young adults thought to be 3-4 years old; annual adult mortality was estimated at 20% (Fitch and Pisani 1993). <br><br>Young are vulnerable to various carnivorous animals; humans are the only significant predators on adults.","habitatComments":"Habitat encompasses arid and semiarid regions, from plains to mountains and from sandy flats to rocky uplands, including desert, grassland, shrubland, woodland, open pine forest, river bottoms, and coastal islands (Degenhardt et al. 1996, Tennant 1998, Werler and Dixon 2000, Stebbins 2003, Campbell and Lamar 2004). In southeastern Arizona, this snake is more numerous in desert scrub than in semidesert grassland (Mendelson and Jennings 1992). It hibernates in rock crevices or cavities or sometimes in animal burrows or under other cover (Ernst 1992). Hibernation sometimes occurs communally in brushy upland ridges. A population in southeastern Arizona used mainly creosotebush flats but switched to rocky slopes during winter (Beck 1995). This primarily terrestrial snake sometimes climbs into vegetation or enters water. 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I. (editor). 2017. Scientific and standard English names of amphibians and reptiles of North America north of Mexico, with comments regarding confidence in our understanding. 8th edition. SSAR Herpetological Circular 43:1-104. [Updates in SSAR North American Species Names Database at: https://ssarherps.org/cndb]","shortCitationAuthor":"Crother","shortCitationYear":2017,"referenceCode":"B17CRO01EHUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T18:11:53.413199Z"},"predecessors":[],"elementGlobalThreatAssessments":[]}