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Check-list of North American birds. Seventh edition. American Ornithologists' Union, Washington, D.C. [as modified by subsequent supplements and corrections published in <i>The Auk</i>]. Also available online: http://www.aou.org/.","conceptName":"<i>Sterna paradisaea</i>","taxonomicComments":"Monotypic; no subspecies are recognized. 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Outside North America, nesting occurs in Greenland on all coasts; in the Palearctic north to Iceland, Svalbard, and Franz Josef Land, and south to the Netherlands and sparsely in Belgium, Ireland, and northwestern France; and in northern Russia and widely along Russian far eastern arctic coasts (Wrangel Island, Chukotska and Kamchatka Peninsulas south to Sakhalin Island) (Hatch 2002). <br><br>During the nonbreeding season, this species occurs primarily in the antarctic and subantarctic regions of the Southern Hemisphere, with small numbers reported throughout the year from Namibia to Mozambique, southern Australia, and New Zealand (Hatch 2002). Migrants occur widely in areas between the breeding areas and antarctic region.","areaOfOccupancy":null,"areaOfOccupancyComments":null,"numberEosComments":"This species is represented by a large number of nesting occurrences (subpopulations).","popSizeComments":"Global breeding population is estimated at between 1 to 2 million pairs; includes primarily coastal estimates of about 12,800 pairs on the Atlantic U.S. coast; 80,000 pairs in Greenland; 200,000-500,000 pairs in Iceland; 72,000 pairs in Scotland; 70,000 pairs elsewhere in Atlantic Europe; 50,000 pairs in Baltic European countries; several hundred thousand in Russia; and several hundred thousand in Alaska (Lensink 1984, Hatch 2002). Few estimates exist for interior-nesting birds.","viabilityComments":null,"threatImpactComments":"This species is vulnerable to food shortages, predation (including egg predation by humans), pollution, and habitat degradation and loss (Howes and Montevecchi 1993). Disturbance at colony sites could cause desertion or declines (Howes and Montevecchi 1993), but terns have also shown potential for habituation to human activity under certain conditions. Growing gull populations have displaced terns from breeding habitat in some parts of Atlantic Canada and increased predation on young and eggs (Lock 1992). Climatic warming could decrease abundance or change distribution of ice-associated prey species such as the Arctic cod.","shortTermTrendComments":"Breeding populations in New England declined in late nineteenth century, subsequent recovery peaked 1930-1950 and was followed by a smaller decline and population fluctuations since the 1990s (Hatch 2002). In northern Canada, overall trend is unknown, but dramatic declines were reported for the 1980s to 1997 at the Belcher Islands, Hudson Bay (Gilchrist and Robertson 1999). Trend in Alaska varies regionally. In western Greenland, large declines have been reported (Evans 1984a, Hatch 2002). In southern part of northwestern Europe, the breeding range has possibly contracted recently (Evans 1984b). Local populations may sometimes increase, in spite of low productivity and interactions with gulls, due to immigration from other (disturbed) colonies (Howes and Montevecchi 1993).","longTermTrendComments":null,"inventoryNeeds":"Range, particularly nonbreeding, is not well defined; better information is needed on global distribution, abundance, and trends.","numberProtEosComments":"Many nesting occurrences are in protected areas such as national parks.","protectionNeeds":null,"otherConsiderations":null,"intrinsicVulnerabilityComments":null,"enviromentalSpecificityComments":null},"animalCharacteristics":{"elementGlobalId":101556,"majorHabitat":{"id":3,"majorHabitatDescEn":"Terrestrial","majorHabitatDescEs":"Terrestre","majorHabitatDescFr":"Terrestre"},"nonMigrant":false,"localMigrant":false,"longDistanceMigrant":true,"mobilityMigrationComments":"Arrives in breeding areas April-June (late May to mid-June in Beaufort Sea area), departs by August-September (Bent 1921). Migrates mainly well offshore.","foodHabitsComments":"Eats small fishes and crustaceans obtained by diving from air into surface water.","animalPhenologyComments":null,"colonialBreeder":true,"length":39,"width":null,"weight":110,"animalPhenologies":[{"animalCagPhenologyId":101478,"animalPhenology":{"id":3,"animalPhenologyDescEn":"Diurnal","animalPhenologyDescEs":"Diurno","animalPhenologyDescFr":"Diurne","displayOrder":3},"adult":true,"immature":true}],"animalFoodHabits":[{"animalCagFoodHabitsId":102788,"foodHabits":{"id":2,"foodHabitsDescEn":"Piscivore","foodHabitsDescEs":"Piscivore","foodHabitsDescFr":"Piscivore","displayOrder":2},"adult":true,"immature":true},{"animalCagFoodHabitsId":102789,"foodHabits":{"id":3,"foodHabitsDescEn":"Invertivore","foodHabitsDescEs":"Invertívoro","foodHabitsDescFr":"Invertivore","displayOrder":3},"adult":true,"immature":true}]},"occurrenceDelineations":[{"eoSpecsDetailId":1093,"locationUseClass":{"id":2,"locationUseClassDescEn":"Breeding","locationUseClassDescEs":"En reproducción","locationUseClassDescFr":"Reproduction","displayOrder":2},"eoSpecGroupName":"Gulls and Terns","subtypes":null,"inferredExtentDistance":null,"inferredExtentNotes":"Inferred extent not appropriate, since foraging areas often separated by a considerable distance from breeding colony.","minimumEoCriteria":"Evidence of historical breeding, or current and likely recurring breeding, at a given location, minimally a reliable observation of one or more breeding pairs in appropriate habitat. Be cautious about creating EOs for observations that may represent single breeding events outside the normal breeding distribution.","mappingGuidance":null,"separationBarriers":"None.","separationDistanceUnsuitableHabitatat":5.0,"separationDistanceSuitableHabitatat":5.0,"altSeparationProcedure":null,"separationJustification":"Occurrences include nesting areas and associated nesting-season foraging areas (regardless of how far apart they are), but separation distance pertains to nesting areas (breeding colonies). Thus different breeding occurrences may overlap if birds from different nesting areas forage in the same area. Separation distance is not intended to delineate demographically independent populations or metapopulations (such units would be quite large). Instead, separation distance is a compromise between the high mobility of these birds (see following) and the need for occurrences that are of practical size for conservation/management use. <br /><br />California Gulls foraged an average of 17.4 kilometers from colony (Baird 1976); maximum foraging distances ranged from 32 to 61 kilometers (Rothweiler 1960, Baird 1976). Ring-billed Gulls foraged an average of 11 km from colony (Baird 1977). Least Terns foraged up to 3-12 kilometers from nests (summarized in Thompson et al. 1997). Forster's Terns has a reported feeding radius of 3.2 kilometers (Van Rossem 1932). Black Terns foraged up to 10 kilometers from nests, over continuous suitable but unoccupied habitat (M. A. Stern, pers. comm. 1998). Caspian terns in a colony at the mouth of the Columbia River: 90% of adults foraged within 21 kilometers (Collis et al. 1999).","versionDate":"2004-07-21","versionAuthor":"Cannings, S., and G. 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Be cautious about creating EOs for observations that may represent single events.","mappingGuidance":null,"separationBarriers":"None.","separationDistanceUnsuitableHabitatat":5.0,"separationDistanceSuitableHabitatat":5.0,"altSeparationProcedure":null,"separationJustification":"Separation distance somewhat arbitrary; set such that occurrences are of managable size for conservation purposes. Occurrences are defined primarily on the basis of areas supporting concentrations of foraging birds, rather than on the basis of distinct populations.","versionDate":"2002-04-16","versionAuthor":"Cannings, S.","versionNotes":"Includes all inland-nesting gulls and terns, in the genera LARUS, STERNA, and CHLIDONIAS.","lastModified":"2020-04-30T02:05:56.849048Z"},{"eoSpecsDetailId":1094,"locationUseClass":{"id":4,"locationUseClassDescEn":"Migratory stopover","locationUseClassDescEs":"Parada migratoria","locationUseClassDescFr":"Halte migratoire","displayOrder":5},"eoSpecGroupName":"Gulls and Terns","subtypes":null,"inferredExtentDistance":null,"inferredExtentNotes":null,"minimumEoCriteria":"Evidence of recurring presence of migrating flocks (including historical); and potential recurring presence at a given location, minimally a reliable observation of 50 birds in appropriate habitat. Occurrences should be locations where the species is resident for some time during the appropriate season; it is preferable to have observations documenting presence over at least 7 days annually. Be cautious about creating EOs for observations that may represent single events.","mappingGuidance":null,"separationBarriers":"None.","separationDistanceUnsuitableHabitatat":5.0,"separationDistanceSuitableHabitatat":5.0,"altSeparationProcedure":null,"separationJustification":"Separation distance somewhat arbitrary; set such that occurrences are of managable size for conservation purposes. 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