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Such evidence minimally includes collection or reliable observation and documentation of one or more individuals (including eggs) in or near appropriate habitat where the species is presumed to be established and  breeding.","mappingGuidance":"Occurrences should encompass foraging and wintering habitats, basking sites, nesting areas, and travel corridors between the aquatic/wetland habitats and nest sites; some of these may be farther apart than the separation distance.","separationBarriers":"Busy highway or highway with obstructions such that turtles rarely if ever cross successfully (does not include highways that traverse continuous aquatic/wetland habitat); untraversable topography (e.g., cliff); urbanized area dominated by buildings and pavement and lacking aquatic or wetland habitat.","separationDistanceUnsuitableHabitatat":1.0,"separationDistanceSuitableHabitatat":20.0,"altSeparationProcedure":"In some areas, individual annual home ranges may be longer than the separation distance, so it is important to evaluate movement patterns and seasonal changes in distribution before applying the standard separation distance for suitable habitat.","separationJustification":"In a Kansas river (Plummer and Shirer 1975), individual smooth softshells moved 2-4 km upstream or downstream in one day, and they were often recaptured in areas extending along 2-3 river km. An adult female moved 7.8 km upstream in two days. Only one long-distance movement exceeded 8 km. Mean short-term home range length was 1.2 km (range up to about 2.4 km) in adult females, 0.5 km (up to about 1.1 km) in males, but both sexes made long but brief movements out of their home ranges, and sometimes they shifted home range location during a single season. <br><br>In Vermont, spiny softshells migrated about 3 km between riverine wintering sites and river mouth nesting sites near Lake Champlain (Graham and Graham 1997). In another area of Lake Champlain, female softshells were more mobile than males and had annual home range lengths of up to 25 km (mean 13.7 km) (Galois et al. 2002). A female in that area nested more than 30 km from her wintering area (Daigle et al. 2002).<br><br>In general, nesting occurs on high open sandbars and banks close to water. In Florida, an Apalone ferox nest was in the sand apron of a recently abandoned gopher tortoise burrow, 103 m from the nearest body of water (Heinrich and Richardson 1993). Softshells nest usually within 100 m of water, often much closer than 100 m (Fitch and Plummer 1975, Vogt 1981).  <br><br>This information indicates that softshells along rivers and in lakes tend to move over relatively large areas, so a large separation distances is appropriate for suitable aquatic habitat. Overland movements are not extensive, as indicated by the short migrations from water to nesting sites, so the separation for unsuitable (i.e., non-nesting upland) habitat is the nominal minimum of 1 km; occurrences separated by 1 km or more of continuous upland habitat are treated as distinct occurrences. Use the suitable-habitat separation distance for lakes, ponds, and other habitats joined by a canal or other aquatic habitat through which softshells can swim.","versionDate":"2003-02-25","versionAuthor":"Hammerson, G.","versionNotes":null,"lastModified":"2020-04-30T02:06:50.740853Z"}],"plantCharacteristics":null,"elementManagement":{"elementGlobalId":101417,"eoManagementGroupName":null,"stewardshipOverview":null,"impacts":null,"restorationPotential":null,"siteConservationPlansConsidered":null,"managementMethods":null,"monitoringMethods":"See Doody and Tamplin (1992, Herpetol. 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Online with updates at: http://www.ssarherps.org/pages/comm_names/Index.php","shortCitationAuthor":"Crother","shortCitationYear":2008,"referenceCode":"B08CRO01NAUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T14:38:20.142383Z"},{"id":943912,"citation":"Crother, B. I. (editor). 2017. Scientific and standard English names of amphibians and reptiles of North America north of Mexico, with comments regarding confidence in our understanding. 8th edition. SSAR Herpetological Circular 43:1-104. [Updates in SSAR North American Species Names Database at: https://ssarherps.org/cndb]","shortCitationAuthor":"Crother","shortCitationYear":2017,"referenceCode":"B17CRO01EHUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T18:11:53.413199Z"},{"id":761719,"citation":"Ernst, C. H., and R. W. Barbour. 1972. Turtles of the United States. Univ. 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