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During the northern winter, the range extends from Panama (rarely) and Colombia south, east of the Andes, through eastern Ecuador and Peru and western Brazil to northwestern Bolivia (Stiles and Skutch 1989, AOU 1998); apparently mainly in upper Amazonia (Ridgely and Tudor 1989). Recently recorded in Amazonia of Brazil (Stotz et al. 1992). Scarlet tanagers migrate primarily through the south-central and southeastern United States, Middle America, and the West Indies.","areaOfOccupancy":null,"areaOfOccupancyComments":null,"numberEosComments":"Numerous occurrences.","popSizeComments":"Far more than 10,000 individuals.","viabilityComments":null,"threatImpactComments":"The greatest threat is the continual loss and fragmentation of breeding and wintering habitat. Specific effects caused by habitat alterations are not clearly understood. Possible effects include increased nest predation by edge species (e.g., raccoons, domestic cats, etc.) and increased cowbird parasitism. Little is known of the relationship between the tanager and its habitat features, especially where habitat manipulations are occurring. Identifying specific threats affecting this species is difficult due to this lack of information.  A common host to the brown-headed cowbird (MOLOTHRUS ATER) and the most parasitized of the tanager family. Adult tanagers seem to recognize female cowbirds as enemies and usually attack on sight (Terres 1980, Prescott 1965). Friedmann (1963) stated that this tanager is not among the primary cowbird hosts.  Known predators include screech owl (OTUS ASIO), barred owl (STRIX VARIA), long-eared owl (ASIO OTUS), short-eared owl (ASIO FLAMMEUS), blue jay (CYANOCITTA CRISTATA), American crow (CORVUS BRACHYRHYNCHOS), and Merlin (FALCO COLUMBARIUS) (Senesac 1993, Prescott 1965). In addition, suspected predators include gray (SCIURUS CAROLINENSIS), red (TAMIASCIURUS HUDSONICUS), and fox (SCIURUS NIGRA) squirrels and chipmunks (TAMIAS spp.) (Senesac 1993).","shortTermTrendComments":"North American Breeding Bird Survey (BBS) data indicate a stable population in North America, 1966-1994; nonsignificant increase of 4% occurred from 1966 to 1993 and a nonsignificant increase of 6% from 1984 to 1993 (Price et al. 1995). Most states report stable populations with some reporting possible declines (Illinois, Wisconsin), and others reporting possible increases (North Carolina, Ohio, Pennsylvania).  Litwin and Smith (1992) stated that populations have dropped by 50 percent between 1950 and 1980 at the Sapsucker Woods Sanctuary in Ithaca, New York. They associated this decrease with the loss of vertical and horizontal heterogeneity, and the overall decline in productivity associated with forest maturation. This local study may offer insight to other patterns of population decline.","longTermTrendComments":null,"inventoryNeeds":null,"numberProtEosComments":null,"protectionNeeds":"Protect extensive tracts of mature forest.","otherConsiderations":"ALABAMA: Found in the northeastern portion of the state, from Tuscaloosa northward. ARKANSAS: Common summer resident in extensive upland woods. Chiefly found in the Ozarks and Ouachitas and in smaller numbers elsewhere. Favors higher elevations (James and Neal 1986). CONNECTICUT: Widely distributed throughout the state. DELAWARE: No reply for this state. GEORGIA: No specific information located. ILLINOIS: Common summer resident statewide. Populations speculated to be decreasing. INDIANA: Fairly common summer resident, statewide; most abundant in the northern third of state. Elsewhere, especially south, appears to be uncommon (Mumford and Keller 1984). IOWA: Scattered distribution throughout the state; less common in northwest regions. KANSAS: An uncommon transient and rare nesting species in eastern third of state. Rare to casual westward (Thompson and Ely 1992). KENTUCKY: Uncommon to common summer resident. Breeds in mature deciduous forests throughout the state; most numerous on the Cumberland Plateau and Mountains; less numerous and more local to the west. MAINE: Uncommon, though regular in most of western Maine. Perhaps only occasional to rare in north and east sections (Palmer 1949). MARYLAND: Breeds throughout the state. MASSACHUSETTS: No reply from this state. MICHIGAN: Relatively evenly distributed throughout the state in deciduous woods (Brewer et al. 1991). MINNESOTA: Regular migrant and summer resident. Most numerous in central, east-central, and southeast regions. Least numerous and absent over wide areas in south central and southwestern regions, and in the Red River Valley of the northwestern region (Janssen 1987). MISSISSIPPI: No specific information located. MISSOURI: Found statewide. Indications of population increase 4% annually from Breeding Bird Survey data. NEBRASKA: Breeds locally in eastern regions (Johnsgard 1979). NEW HAMPSHIRE: Fairly common breeder throughout the state. NEW JERSEY: Common migrant and summer resident throughout the state. Probably more common as a breeder in north and central regions than in the southern region. Population is stable. NEW YORK: Common breeder in a variety of forest types. Absent from large urban areas and tracts of mountain spruce. NORTH CAROLINA: Found in the mountains, piedmont, and northwest half of the Coastal Plain. Absent as a breeder near the coast and in some southeastern counties. Population believed to be increasing and distribution expanding eastward. NORTH DAKOTA: Common in the east and central portions; uncommon to rare elsewhere. OHIO: Population stable with indications of increase. Widely distributed throughout the state; more numerous along the entire Allegheney Plateau. OKLAHOMA: No specific information located. PENNSYLVANIA: Common to abundant breeder in east-central regions. In southeast, found scarce and rather local. Breeding Bird Survey data indicate increases in populations (Brauning 1992). RHODE ISLAND: Common summer resident. Widespread in interior portions; noticeably uncommon in coastal lowland regions. Also found locally on larger islands (Narragansett Bay, Conanicut Island). Stable population. SOUTH CAROLINA: Accidental breeder on the coastal plain; probably uncommon in the lower piedmont; fairly common in upper piedmont and mountains. SOUTH DAKOTA: Uncommon summer resident in the east, most often seen in migration; rare migrant and possible breeder in the west. TENNESSEE: Locally distributed statewide. VERMONT: Thinly, but widely distributed through deciduous and mixed woodlands of the state. In the past 50 years, indications of population increases are noted (Laughlin and Kibbe 1985). VIRGINIA: No significant population changes. Common breeder in mature deciduous forests throughout the state. WEST VIRGINIA: Fairly common to common summer resident throughout the state in forested areas. Uncommon in the southwest near Huntington, farther east numbers increase (Hall 1983). WISCONSIN: Fairly common summer resident statewide. Areas with fewer woodlots (south and east counties) may have lower populations. Possible population declines may be attributed to agricultural conversion of forests (Robbins 1991). MANITOBA: During the breeding season, found in a number of locations in the southern province in suitable habitat. All confirmed breeding records have taken place in the southeastern province, except for Riding Mountain National Park records in the southwest. NEW BRUNSWICK: Found mostly in interior valleys with no evidence or reason for declines. NOVA SCOTIA: Very patchy occurrences in rich hardwood habitats; especially north central province. Near absent on Atlantic Slope and Cape Breton Island (Erskine 1992). ONTARIO: Breeds in upland fairly mature deciduous and mixed forests in Carolinian and Great Lakes-St. Lawrence Forest Zones. Historical information indicates stable population trends with some localized declines (Cadman et al. 1987). QUEBEC: No specific information located. SASKATCHEWAN: Possible breeding at Madge Lake and Nipawin.","intrinsicVulnerabilityComments":null,"enviromentalSpecificityComments":null},"animalCharacteristics":{"elementGlobalId":101306,"majorHabitat":{"id":3,"majorHabitatDescEn":"Terrestrial","majorHabitatDescEs":"Terrestre","majorHabitatDescFr":"Terrestre"},"nonMigrant":false,"localMigrant":false,"longDistanceMigrant":true,"mobilityMigrationComments":"This species arrives in most of the southern United States in April, in the northern states and southern Canada by early to late May. South-bound migration begins in late August, peaks in September and (in the southern United States) early October. <br><br>Migrates through Middle America and in smaller number in West Indies. Rare spring and fall migrant in West Indies (Raffaele 1983). Fairly regular passage migrant in Netherlands Antilles (Ridgely and Tudor 1989). Migration in Costa Rica late September-early November and late March-early May (Stiles and Skutch 1989). Arrives in Colombia by October, departs by early May (Hilty and Brown 1986).","foodHabitsComments":"Eats insects and other invertebrates, and various fruits; diet includes moths, bees, caterpillars, larvae of gall insects, wood- and bark-boring beetles, click and leaf-eating beetles, crane flies, and all stages of gypsy moths, except the eggs. Nestlings are fed insects and fruit. Forages primarily at mid-canopy (6-18 m off the ground). Occasionally descends to the ground or ascends to the topmost tree branches. Searches for insects on leaves, twigs, and branches, examining the substrate in a leisurely fashion. Often picks at dense leaf clusters at the outer tips of limbs (Isler and Isler 1987). Also chases aerial insects (Bushman and Therres 1988). May feed on ground-dwelling prey (e.g., grasshoppers, ground beetles, earthworms) during periods of persistent rainfall and/or low temperatures when flying insects are inactive (Zumeta and Holmes 1978). These authors suggested that severe cases of inclement weather may contribute to a significant several-year reduction in local scarlet tanager breeding populations.","animalPhenologyComments":null,"colonialBreeder":false,"length":20,"width":null,"weight":29,"animalPhenologies":[{"animalCagPhenologyId":101373,"animalPhenology":{"id":3,"animalPhenologyDescEn":"Diurnal","animalPhenologyDescEs":"Diurno","animalPhenologyDescFr":"Diurne","displayOrder":3},"adult":true,"immature":true}],"animalFoodHabits":[{"animalCagFoodHabitsId":102620,"foodHabits":{"id":3,"foodHabitsDescEn":"Invertivore","foodHabitsDescEs":"Invertívoro","foodHabitsDescFr":"Invertivore","displayOrder":3},"adult":true,"immature":true},{"animalCagFoodHabitsId":102621,"foodHabits":{"id":6,"foodHabitsDescEn":"Frugivore","foodHabitsDescEs":"Frugívoro","foodHabitsDescFr":"Frugivore","displayOrder":6},"adult":true,"immature":true}]},"occurrenceDelineations":[{"eoSpecsDetailId":124587,"locationUseClass":{"id":2,"locationUseClassDescEn":"Breeding","locationUseClassDescEs":"En reproducción","locationUseClassDescFr":"Reproduction","displayOrder":2},"eoSpecGroupName":"Passerines","subtypes":"Foraging Area, Nest Site, Nesting Colony","inferredExtentDistance":null,"inferredExtentNotes":null,"minimumEoCriteria":"Evidence of historical breeding, or current and likely recurring breeding, at a given location, minimally a reliable observation of one or more breeding pairs in appropriate habitat. Be cautious about creating EOs for observations that may represent single breeding events outside the normal breeding distribution.","mappingGuidance":"Breeding occurrences include nesting areas as well as foraging areas.<br/><br/>For swallows and other species that have separate nesting and foraging areas, separations are based on nest sites or nesting areas, not to locations of foraging individuals. For example, nesting areas separated by a gap larger than the separation distance are different occurrences, regardless of the foraging locations of individuals from those nesting areas. This separation procedure is appropriate because nesting areas are the critical aspect of swallow breeding occurrences, tend to be relatively stable or at least somewhat predictable in general location, and so are the basis for effective conservation; foraging areas are much more flexible and not necessarily static.","separationBarriers":null,"separationDistanceUnsuitableHabitatat":5.0,"separationDistanceSuitableHabitatat":5.0,"altSeparationProcedure":null,"separationJustification":"Significant dispersal and associated high potential for gene flow among populations of birds separated by tens of kilometers (e.g., Moore and Dolbeer 1989), and increasing evidence that individuals leave their usual home range to engage in extrapair copulations, as well as long foraging excursions of some species, make it difficult to circumscribe occurrences on the basis of meaningful population units without occurrences becoming too large. Hence, a moderate, standardized separation distance has been adopted for songbirds and flycatchers; it should yield occurrences that are not too spatially expansive while also accounting for the likelihood of gene flow among populations within a few kilometers of each other.<br/><br/>Be careful not to separate a population's nesting areas and foraging areas as different occurrences; include them in the same occurrence even if they are more than 5 km apart. Mean foraging radius (from nesting area) of Brown-headed Cowbird females was 4.0 kilometers in California, 1.2 kilometers in Illinois-Missouri (Thompson 1994). Yellow-headed Blackbirds, Brewer's Blackbirds, and probably Red-winged Blackbirds all forage up to 1.6 kilometers away from breeding colony (Willson 1966, Horn 1968). In one study, Brewer's Blackbirds were found as far as 10 kilometers from nesting area (Williams 1952), but this may be unusual.<br/><br/>For swallows and other passerines with similar behavioral ecology, separation distance pertains to nest sites or nesting colonies, not to locations of foraging individuals. For example, nesting areas separated by a gap of more than 5 km are different occurrences, regardless of the foraging locations of individuals from those nesting areas. This separation procedure is appropriate because nesting areas are the critical aspect of swallow breeding occurrences, tend to be relatively stable or at least somewhat predictable in general location, and so are the basis for effective conservation; foraging areas are much more flexible and not necessarily static.<br/><br/>Be cautious about creating EOs for observations that may represent single breeding events outside the normal breeding distribution.<br/><br/>Unsuitable habitat: Habitat not normally used for breeding/feeding by a particular species. For example, unsuitable habitat for grassland and shrubland birds includes forest/woodland, urban/suburban, and aquatic habitats. Most habitats would be suitable for birds with versatile foraging habits (e.g., most corvids).","versionDate":"2004-09-10","versionAuthor":"Hammerson, G.","versionNotes":null,"lastModified":"2025-12-05T22:48:36.225047Z"},{"eoSpecsDetailId":124588,"locationUseClass":{"id":3,"locationUseClassDescEn":"Nonbreeding","locationUseClassDescEs":"No reproducción","locationUseClassDescFr":"Non-reproduction","displayOrder":3},"eoSpecGroupName":"Passerines","subtypes":"Foraging Area, Roost Site","inferredExtentDistance":null,"inferredExtentNotes":null,"minimumEoCriteria":"Any area used traditionally in the nonbreeding season (used for populations that are not resident in a location year-round). Minimally, reliable observations of 10 or more individuals in appropriate habitat for 20 or more days at a time. For G1-G3 species, observations of fewer individuals could constitute an occurrence of conservation value. Sites used during migration should be documented under the 'migratory stopover' location use class.","mappingGuidance":null,"separationBarriers":null,"separationDistanceUnsuitableHabitatat":5.0,"separationDistanceSuitableHabitatat":5.0,"altSeparationProcedure":null,"separationJustification":"Separation distance is necessarily arbitrary but attempts to balance the high mobility of birds with the need for occurrences of reasonable spatial scope. Note that a population's roost sites and foraging areas are parts of the same occurrence, even if they are more than 5 km apart.<br/><br/>For swallows and other species with similar behavioral ecology, the separation distance pertains to communal roost sites rather than to foraging areas; the former tend to be more stable and specific over time than the latter.","versionDate":"2004-09-03","versionAuthor":"Hammerson, G.","versionNotes":null,"lastModified":"2025-12-05T22:48:36.225047Z"},{"eoSpecsDetailId":124589,"locationUseClass":{"id":4,"locationUseClassDescEn":"Migratory stopover","locationUseClassDescEs":"Parada migratoria","locationUseClassDescFr":"Halte migratoire","displayOrder":5},"eoSpecGroupName":"Passerines","subtypes":"Foraging Area, Roost Site","inferredExtentDistance":null,"inferredExtentNotes":null,"minimumEoCriteria":"For most passerines: Evidence of recurring presence of migrating individuals (including historical) and potential recurring presence at a given location; minimally a reliable observation of 25 birds in appropriate habitat.<br/><br/>For swallows: Evidence of recurring presence of migrating flocks (including historical) and potential recurring presence at a given location; minimally a reliable observation of 100 birds in appropriate habitat (e.g., traditional roost sites).<br/><br/>Occurrences should be locations where the species is resident for some time during the appropriate season; it is preferable to have observations documenting presence over at least 7 days annually.<br/><br/>EOs should not be described for species that are nomadic during nonbreeding season: e.g., Lark Bunting.<br/><br/>Be cautious about creating EOs for observations that may represent single events.","mappingGuidance":null,"separationBarriers":null,"separationDistanceUnsuitableHabitatat":5.0,"separationDistanceSuitableHabitatat":5.0,"altSeparationProcedure":null,"separationJustification":"Separation distance somewhat arbitrary but intended to define occurrences of manageable size for conservation purposes. Occurrences defined primarily on the basis of areas supporting concentrations of birds, rather than on the basis of distinct populations.<br/><br/>For swallows and other species with similar behavioral ecology, the separation distance pertains to communal roost sites rather than to foraging areas; the former tend to be more stable and specific over time than the latter.","versionDate":"2004-09-03","versionAuthor":"Hammerson, G., and S. Cannings","versionNotes":null,"lastModified":"2025-12-05T22:48:36.225047Z"},{"eoSpecsDetailId":124586,"locationUseClass":{"id":13,"locationUseClassDescEn":"Nonmigratory","locationUseClassDescEs":"No migratorio","locationUseClassDescFr":"Non migratrice","displayOrder":20},"eoSpecGroupName":"Passerines","subtypes":null,"inferredExtentDistance":null,"inferredExtentNotes":null,"minimumEoCriteria":"Occurrences are based on evidence of historical presence, or current and likely recurring presence, at a particular location. Such evidence minimally includes collection or reliable observation and documentation of one or more individuals in or near appropriate habitat.<br/><br/>These occurrence specifications are used for nonmigratory populations of passerine birds.","mappingGuidance":null,"separationBarriers":"None.","separationDistanceUnsuitableHabitatat":5.0,"separationDistanceSuitableHabitatat":5.0,"altSeparationProcedure":null,"separationJustification":"Significant dispersal and associated high potential for gene flow among populations of birds separated by tens of kilometers (e.g., Moore and Dolbeer 1989), and increasing evidence that individuals leave their usual home range to engage in extrapair copulations, as well as long foraging excursions of some species, make it difficult to circumscribe occurrences on the basis of meaningful population units without occurrences becoming too large. Hence, a moderate, standardized separation distance has been adopted for songbirds and flycatchers; it should yield occurrences that are not too spatially expansive while also accounting for the likelihood of gene flow among populations within a few kilometers of each other.<br/><br/>Be careful not to separate a population's nesting areas and breeding-season foraging areas as different occurrences; include them in the same occurrence even if they are more than 5 km apart. Blue jays have small summer home ranges but fly up to 4 kilometers to harvest mast (Tarvin and Woolfenden 1999). Flocks of pinyon jays range over 21-29 square kilometers (Ligon 1971, Balda and Bateman 1971); nesting and foraging areas may be widely separated. Tricolored blackbirds forage in flocks that range widely to more than 15 kilometers from the nesting colony (Beedy and Hamilton 1999).<br/><br/>Unsuitable habitat: Habitat not normally used for breeding/feeding by a particular species. For example, unsuitable habitat for grassland and shrubland birds includes forest/woodland, urban/suburban, and aquatic habitats. Most habitats would be suitable for birds with versatile foraging habits (e.g., most corvids).","versionDate":"2004-09-10","versionAuthor":"Hammerson, G.","versionNotes":"These specs pertain to nonmigratory species.","lastModified":"2025-12-05T22:48:36.225047Z"}],"plantCharacteristics":null,"elementManagement":{"elementGlobalId":101306,"eoManagementGroupName":null,"stewardshipOverview":"A common forest bird of the northeastern and north-central United States. BBS data indicate a stable population throughout most of the range. Although a lot of information is available about this bird, most of what is known is based on intensive but very localized studies. We need further rangewide information on specific habitat requirements and the effects of habitat alteration (e.g., fragmentation, forest loss, etc.). Continued monitoring is appropriate.","impacts":null,"restorationPotential":"Currently reported as common and stable throughout its range with only a few speculations of decline. Population restoration is currently not an issue. However, efforts should be made to maintain populations, thus eliminating the need restoration in the future.","siteConservationPlansConsidered":"Typically found in relatively small tracts of forest, being absent only from areas less than 1-5 ha (Bushman and Therres 1988). However, block sizes of greater than or equal to 100 ha are probably necessary for maximum densities and/or population sizes (Bushman and Therres 1988). <br><br>At this time, specific habitat requirements are not documented. However, suggestions for conserving area-sensitive birds in forest landscapes were offered by Robbins et al. (1989). They concluded that forest areas under 10 ha are unsuitable and 3,000 ha is the minimum forest size that may retain all the species of forest-interior avifauna of eastern North America. However, critical habitat features that influence species success have not been thoroughly investigated (Martin 1992). These habitat features will have a great influence on future preserve designs.","managementMethods":"May occupy clearcut areas as early as 12 years after cutting if some small trees are left uncut. Group selection logging, which creates a mosaic of even-aged patches, may create favorable conditions. Tolerates small or narrow clearcuts, thinning of \"overmature\" trees, and selection cutting (Bushman and Therres 1988). <br><br>Developing and implementing conservation plans will be dependent upon understanding the relationships between landscape structure and the distribution and probability of extinction of local species (Freemark and Collins 1992, Reed 1992). Past management and research investigations correlated landscape features with species presence and abundance. Presence and abundance information does not directly correlate with habitat features. However, species fitness is directly correlated with habitat features by supplying resources (Martin 1992). Martin (1992) suggested that management plans need to consider specific habitat features that have a direct effect on fitness through reproduction and survival. <br><br>Reed (1992) suggested that a ranking scheme is needed for future management efforts and research needs. He stated that a scheme that is biologically based (i.e., based on characteristics of species abundance and distribution) can be used to organize research and prioritize conservation efforts. Rankings can include habitat information from breeding and wintering ranges and can be integrated with other ranking systems, such as economic considerations.","monitoringMethods":"Regular monitoring is appropriate in areas subject to forest fragmentation or forestry operations. Standard methods such as point-coint censusing probably are sufficient for population monitoring. Monitoring of reproductive performance is appropriate if declines occur in the absence of habitat alteration. <br><br>Increased monitoring efforts are needed in winter and summer ranges. BBS data best address regional trends. Intense local investigations, like that presented by Litwin and Smith (1992), are needed to address specific causes of changes in distribution and abundance.","managementProgramContacts":null,"monitoringProgramContacts":"The Cornell Laboratory of Ornithology in (1993) started field work for \"Project Tanager.\" This nationwide study is designed to generate information on forest fragmentation and tanagers, as well as obtain additional information on tanager natural history. Volunteers throughout the U.S. are trained to monitor all aspects of the four North American species of tanagers: scarlet, western (P. LUDOVICIANA), summer, and hepatic (P. FLAVA). <br><br>The BBS, established in 1966, is the only systematic survey that has gathered data throughout the breeding range of most neotropical migrants (Sauer and Droege 1992). Although the tanager is not a specific target species, trends in their populations can be followed from BBS findings. <br><br>Partners-In-Flight, organized in 1990 by the National Fish and Wildlife Foundation, is increasing efforts to monitor all Neotropical migrants throughout North and South America. Their goals are to improve understanding of neotropical migrants, identify species most at risk, and develop habitat protecting plans. <br><br>Minnesota is conducting a forest-bird diversity initiative focusing on Neotropical migrant birds. This cooperative project led by the Minnesota Department of Natural Resources is designed to address critical forest resource issues. These issues include ecological management, biodiversity, old-growth, forest fragmentation, sustainable resource utilization, and species at risk.","managementResearchPrograms":"Douglas Robinson (University of Illinois, Champagne-Urbana, Illinois) completed a Ph.D. research study on scarlet and summer tanagers. Robinson's study focused on \"assessing forest structure and its effects on aggressive interaction of summer and scarlet tanagers.\" His results contradict the findings of Shy (1983, 1984a, 1984b).","managementResearchNeeds":"In order to understand specific management needs, additional life history information is needed. In addition, effects of forest loss and fragmentation need to be addressed. Issues of primary concern are: 1) effects of habitat loss in wintering versus breeding range, 2) specific habitat features (e.g., habitat size, composition, etc) and associated resources that directly influence reproduction and survival, and 3) consequences of those features for coexisting species and any interacting species, and the effects they have on one another (biodiversity approach) (Martin 1992).","biologicalResearchNeeds":"Has not been extensively studied in most areas (Senesac 1993). Additional information is needed on breeding behavior, diet and foraging, winter range, and habitat relationships. Is this bird monogamous? How extensive is cowbird parasitism? How many broods per season?","additionalTopics":null},"occurrenceViabilities":[{"eoRankSpecsDetailId":102856,"eoRankSpecsGroupName":null,"locationUseClass":{"id":1,"locationUseClassDescEn":"Not applicable","locationUseClassDescEs":"No se aplica","locationUseClassDescFr":"Sans objet","displayOrder":1},"excellentViability":null,"goodViability":null,"fairViability":null,"poorViability":null,"viabilityJustification":"Use the Generic Guidelines for the Application of Occurrence Ranks (2008).<br>The Key for Ranking Species Occurrences Using the Generic Approach provides a step-wise process for implementing this method.","versionDate":null,"versionAuthor":null,"versionNotes":null,"lastModified":"2020-05-14T02:18:40.205886Z"}],"references":[{"id":153779,"citation":"American Ornithologists' Union (AOU). 1983. Check-list of North American Birds, 6th edition. Allen Press, Inc., Lawrence, Kansas. 877 pp.","shortCitationAuthor":"American Ornithologists' Union (AOU)","shortCitationYear":1983,"referenceCode":"B83AOU01NAUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T14:38:12.689104Z"},{"id":134424,"citation":"American Ornithologists' Union (AOU). 1998. Check-list of North American birds. Seventh edition. American Ornithologists' Union, Washington, D.C. [as modified by subsequent supplements and corrections published in <i>The Auk</i>]. Also available online: http://www.aou.org/.","shortCitationAuthor":"American Ornithologists' Union (AOU)","shortCitationYear":1998,"referenceCode":"B98AOU01NAUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T14:38:12.673494Z"},{"id":646739,"citation":"American Ornithologists' Union (AOU). Chesser, R.T., R.C. Banks, F.K. Barker, C. Cicero, J.L. Dunn, A.W. Kratter, I.J. Lovette, P.C. Rasmussen, J.V. Remsen, Jr., J.D. Rising, D.F. Stotz, and K. Winker. 2009. Fiftieth supplement to the American Ornithologists' Union Check-list of North American Birds. The Auk 126(3):705-714.","shortCitationAuthor":"The American Ornithologists' Union (AOU)","shortCitationYear":2009,"referenceCode":"A09AOU01EHUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T18:15:02.118987Z"},{"id":115080,"citation":"Balda, R. P., and G. C. Bateman. 1971. Flocking and annual cycle of the piñon jay, <i>Gymnorhinus cyanocephalus</i>. Condor 73:287-302.","shortCitationAuthor":"Balda and Bateman","shortCitationYear":1971,"referenceCode":"A71BAL01NACA","lastModified":"2020-02-25T14:38:12.657866Z"},{"id":122246,"citation":"Bent, A.C. 1958. Life histories of North American blackbirds, orioles, tanagers, and their allies. U.S. National Museum Bulletin 211. Washington, DC.","shortCitationAuthor":"Bent","shortCitationYear":1958,"referenceCode":"B58BEN01NAUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T18:12:54.760214Z"},{"id":463505,"citation":"BirdLife International. 2004b. Threatened birds of the world 2004. CD ROM. 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Territorial boundaries are not rigid and males frequently dispute, especially when the female is present (Isler and Isler 1987, Prescott 1965). Once paired, the male abandons the high perch. The female chooses the nest site and builds the nest alone (Isler and Isler 1987). The nest is built in 2-7 days. <br><br>In the mid-Atlantic states, nesting extends from early May to early August, with a peak from late May to mid-July (Bushman and Therres 1988). Eggs are laid mostly in May-June. Clutch size is 3-5 (usually 4). Incubation, by female, lasts 12-14 days. Young are tended by both parents, leave nest at 9-15 days, usually 14-15 days after hatching. The nestlings are brooded by the female for about 3 days after they hatch. During this time both parents feed the young.  Fledged young are attended by adult for up to 2 weeks after fledging. Nests sometimes contain young into August. It is thought that only one brood is raised per season (Senesac 1993, Isler and Isler 1987, Prescott 1965).<br><br>During the breeding season, females sing a song that is similar to that of the males, and both males and females also produce the \"chic-burr\" call.","ecologyComments":"In migration, this usually solitary tanager sometimes is found in loosely associated groups and may join mixed-species flocks. Summer home ranges often relatively large for a forest passerine; territory size varies a great deal, reported sizes 0.8 to 12.5 hectares (summarized in Mowbray 1999).","habitatComments":"Scarlet tanagers breed in deciduous forest and mature deciduous woodland, including deciduous and mixed swamp and floodplain forests and rich moist upland forests, often where oaks predominate (Bushman and Therres 1988), sometimes in wooded parks, orchards, and large shade trees of suburbs (Isler and Isler 1987, Senesac 1993), less often in mixed deciduous-coniferous forest (Hamel et al. 1982, Hamel 1992). They are most common in areas with a relatively closed canopy, a dense understory with a high diversity of shrubs, and scanty ground cover, and are able to breed successfully in relatively small patches of forest (Bushman and Therres 1988). Breeding occurs in various forest stages but is most frequent in mature woods (according to some sources, prefers pole stands). In New England, nesting occurs mainly in sawtimber hardwoods. Nests are placed in trees (commonly oaks), usually well out on limbs, 2-23 meters above ground. Typical nest site characteristics: 1) the nest is placed in a leaf cluster, or with at least several leaves shading the nest, 2) the nest is placed on a nearly horizontal tree branch, 3) there is a clear unobstructed view of the ground from the nest, and 4) there are flyways from adjacent trees to the nest (Senesac 1993). <br><br>During the northern winter, scarlet tanagers inhabit forest canopies and edges, including tall second growth (Isler and Isler 1987). Migrants may occur in more open habitats, such as woodlands, parks, and gardens, as well as forests (Isler and Isler 1987).","generalDescription":"In the spring and early summer, the male is scarlet, with black wings and tail. During the late summer and fall, splotchy green is evident within the red as the molt to the yellow-green winter plumage begins. Measurements: length 17 cm, mass 23.5-33 g. The female is dull greenish above with yellowish below. Wings are dark brownish to blackish. The immature male resembles the adult female, but is brighter below, with brownish primaries that are retained throughout the first summer. Wing coverts are black. Fledglings are olive green above with dark white streaks below. Wings are dark brownish or blackish. Some show faint wing bars. An illustration appears in NGS (1987). <br><br>NEST: a small, loose, flat saucer-shaped nest of twigs, rootlets, coarse grass, and weed stems. Inside lined with finer grasses, weed stems, or pine needles. Eggs sometimes can be seen through the bottom. <br><br>EGGS: pale blue to pale green with irregularly dotted, spotted, blotched browns. These markings are often concentrated at the large end. Sources for this section are Senesac (1993), Isler and Isler (1987), Terres (1980), Harrison (1975), Prescott (1965), and Bent (1958).","diagnosticCharacteristics":"No other North American bird has the male's color combination (Terres 1980). Female scarlet and summer (P. RUBRA) tanagers are distinguished by the scarlet's yellow-green plumage compared to the summer's orange-yellow. The female scarlet also has a smaller, darker bill (Terres 1980). 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